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by Abdelhamid Alhassi, Raed Mesleh
Space Modulation Techniques
Cover
Dedication
Preface
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Wireless History
1.2 MIMO Promise
1.3 Introducing Space Modulation Techniques (SMTs)
1.4 Advanced SMTs
1.5 Book Organization
Chapter 2: MIMO System and Channel Models
2.1 MIMO System Model
2.2 Spatial Multiplexing MIMO Systems
2.3 MIMO Capacity
2.4 MIMO Channel Models
2.5 Channel Imperfections
Chapter 3: Space Modulation Transmission and Reception Techniques
3.1 Space Shift Keying (SSK)
3.2 Generalized Space Shift Keying (GSSK)
3.3 Spatial Modulation (SM)
3.4 Generalized Spatial Modulation (GSM)
3.5 Quadrature Space Shift Keying (QSSK)
3.6 Quadrature Spatial Modulation (QSM)
3.7 Generalized QSSK (GQSSK)
3.8 Generalized QSM (GQSM)
3.9 Advanced SMTs
3.10 Complexity Analysis of SMTs
3.11 Transmitter Power Consumption Analysis
3.12 Hardware Cost
3.13 SMTs Coherent and Noncoherent Spectral Efficiencies
Chapter 4: Average Bit Error Probability Analysis for SMTs
4.1 Average Error Probability over Rayleigh Fading Channels
4.2 A General Framework for SMTs Average Error Probability over Generalized Fading Channels and in the Presence of Spatial Correlation and Imperfect Channel Estimation
4.3 Average Error Probability Analysis of Differential SMTs
4.4 Comparative Average Bit Error Rate Results
Chapter 5: Information Theoretic Treatment for SMTs
5.1 Evaluating the Mutual Information
5.2 Capacity Analysis
5.3 Achieving SMTs Capacity
5.4 Information Theoretic Analysis in the Presence of Channel Estimation Errors
5.5 Mutual Information Performance Comparison
Chapter 6: Cooperative SMTs
6.1 Amplify and Forward (AF) Relaying
6.2 Decode and Forward (DF) Relaying
6.3 Two‐Way Relaying (2WR) SMTs
Chapter 7: SMTs for Millimeter‐Wave Communications
7.1 Line of Sight mmWave Channel Model
7.2 Outdoor Millimeter‐Wave Communications 3D Channel Model
Chapter 8: Summary and Future Directions
8.1 Summary
8.2 Future Directions
Matlab Codes
A.1 Generating the Constellation Diagrams
A.2 Receivers
A.3 Analytical and Simulated ABER
A.4 Mutual Information and Capacity
References
Index
End User License Agreement
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Cover
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Title Page
Table of Contents
Cover
Dedication
Preface
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Wireless History
1.2 MIMO Promise
1.3 Introducing Space Modulation Techniques (SMTs)
1.4 Advanced SMTs
1.5 Book Organization
Chapter 2: MIMO System and Channel Models
2.1 MIMO System Model
2.2 Spatial Multiplexing MIMO Systems
2.3 MIMO Capacity
2.4 MIMO Channel Models
2.5 Channel Imperfections
Chapter 3: Space Modulation Transmission and Reception Techniques
3.1 Space Shift Keying (SSK)
3.2 Generalized Space Shift Keying (GSSK)
3.3 Spatial Modulation (SM)
3.4 Generalized Spatial Modulation (GSM)
3.5 Quadrature Space Shift Keying (QSSK)
3.6 Quadrature Spatial Modulation (QSM)
3.7 Generalized QSSK (GQSSK)
3.8 Generalized QSM (GQSM)
3.9 Advanced SMTs
3.10 Complexity Analysis of SMTs
3.11 Transmitter Power Consumption Analysis
3.12 Hardware Cost
3.13 SMTs Coherent and Noncoherent Spectral Efficiencies
Chapter 4: Average Bit Error Probability Analysis for SMTs
4.1 Average Error Probability over Rayleigh Fading Channels
4.2 A General Framework for SMTs Average Error Probability over Generalized Fading Channels and in the Presence of Spatial Correlation and Imperfect Channel Estimation
4.3 Average Error Probability Analysis of Differential SMTs
4.4 Comparative Average Bit Error Rate Results
Chapter 5: Information Theoretic Treatment for SMTs
5.1 Evaluating the Mutual Information
5.2 Capacity Analysis
5.3 Achieving SMTs Capacity
5.4 Information Theoretic Analysis in the Presence of Channel Estimation Errors
5.5 Mutual Information Performance Comparison
Chapter 6: Cooperative SMTs
6.1 Amplify and Forward (AF) Relaying
6.2 Decode and Forward (DF) Relaying
6.3 Two‐Way Relaying (2WR) SMTs
Chapter 7: SMTs for Millimeter‐Wave Communications
7.1 Line of Sight mmWave Channel Model
7.2 Outdoor Millimeter‐Wave Communications 3D Channel Model
Chapter 8: Summary and Future Directions
8.1 Summary
8.2 Future Directions
Matlab Codes
A.1 Generating the Constellation Diagrams
A.2 Receivers
A.3 Analytical and Simulated ABER
A.4 Mutual Information and Capacity
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 03
Table 3.1 SM mapping table for
and 4‐QAM modulation.
