Contents
Edgar Auslander and Alan Gatherer
1.4 The Curse and Opportunity of Moore's Law
2 The History of DSP Based Architectures in Second Generation Cellular Handsets
Alan Gatherer, Trudy Stetzler and Edgar Auslander
2.2 A History of Cellular Standards and Wireless Handset Architectures
2.3.2 Instruction Set Enhancement
3 The Role of Programmable DSPs in Dual Mode (2G and 3G) Handsets
Chaitali Sengupta, Nicolas Veau, Sundararajan Sriram, Zhenguo Gu and Paul Folacci
3.3 A Generic FDD DS Digital Baseband (DBB) Functional View
3.4 Functional Description of a Dual-Mode System
3.5 Complexity Analysis and HW/SW Partitioning
3.5.1 2G/3G Digital Baseband Processing Optimized Partitioning
3.6 Hardware Design Approaches
3.6.1 Design Considerations: Centralized vs. Distributed Architectures
3.6.2 The Coprocessor Approach
3.6.3 Role of DSP in 2G and Dual-Mode
3.7 Software Processing and Interface with Higher Layers
4 Programmable DSPs for 3G Base Station Modems
Dale Hocevar, Pierre Bertrand, Eric Biscondi, Alan Gatherer, Frank Honore, Armelle Laine, Simon Morris, Sriram Sundararajan and Tod Wolf
4.2 Overview of 3G Base Stations: Requirements
4.2.3 Fundamental CDMA Base Station Base Band Processing
4.2.4 Symbol-Rate (SR) Processing
4.2.5 Chip-Rate (CR) Processing
4.4 Flexible Coprocessor Solutions
4.4.1 Viterbi Convolutional Decoder Coprocessor
4.4.2 Turbo Decoder Coprocessor
5 The Use of Programmable DSPs in Antenna Array Processing
Matthew Bromberg and Donald R. Brown
5.2 Antenna Array Signal Model
5.3 Linear Beamforming Techniques
5.3.1 Maximum Likelihood Derivation
5.3.2 Least Mean Square Adaptation
5.3.3 Least Squares Processing
5.3.6 Exploiting Cyclostationarity
5.3.7 Transmit Beamformer Techniques
5.4 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Signal Extraction
5.4.1 MIMO Linear System Model
5.4.2 Capacity of MIMO Communication Channels
5.4.3 Linear Estimation of Desired Signals in MIMO Communication Systems
5.4.4 Non-linear Estimation of Desired Signals in MIMO Communication Systems
6 The Challenges of Software-Defined Radio
Carl Panasik and Chaitali Sengupta
6.1 Cellular Communications Standards
6.3 Digitizing Today's Analog Operations
7 Enabling Multimedia Applications in 2.5G and 3G Wireless Terminals: Challenges and Solutions
Edgar Auslander, Madhukar Budagavi, Jamil Chaoui, Ken Cyr, Jean-Pierre Giacalone, Sebastien de Gregorio, Yves Masse, Yeshwant Muthusamy, Tiemen Spits and Jennifer Webb
7.2.1 Architecture Description
7.2.2 Advantages of a Combined RISC/DSP Architecture
7.2.3 TMS320C55x and Multimedia Extensions
7.4 OMAP Multimedia Applications
8 A Flexible Distributed Java Environment for Wireless PDA Architectures Based on DSP Technology
Gilbert Cabillic, Jean-Philippe Lesot, Frédéric Parain, Michel Banâtre, Valérie Issarny, Teresa Higuera, Gérard Chauvel, Serge Lasserre and Dominique D'Inverno
8.2 Java and Energy: Analyzing the Challenge
8.2.1 Analysis of Java Opcodes
8.2.2 Analyzing Application Behavior
8.3 A Modular Java Virtual Machine
8.3.1 Java Implantation Possibilities
8.3.2 Approach: a Modular Java Environment
8.3.3 Comparison with Existing Java Environments
8.4.1 Multi-Application Management
8.4.2 Managing the Processor's Heterogeneity and Architecture
8.4.3 Distribution of Tasks and Management of Soft Real-Time Constraints
9 Speech Coding Standards in Mobile Communications
Erdal Paksoy, Vishu Viswanathan and Alan McCree
9.3.3 Linear Predictive Analysis-by-Synthesis
9.4.2 Digital Cellular Standards
9.5 Speech Coder Implementation
9.5.1 Specification and Conformance Testing
10 Speech Recognition Solutions for Wireless Devices
Yeshwant Muthusamy, Yu-Hung Kao and Yifan Gong
10.2 DSP Based Speech Recognition Technology
10.2.1 Problem: Handling Dynamic Vocabulary
10.2.2 Solution: DSP-GPP Split
10.3 Overview of Texas Instruments DSP Based Speech Recognizers
10.3.1 Speech Recognition Algorithms Supported
