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List of Praxis Studies
by William Moylan
Recording Analysis
Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Praxis Studies
Preface
Introduction
Some Preliminary Definitions: Song, Record, Recording, Tracks and Domains
Book Organization
Supporting Materials
Establishing an Accurate Playback of Tracks
PART ONE
1 Recording Analysis: Domains, Disciplines, Approaches
Records and Recorded Music
Analyzing the Record's Domains
Popular Music Analysis
Lyrics in Popular Music Analysis
Analyzing the Recording
Outside Disciplines in Popular Music Analysis
Sociology and Cultural Studies
Philosophy and Psychology
English Literature/Poetry Studies and Communications
Semiotics and Hermeneutics
Affects: Emotion, Energy, Expression
Incorporating Other Disciplines Within an Analysis
Framework and Process
Framework's Analysis Sequence
Framework Principles and Concepts
Closing Thoughts on Analysis
2 Overview of Framework: Principles and Concepts, Materials and Organization
The Three Domains: Music, Lyrics and Recording
Elements of Music
Lyrics and Text
Elements of Recording
The Languages of Domains
Syntax in Each Domain
Syntax of Music
Syntax of Recording
Functions and Materials of Domains and their Elements
Functions
Inside the Elements and the Materials of the Song
Form, Structure and Perspective
Time Perception and Pattern Perception
Hierarchies and Structure
Dimensions of Structure
Perspective
Form: Shape and Stilled Time
Song Structure
Listening with Intention and Attention
Listening is Personal
Modes of Listening
Listening Deeply
Listening with Intention
Listening Without Expectations
Cultivating Attention
3 Domain and Elements of Music
Rhythm and Time
Pulse, Rhythmic Layers and Metric Grid
Tonality, Harmony and Melody
Tonality
Modes and Scales
Chords and Progressions
Characteristics of Harmony
Characteristics of Melody
The Remaining Elements: Dynamics, Timbre and Arrangement
Dynamics
Timbre and Performance
Arrangement and Texture
Interplay of Lead Vocal and Accompaniment
Functions and Relationships of Lead Vocal and Accompaniment
Conclusion
4 Domain of Lyrics: The Voice of the Song
Lyrics: Message, Story and Structure
Structure of Lyrics
Message and Meaning
Dimensions of the Story
Persona: The Messenger, Story Teller, Narrator
Sounds of Language
Lyrics in Performance: Giving Voice to the Song
Alchemy of Lyrics and Melody
Sound Qualities of Sung Lyrics
Lyrics as Mosaics of Moments and Tone, and Unintelligible Lyrics
Paralanguage and Nonverbal Vocal Sounds
Vocal Style
Examining Lyrics Within the Track
Lyrics in Recorded Song
Conclusion
5 Observing Elements of Music and Lyrics in Records
The Processes of Recording Analysis
Overview of the Framework
First Step of Process: Observations
Observation, Interpretation and Bias
Outside Sources
Listening, Transcription and Description
Transcribing Lyrics
Music Transcription
Perils
Tools and Devices, and Inventing Notations
Descriptions
Linked to Analysis Goals
Collecting Observations
Constructing Timelines
Adapting Timelines for Each Dimension
Identifying Sound Sources and Materials
Observations of Music Elements
Melody
Harmony
Arrangement and Texture
Dynamics
Character, Timbre and Performance Qualities
Describing the Character of Sound Qualities
Recognizing the Content of Timbre
Rhythm, Gesture and Groove
Observations of Lyrics and Vocal Lines
Literary Analysis of Lyrics
Qualities of Performed Lyrics and the Vocal Performance
Transcribing Vocal Lines and Performed Lyrics
Observing the Relationship of Vocal and Lyrics to the Musical Fabric
Closing Remarks
PART TWO
6 The Recording Domain: Elements, Listening, Notation, Rhythm
The Interconnectedness of Chapter Topics, and Intersubjectivity
Engaging the Elements of Recording
The Elements of Recording
Common Traits of Timbre and Space
Pitch, Dynamics and Rhythm Reframed as Recording Elements
Interdependence of Elements
Recording's Elements and the Multi-Domain Texture
Rhythm and Time Within Recording Elements
Surface Rhythms
Microrhythms
Macrorhythms
Typology of Rhythm and Rhythmic Patterns
Data Collection and Transcription of Recording Elements
Notating Recording's Elements
Collecting Information in X-Y Graphs
Typology and Syntax of Recording Elements
Typology Tables
Syntax, Structure and Style
Hearing the Elements of Recording
Describing Sounds and Sound Qualities
Finding Common Ground: A Shared Vantage for Talking About Sound
Listening to Records and Recording Elements
Analysis Goals and Listening to the Track
Playback Variables: Reproducing the Track
Digital Source Files
Loudspeakers, Amplifiers and Listening Room Considerations
Headphones
Headphones Conclusion and Consistency Between Listening Sessions
Playback Systems Used by the Author for Observations and Analyses
7 Timbre and Pitch in the Recording Domain
The Linkage of Pitch/Frequency and Timbre as Recording Elements
Pitch Becomes Timbre, Timbre Becomes Pitch
Timbre Defined
Components of Timbre and Clarifying Related Definitions
Acousmatic Listening and Timbre as Sound Object
Acousmatic Listening
Pitch/Frequency as an Element of Recording