Table 3.2 GSM mapping table with
,
and BPSK modulation.
Table 3.3 VGSM with
and BPSK modulation.
Table 3.4 QSSK mapping table for
.
Table 3.5 DSSK mapping table for
achieving a spectral efficiency of
bits Hz
.
Table 3.6 DSM mapping table for
and
‐PSK modulation achieving a spectral efficiency of
bits Hz
.
Table 3.7 DQSM bits mapping and permutation matrices for
transmit antennas.
Table 3.8 STSK mapping table for
,
and BPSK modulation.
Table 3.9 Detailed complexity analysis of SS‐SMTs‐SD.
Table 3.10 Detailed complexity analysis of DS‐SMTs‐SD.
Table 3.11 Hardware items cost in US$.
List of Illustrations
Chapter 01
Figure 1.1 IM system model.
Chapter 02
Figure 2.1 General MIMO system model with
transmit antennas and
receive antennas.
Figure 2.2 Ergodic MIMO capacity for different antenna configurations. Capacity improves with larger antenna configurations.
Figure 2.3 Nakagami‐
joint envelope‐phase pdf behavior for variable
values and
and
.
Figure 2.4
–
Joint PDF for fixed
and variable
.
Value is fixed to 1, while
takes the values of 0.1, 0.5, 2.5, and 10.
Figure 2.5
–
Joint PDF for fixed
and variable
.
Value is varied as 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 1 while
is fixed to 0.4.
Figure 2.6
–
Joint PDF for fixed
and variable
and for
.
‐Value is set to 2 and
varies from 0.1, 1, 1.5, and 10.
Figure 2.7
–
Joint PDF for fixed
and variable
and for
.
‐Value is set to 2, and
varies from 0.1, 1, 1.5, and 10.
Figure 2.8
–
Joint PDF for fixed
and variable
and for
.
‐Value is varied from 0.1, 1, 3, and 10, and
is fixed to 0.5.
Figure 2.9
–
Joint PDF for fixed
and variable
.
‐Value is set to 1 and
varies from 0.1, 0.7, 2, and 10.
Figure 2.10
–
Joint PDF for fixed
and variable
.
‐Value varies from 0.1, 1, 3, and 10 and
is fixed to 0.5.
Figure 2.11 Geometry of cluster channel model – SC between transmit/receive signals. Angles
are the mean AOA of cluster, channel tap and the AOA offset of the channel tap.
Figure 2.12 Mutual coupling in MIMO system – a network representation.
Chapter 03
Figure 3.1 SSK system model with single RF‐chain and with
transmit and
receive antennas.
Figure 3.2 An example of SSK constellation diagram with the mapping table for
.
Figure 3.3 GSSK system model with single RF‐chain and with
transmit and
receive antennas.
Figure 3.4 An example of GSSK constellation diagram with the mapping table for
and
.
Figure 3.5 SM system model with single RF‐chain and with
transmit and
receive antennas.
Figure 3.6 An example of SM constellation diagram with
and 4‐QAM modulation.
Figure 3.7 GSM system model with single RF‐chain, multiple RF switches and with
transmit antennas,
active antennas at a time and
receive antennas.
Figure 3.8 QSSK system model.
Figure 3.9 QSM system model with single RF‐chain, two RF switches,
transmit antennas and
receive antennas.
Figure 3.10 An illustration for QSM signal and spatial constellation diagrams.
Figure 3.11 GQSSK system model with illustration for
an
achieving
bits.
Figure 3.12 GQSM system model with illustration for
,
and
‐QAM achieving 9 bits (s Hz)
.
Figure 3.13 Differential space shift keying system model with the mapping table for
.
Figure 3.14 DQSM system model with arbitrary number of transmit,
, and receive,
, antennas and specific modulation order,
, utilizing single RF‐chain transmitter.
Figure 3.15 An example of rate 1/2 TCM encoder with the state diagram and convolutional encoder.
Figure 3.16 An example of TCM set partitioning for 8‐PSK constellation diagram.
Figure 3.17 TCSM possible transition states for
antennas along with the considered convolutional encoder.
Figure 3.18 Transmitter power consumption for GSM, GQSM, GSSK, and GQSSK MIMO systems. For GSM and GQSM,
is assumed.
