The Authors

Jay A. Conger is assistant professor of organizational behavior at the Faculty of Management, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec. He received his B.A. degree in anthropology, with honors (1974), from Dartmouth College, his M.B.A. degree (1977) from the University of Virginia, and, after a stint as an international marketing manager, his Ph.D. degree in business administration (1985) from Harvard University Graduate School of Business Administration. Conger's research centers on charisma, executive leadership, and the management of organizational change. He is particularly interested in the role that leaders play in revitalizing troubled organizations and in entrepreneurial leadership. His work on these subjects has been published in articles and book chapters, most recently in The Handbook of Organizational Behavior (Jay Lorsch, ed., 1987).

Rabindra N. Kanungo is professor of psychology and management at McGill University, Montreal, Quebec. He received his B.A. degree in philosophy, with honors (1953), from Utkal University, India; his M.A. degree in psychology (1955) from Patna University, India; and his Ph.D. degree in psychology (1962) from McGill University. His work experience as a university professor, researcher, and consultant spans both East (India) and West (Canada and the United States). His academic and professional honors include a Commonwealth Fellowship, a Seagram Fellowship, and a Fellowship of the Canadian Psychological Association. Kanungo has published widely in both the basic and applied areas of psychology and management. His recent books include Management of Work and Personal Life (Praeger, 1984), Biculturalism and Management (Butterworths, 1980), and Work Alienation (Praeger, 1982).

Bruce J. Avolio is associate professor of human resource management at the School of Management, State University of New York, Binghamton. He received his B.A. degree in psychology (1975) from the State University of New York, Oneonta, and his M.A. (1978) and Ph.D. (1982) degrees in industrial and organizational psychology from the University of Akron.

Bernard M. Bass is Distinguished Professor of Management and director of the Center for Leadership Studies, State University of New York, Binghamton. He received his B.A. (1946), M.A. (1947), and Ph.D. (1949) degrees in industrial psychology from Ohio State University. He is the author of numerous books and many articles, chapters, book reviews, and monographs on organizational behavior and leadership. He is the author of Stogdill's Handbook of Leadership (1981) and Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations (1985).

Raymond Trevor Bradley is visiting assistant professor in sociology at the University of California, Santa Cruz. He is also co-director of the Institute for Whole Social Science in Menlo Park, California. He received his B.A. (1970) and B.A. Hons. (1971) degrees in sociology and geography from Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, and his M.A. (1976), M.Phil. (1980), and Ph.D. (1980) degrees in sociology from Columbia University.

Eugene M. Fodor is professor of psychology at Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York. He received his B.A. degree (1960) in psychology and his Ph.D. degree (1966) in social psychology, both from Cornell University. His research interests include power and achievement motivation.

Tracy C. Gibbons is an organization development consultant at Digital Equipment Corporation in Maynard, Massachusetts, where she has been employed for the past ten years. She received her B.S. degree (1966) in community leadership and development from Springfield College, her M.S. degree (1972) in counseling psychology from George Williams College, and her Ph.D. degree (1986) in human and organizational systems from the Fielding Institute.

Robert J. House is Distinguished Professor of Organizational Behavior on the Faculty of Management at the University of Toronto. He received his B.S. (1955) and his M.B.A. (1958) degree* from the University of Detroit and his Ph.D. degree (1960) from Ohio State University, all in business administration. He has published widely on the subject of leadership and organizational behavior.

Jane M. Howell is assistant professor of business administration at the University of Western Ontario. She received her B.A. degree (1976) in psychology from the University of British Columbia, her M.A. degree (1980) in counseling psychology from the University of Western Ontario, and her Ph.D. degree (1986) in business administration from the University of British Columbia.

Manfred F. R. Kets de Vries is Raoul De Vitry D'Avancourt Professor in human resource management at the European Institute of Business Administration (INSEAD), Fontainebleau, France. He received his doctoral degree in economics (1966) at the University of Amsterdam and an M.B.A. degree (1968) and a D.B.A. degree (1970) from the Harvard Business School. He has done psychoanalytical training at the Canadian Psychoanalytic Institute and became a full-time member of the Canadian Psychoanalytic Society in 1982. He is a practicing psychoanalyst.

Henry Mintzberg is Bronfman Professor of Management at McGill University, in Montreal, where he researches and writes on management and organizations. Mintzberg received his B.S. degree (1961) in engineering from McGill University, and his M.S. (1965) and Ph.D. (1968) degrees, also in engineering, from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His current work involves a two-volume book on strategic formation; it is the fourth in a series under the general title The Theory of Management Policy. He is president-elect of the Strategic Management Society, an international association of businesspeople and academics.

Nancy C. Roberts is associate professor of organizational behavior at the Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California. Roberts is a co-director of the Institute for Whole Social Science at Menlo Park, California, and she is currently a visiting associate professor at the Graduate School of Business at Stanford University. She received a Diplome Annuel from the Sorbonne (1966), Paris, France, her B.A. degree (1967) in French from the University of Illinois, her M.A. degree in Latin American history and South Asian history from the University of Illinois, and her Ph.D. degree (1983) in education from Stanford University.

Marshall Sashkin is senior associate in Programs for the Improvement of Practice in the U.S. Department of Education's Office of Educational Research and Improvement, where he develops and conducts research projects on leadership in schools. He received his B.A. degree (1966) in psychology from the University of California, Los Angeles, and his Ph.D. degree (1970) in organizational psychology from the University of Michigan.

Frances R. Westley is assistant professor of policy at McGill University. She received her B.A. degree (1970) in English literature from Middlebury College, and her M.A. (1975) and Ph.D. (1978) degrees in sociology from McGill University. Her areas of investigation include strategic change, organizational culture, sociotechnical redesign, and participative management.

James Woycke is a research assistant with the Faculty of Management Studies at the University of Toronto. He received his B.A. degree (1969) from Grand Valley State College, his M.A. (1971) and M.Phil. (1973) degrees from the University of Waterloo, and his Ph.D. degree (1984) from the University of Toronto, all in history.