Pitch/Frequency Registers
Pitch Areas
Representing Pitch Areas of Unpitched Sounds
Pitch Area Graph
Pitch Density
Pitch Density and Timbral Balance Graph
Timbral Balance
Timbre in the Recording Domain
Everyday Timbre
The Duality of Timbre
Timbre as a Recording Element
Large Dimension
Small Dimensions
Middle Dimensions
Linkage with Other Domains and Other Elements
Sound Source Timbre as a Recording Element
Inherent Sound Quality
Recording's Transformation of Sound Source Timbre
Observing Timbre and Timbre Analysis
General Issues of Timbre Analysis
Character and Content
Timbral Content Analysis Process
Collecting Observations on Timbral Content
Using Technology Tools
Hearing into Timbre
Defining a Timeline
Defining the Four Tiers of the Timbre Analysis Graph
Pitch Definition: Clarity of Pitch
Dynamic Contour
Spectral Content
Spectral Envelope
Timbre Analysis Graph
Describing Timbral Content
Defining, Observing and Describing Timbral Character
Description as Interpretation
Structural Levels and Time Spans
Timbral Signatures and Concluding Remarks
8 The Illusion of Space as an Element of Recording
Hearing Invisible Sounds in Virtual Space
Listener Perspective and Track Playback Format
Spatial Properties and Attributes
Spatial Properties and Levels of Perspective
Stereo Location: Angular Direction and Image Width
Perception of Direction and Phantom Image Lateral Localization
Image Width
Sound Sources in Motion
Observing Stereo Images
Hearing Images
Using the Stereo Image Graph
Stereo Imaging Typology
Distance and Source Positions in the Track
Understanding Distance in the Track
Perception of Distance
Personal Space and Proxemics
Distance Perception in Records
Devising an Approach for Observing Distance
Context
Content
Collecting Distance Observations
Establishing a Content Reference for Timbral Detail
Establishing a Context Reference of Personal Space
The Continuum of Distance Zones
Collecting Observations Using the Distance Location Graph
Typology of Distance
Spatial Staging and Source Imaging
Track as Performance
Staging and Listener Interpretation
Sound Stage and Analysis
Sound Stage Diagrams: Notating Image Positions
Typology of Staging
The Sound of Place
Sound Source Host Environments
Echo and Reverberation
Holistic Environment of the Track
Multiple Spaces and a Hierarchy of Environments
The Duality of Content and Character of Spaces
The Sonic Content of Environments
Direct Sound and Pre-Delay
Early Reflections and Early Time Field
Reverberation and Frequency Response
Observing Acoustic Content of Environments
Character of Environments
Observing the Character of Environments
Observing Holistic Environments
Conclusion
9 Loudness, the Confluence of Domains and Deep Listening
Loudness as a Recording Element
Prominence and Loudness
Measuring Loudness Perception
Loudness in the Context of the Track
Interpreting Reference Dynamic Level and Crystallized Form
Overall Loudness Level of the Track
Loudness Balance, Musical Balance
Performance Intensity
Performance Intensity and Loudness Balance Graph
The Confluence of All the Track Contains
Prominence Emerging from Confluence
Confluence of Recording Elements
Temporal Graphs for Comparing Recording Elements
Non-Temporal Graphs and Diagrams for Comparing Recording Elements
The Soundbox and Other Approaches to Observing Multiple Recording Elements
The Mix as Metaphor: Confluence and Interdependence of Domains
Observing the Confluence of the Track
Timbre as Confluence
The Confluence Within Sound Source Timbres
The Continuing Quest to Describe Sound with Shared Meaning
Typology of Timbre in Confluence
The Timbre of the Track
Timbre of the Track and the Dimensions and Domains of the Track
Crystallized Form
Intrinsic Nature of Crystallized Form
Origin of the Term
Aural Image and Memory
Recognizing Crystallized Form
Deep Listening
A Tradition of Deep Listening
Deep Listening for Recording Analysis
Deep Listening and the Present
Memory and Reflection
Arresting Anticipation and Minimizing Bias
Subjective Vantage of the Analyst Listener
A Knowing of the Track
Conclusion
10 Analyzing Recording Elements: Their Contributions to the Record
A General Typology of Analysis
Intention and Recording Analysis
Analysis Process Overview and Analyzing Recording Elements
Syntax of Recording Elements
The Evaluation Stage
Evaluating Observations of Recording Elements
Sample Topics of Evaluations
The Conclusions Stage
Streams of Inquiry
Final Consideration Before Beginning Analysis of Recording Elements
Identifying Emotion and Affects
Talking About Tracks
Beginning Stages for Analyzing Recording Elements
Structure and Form
Timelines for Recording Elements
The Context of the Timbre of the Track
Analyzing and Describing Timbres
Evaluating the Timbre of an Individual Sound
Evaluating the Timbre of an Instrument Sound Source
Evaluating Timbre and the Voice: Vocal Timbre, Lyrics and Performance
Context
Content: Voice Timbre
Content: Timbre of Lyrics
Performance
Character
Timbral Balance and Pitch Density
Analyzing Loudness of the Track and of Sound Sources
Program Dynamic Contour, Track Loudness Contour