Figure 3.19 Transmitter power consumption for SM, QSM, SSK, and QSSK MIMO systems. For SM and QSM,
is assumed. Also, for all SMTs, SPDT RF switches are considered in all systems.
Figure 3.20 Needed number of transmit antennas to achieve a target spectral efficiency for SSK, SM, QSSK, QSM, GSSK, GSM, GQSSK, and GQSM MIMO systems. For SM, QSM, GSM, and GQSM,
is assumed and for all GSMTs
is considered.
Figure 3.21 Transmitter implementation cost for SM, QSM, SSK, and QSSK assuming
and SPDT RF switches.
Figure 3.22 Transmitter implementation cost for GSM, GQSM, GSSK, and GQSSK assuming
and SPDT RF switches.
Figure 3.23 A comparison of achievable spectral efficiencies with variable number of transmit antennas,
, and with
‐QAM modulation for different techniques including DQSM, QSM, DSM, SM, DSSK, and SSK systems.
Chapter 04
Figure 4.1 The derived analytical ABER of SM for MISO Rayleigh fading channels in (4.7) compared simulated ABER for
and
.
Figure 4.2 The derived analytical ABER of SM over MISO Rayleigh fading channels in (4.13) compared to the simulated ABER for
,
, and
.
Figure 4.3 The derived analytical ABER of SM over Rayleigh fading channels in the presence of CSE in (4.22) for MISO and in (4.27) for MIMO compared to the simulated ABER for
,
,
, and
.
Figure 4.4 The derived analytical ABER of QSM over Rayleigh fading channels in (4.34) for MISO and in (4.35) for MIMO compared to the simulated ABER for
,
, and
.
Figure 4.5 The derived analytical ABER of QSM over Rayleigh fading channels in the presence of CSE in (4.37) compared to the simulated ABER for
,
, and
.
Figure 4.6 The derived analytical ABER of SMTs in (4.54) compared with the simulated ABER of SM and QSM over correlated Rayleigh and Nakagami‐
fading channels in the presence of CSE, where
,
, and
.
Figure 4.7 The derived analytical ABER of DSMTs in (4.64) compared with the simulated ABER of DSM and DQSM for
‐QAM,
,
.
Figure 4.8 ABER performance comparison between the SMTs, QSSK, SSK, QSM and SM, and SMX systems over Nakagami‐
fading channels for different number of transmit antennas and modulation orders achieving
bits with
antennas.
Figure 4.9 ABER performance comparison between the SMTs, QSSK, SSK, QSM and SM, and SMX systems over Rayleigh fading channels for different number of transmit antennas and modulation orders achieving
bits with
antennas.
Figure 4.10 ABER performance comparison between GSMTs, GQSSK, GSSK, GQSM and GSM, and SMX systems over Rayleigh fading channels for different number of transmit antennas and modulation orders achieving
bits with
antennas.
Figure 4.11 ABER performance comparison between DQSM with
and
‐QAM, DSM with
and
‐PSK, QSM with
and
‐QAM, SM with
and
‐QAM, and SMX with
and BPSK over Rayleigh fading channels for
bits and
antennas.
Chapter 05
Figure 5.1 Comparison between the derived capacity in (5.43) and the MIMO capacity (5.24) over Rayleigh, Rician
dB, and Nakagami‐
fading channel, for
.
Figure 5.2 Histogram of the real part of the spatial constellation diagram,
, for SSK with
and
compared to the PDF of the Gaussian distribution.
Figure 5.3 The capacity of SMTs compared to simulated mutual information of SSK over Rayleigh fading channel for
and
.
Figure 5.4 The capacity of SMT compared to simulated mutual information of SSK over Rayleigh, Rician with
dB, and Nakagami‐
, where
and
.
Figure 5.5 Histogram of the phase of a randomly generated symbols modulated using
‐,16‐, and
‐size PSK modulation compared to the uniform distribution.
Figure 5.6 PDF of
plotted against histogram of
using
‐PSK modulation over MISO Rayleigh fading channel with
.
Figure 5.7 PDF of
plotted against histogram of
using
‐PSK modulation over MISO Rician fading channel with
dB and
.
Figure 5.8 PDF of
plotted against histogram of
using
complex Gaussian‐distributed symbols over MISO Rayleigh fading channel with
.
Figure 5.9 PDF of
plotted against histogram of
using
complex Gaussian‐distributed symbols over MISO Rician fading channel with
dB and
.
Figure 5.10 The capacity of SMT compared to the simulated mutual information of SM using PSK constellations, and Gaussian‐distributed constellations, over Rayleigh fading channel, where
,
, and
.
Figure 5.11 The lower capacity of SMX in the presence of CSE compared to the simulated mutual information of SMX in the presence of CSE over MISO Rayleigh fading channels,
complex Gaussian distributed symbols,
and
.