10.3.3 Speech Recognition Portfolio
10.4.2 Grammar Parsing and Model Creation
10.4.3 Fixed-Point Implementation Issues
10.5 Speech-Enabled Wireless Application Prototypes
10.5.1 Hierarchical Organization of APIs
10.5.5 Voice-Enabled Web Browsing
11 Video and Audio Coding for Mobile Applications
Jennifer Webb and Chuck Lueck
11.2.2 Video Compression Standards
11.2.4 Considerations for Mobile Applications
11.3.2 Audio Compression Standards
11.3.4 Considerations for Mobile Applications
11.4 Audio and Video Decode on a DSP
12 Security Paradigm for Mobile Terminals
Edgar Auslander, Jerome Azema, Alain Chateau and Loic Hamon
12.1 Mobile Commerce General Environment
12.2 Secure Platform Definition
12.2.1 Security Paradigm Alternatives
12.2.2 Secure Platform Software Component
12.2.3 Secure Platform Hardware Component
12.3 Software Based Security Component
12.4 Hardware Based Security Component: Distributed Security
12.4.1 Secure Mode Description
12.4.3 Data Encryption and Hashing
12.4.4 Distributed Security Architecture
12.5 Secure Platform in Digital Base Band Controller/MODEM
12.6 Secure Platform in Application Platform
13 Biometric Systems Applied To Mobile Communications
Dale R. Setlak and Lorin Netsch
13.2 The Speaker Verification Task
13.2.1 Speaker Verification Processing Overview
13.2.2 DSP-Based Embedded Speaker Verification
13.3 Live Fingerprint Recognition Systems
13.3.2 Mobile Application Characterization
13.3.4 Critical Performance Metrics
13.3.5 Basic Elements of the Fingerprint System
13.3.6 Prototype Implementation
13.3.7 Prototype System Processing
14 The Role of Programmable DSPs in Digital Radio
Trudy Stetzler and Gavin Ferris
14.2 Digital Transmission Methods
14.3.2 Transmission Signal Generation
15 Benchmarking DSP Architectures for Low Power Applications
David Hwang, Cimarron Mittelsteadt and Ingrid Verbauwhede
15.2 LPC Speech Codec Algorithm
15.2.3 Pitch Detection Algorithm
15.2.4 LPC Analysis – Vocal Tract Modeling
15.3.1 Floating-Point to Fixed-Point Conversion
15.4.1 Texas Instruments TI C54x
15.4.2 Texas Instruments TI C55x
15.4.3 Texas Instruments TI C6x
Alice Wang, Rex Min, Masayuki Miyazaki, Amit Sinha and Anantha Chandrakasan
16.2 Power-Aware Node Architecture
16.4 Signal Processing in the Network
16.4.2 Energy-Efficient System Partitioning
16.5 Signal Processing Algorithms
16.5.2 Energy–Agile Data Aggregation
16.6 Signal Processing Architectures
16.6.1 Variable-Length Filtering
16.6.2 Variable Precision Architecture
Arthur Abnous, Hui Zhang, Marlene Wan, George Varghese, Vandana Prabhu, Jan Rabaey
17.1 Goals and General Approach
17.2 The Pleiades Platform – The Architecture Template
17.7 Distributed Data-Driven Control
17.7.1 Control Mechanism for Handling Data Structures
17.8 The Pleiades Design Methodology
17.10.2 Address Generator Processor
17.10.4 Multiply-Accumulate Unit
18 Application Specific Instruction Set Architecture Extensions for DSPs
Jean-Pierre Giacalone
18.1 The Need for Instruction Set Extensibility in a Signal Processor
18.2 ISA Extension Capability of the TMS320C55x Processor
18.2.3 Typical C55x Extension Datapath Architecture
18.2.4 Integration in Software Development Tools
18.3 Domains of Applications and Practical Examples
18.4 ISA Extensions Design Flow
19 The Pointing Wireless Device for Delivery of Location Based Applications
Pamela Kerwin, John Ellenby and Jeffrey Jay
19.1 Next Generation Wireless Devices
19.3 New Multimedia Applications
19.4 Location Based Information
19.5 Using Devices to Summon Information
19.6 Pointing to the Real World
19.7 Pointing Greatly Simplifies the User Interface
19.10 Use of the DSP in the Pointing System
19.11 Pointing Enhanced Location Applications
19.12.4 Entertainment and Gaming
19.12.5 Visual Aiding and Digital Albums
19.13 Recommended Data Standardization
19.13.1 Consideration of Current Standards Efforts
19.13.2 Device Data Types and Tiered Services