Tracks with Compressed, Minimal Program Dynamic Contour
Loudness Levels, Loudness Relationships and Performance Intensity
Loudness and Performance Intensity as Insight into the Mix
Conflicting Impressions Between Loudness and Timbre of Performance Intensity
Performance Intensity and Distance Position: A Different Reading of the Same Perception
Analysis of Spatial Elements
Distance Position
Structural and Dramatic Use of Distance Positioning
Interplay of Distance Position and Performance Intensity
Distance Positions Within a Texture
Distance Positioning of Lead Vocal Providing Shape to an Entire Album
Stereo Location
Image Widths and Positioning
Interactions and Interrelations of Stereo Location and Timbral Balance
Confluence and Recording Elements
Analyzing the Sound Stage
Sound Stage Boundaries
Individual Sound Source Characteristics and Basic-Level Relationships
Sound Stage and Lyrics
Host Environments, Holistic Environment and Space Within Space
Host Environments
Space Within Space
Holistic Environment
Spatial Identity
Recording Elements and the Timbre of the Track
Timbre of the Track
Concluding Remarks: Listening in the First Person
Appendix A: Praxis Studies
Bibliography
Discography
Acknowledgements
Index
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Prev
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List of Tables
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Preface
List of Praxis Studies
Praxis Study 5.1 Developing auditory memory
Praxis Study 5.2 Developing focus of attention and intentional shifts of focus and attention
Praxis Study 5.3 Bringing the focus of attention to the smallest dimensions: microrhythms, microtones and subtle shifts of dynamics and timbre
Praxis Study 5.4 Establishing timelines with structural divisions
Praxis Study 5.5 Determining pitch density of sound sources, and transcribing the arrangement's pitch density information into music notation
Praxis Studies 5.6.A and 5.6.B Approaching observations from a neutral, unbiased position for: A. data collection of elements and materials B. interpreting and evaluating material
Praxis Study 6.1 Acquiring a Clock Time Reference from Tempo Memory
Praxis Study 6.2 Cultivating sensitivity to loudness levels
Praxis Study 7.1 Realizing a personal pitch reference
Praxis Study 7.2 Recognition of sounds in relation to pitch/frequency registers
Praxis Study 7.3 Conversion of pitch levels into frequency levels and the reverse
Praxis Study 7.4 Developing facility at frequency estimation through transcribing melody into pitch/frequency registers and mapping melody against a timeline
Praxis Study 7.5 Recognizing pitch areas, pitch area characteristics and the relationships of pitch areas within percussion sounds
Praxis Study 7.6 Determining pitch density of sound sources
Praxis Study 7.7 Combining pitch densities of sources into timbral balance, and creating the timbral balance X-Y graph
Praxis Study 7.8 Learning the sound quality of the harmonic series as a uniquely voiced chord
Praxis Study 7.9 Observing and notating timbral content
Praxis Study 7.10 Describing the physical content of timbre
Praxis Study 8.1 Locating images in stereo location and recognizing their widths
Praxis Study 8.2 Identifying sound source positions and placing them on the stereo location graph
Praxis Study 8.3 Developing distance perception
Praxis Study 8.4 Observing distance, and creating a distance location graph
Praxis Study 8.5 Making detailed and general observations of sound source images, and placing images of sources on proximate and scaled sound stage diagrams
Praxis Study 8.6 Hearing surface attributes of environments: reverberation duration, density and contour
Praxis Study 8.7 Listening inside environments: frequency response and ratio of direct to reverberant sound
Praxis Study 8.8 Hearing microtiming within the early time field and pre-delay; experiencing the timbre of time
Praxis Study 8.9 Observing the attributes of depth as (created by environments and reverberation, and of the potential of added width to images created by extending the environment around the image of the direct sound)
Praxis Study 9.1 Recognizing reference dynamic level
Praxis Study 9.2 Hearing overall loudness and creating the track loudness contour graph
Praxis Study 9.3 Perceiving loudness balance: the contrasting percepts of loudness relationships and the levels and contours of individual sources; relating source levels to the RDL and formatting loudness balance against a timeline
Praxis Study 9.4 Observing and notating performance intensity; graphing performance intensity and loudness balance as two tiers of an X-Y graph
Praxis Study 9.5 Describing timbre by observing and evaluating timbral content, character and context: generating a description of a timbre
Praxis Study 9.6 Listening with open awareness, and remaining within the window of the present
Praxis Study 9.7 Cultivating awareness of being within your subjective vantage and of listening from a more objective position; shifting between these positions with intention and with attention to what each offers
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