Figure 5.12 The capacity of SMTs compared to simulated mutual information of SSK over Rayleigh fading channel in the presence of CSE for
, and
, and
.
Figure 5.13 The capacity of SMT compared to the simulated mutual information of SM using PSK constellations, and Gaussian‐distributed constellations, over Rayleigh fading channel in the presence of CSE, where
,
, and
.
Figure 5.14 The capacity of SMT compared to the simulated mutual information of SM, QSM, and SMX over Rayleigh fading channels for different spectral efficiency, where
and
and
.
Figure 5.15 The capacity of SMT compared to the simulated mutual information of SM, QSM, and SMX over Nakagami‐
fading channels for different spectral efficiencies, where
and
and
.
Figure 5.16 The capacity of SMT compared to the simulated mutual information of SM, QSM, and SMX over Rayleigh fading channels in the presence of CSE with
for different spectral efficiencies, where
and
and
.
Chapter 06
Figure 6.1 AF cooperative SMT system model. A system with
transmit antennas at the source,
receive antennas at the destination, and with
AF relays are considered.
Figure 6.2 Simulation, analytical, and asymptotic results for AF SSK system with
,
, and variable
.
Figure 6.3 Analytical, simulation, and asymptotic results for an AF QSM system with
,
, and 4‐QAM modulation while varying
.
Figure 6.4 AF cooperative QSM and SM performance comparison with
bits and with 4‐QAM modulation assuming
for QSM and
for SM and
and
.
Figure 6.5 AF cooperative QSM and SM performance comparison with
bits and with 4‐QAM modulation assuming
for QSM and
for SM and
.
Figure 6.6 DF cooperative SMTs system model. A system with
transmit antennas at the source,
receive antennas at the destination, and with
transmit and
receive antennas at the DF relays are considered.
Figure 6.7 Simulation, analytical and asymptotic results for cooperative DF SM system with
,
, BPSK modulation and variable
.
Figure 6.8 Simulation, analytical, and asymptotic results for cooperative DF SM system with
,
, and QPSK modulation and variable
.
Figure 6.9 A two‐way relaying system model applying SMTs at any transmitting node. It is assumed that the sources
and
are equipped, respectively, with
and
transmit antennas and
and
receive antennas, and the relay has
transmit and
receive antennas.
Figure 6.10 Simulation and analytical results for the ABER versus the average SNR for 2WR QSM MIMO system. The block length is
bits per channel use for each transmitting node. The nodes are assumed to have two transmit antennas and using 4‐QAM modulation order. The number of received antennas is varied from
.
Figure 6.11 Simulation and analytical results for the ABER versus the average SNR for 2WR QSM MIMO system. The block length is
bits per channel use from each transmitting node. Each node is assumed to be equipped with two transmit antennas and transmits an 4‐QAM symbol. The number of received antennas is varied from
.
Chapter 07
Figure 7.1 Simulated mutual information comparison for mmWave‐SM over OSA and RSA channels, with
GHz,
m,
,
and
, and
.
Figure 7.2 ABER performance comparison for mmWave‐QSM over OSA and RSA channels, with
GHz,
m,
bits,
, and
, and
.
Figure 7.3 Simulated mutual information comparison between SM, QSM, and SMX over LOS mmWave channel using OSA, with
GHz,
m,
and
bits, and
.
Figure 7.4 Simulated mutual information comparison between SM with
and SMX with
over LOS mmWave channel, where
GHz,
m,
bits, and
.
Figure 7.5 ABER performance comparison between SM, QSM and SMX over LOS mmWave channel using RSA, with
GHz,
m,
and
bits,
, and
.
Figure 7.6 ABER performance comparison between SM, QSM and SMX over LOS mmWave channel using OSA, with
GHz,
m,
and
bits,
, and
.
Figure 7.7 ABER performance comparison between SM with
and SMX with
over LOS mmWave channel, where
GHz,
m,
bits, and
.
Figure 7.8 Histogram of the amplitude of the 3D mmWave Channel model fitted to a log‐normal distribution.
Figure 7.9 Histogram of the phase of the 3D mmWave Channel model fitted to a uniform distribution.
Figure 7.10 The simulated mutual information of QSM over the 3D mmWave channel model and the lognormal channel model for different spectral inefficiencies, and different MIMO setups.
Figure 7.11 Mutual information for a SM system over 3D mmWave channel with
,
and
constellation diagram assuming Gaussian distributed symbols and QAM symbols.
Figure 7.12 The capacity of SMT and SMX compared to the simulated mutual information of SM, QSM, and SMX over the 3D mmWave channel for different spectral efficiencies, where
, and
and
.
Figure 7.13 ABER performance comparison between SMX and SM for different
, where
, and
,
, and
.
Figure 7.14 ABER performance comparison between SMX and SM for different
,
,
for SMX and
for SM.
Guide
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