Introduction

1. Unless otherwise noted, quotations in this book are from our interviews conducted between September 2016 and June 2017.

2. M. Bazigos and E. Caruso, “Why Frontline Workers Are Disengaged,” McKinsey Quarterly, March 2016, http://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/organization/our-insights/why-frontline-workers-are-disengaged.

3. B. Rigoni and B. Nelson, “Do Employees Really Know What’s Expected of Them?” Business Journal, September 27, 2016, http://www.gallup.com/businessjournal/195803/employees-really-know-expected.aspx?g_source=EMPLOYEE_ENGAGEMENT&g_medium=topic&g_campaign=tiles.

4. B. Carroll, R. Singaraju, and E. Park, Corporate Learning Factbook 2015: Benchmarks, Trends, and Analysis of the U.S. Training Market, Bersin by Deloitte, August 8, 2015, https://www.bersin.com/Login.aspx?p=http://bersinone.bersin.com/resources/research/?docid=19202&h=1.

5. J. C. Magee et al., “Leadership and the Psychology of Power,” in The Psychology of Leadership: New Perspectives and Research, ed. D. M. Messick and R. M. Kramer (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2005).

6. P. Drucker, “Managing Oneself,” in The Drucker Lectures: Essential Lessons on Management, Society and Economy, ed. R. Wartzman (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010).

Chapter 1

1. For results on physiology, see R. J. Davidson et al., “Alterations in Brain and Immune Function Produced by Mindfulness Meditation,” Psychosomatic Medicine 65 (2003): 564–570; for psychology, see D. M. Davis and J. A. Hayes, “What Are the Benefits of Mindfulness? A Practice Review of Psychotherapy-Related Research,” Psychotherapy 48 (2011): 198–208; for work performance, see U. R. Hülsheger et al., “Benefits of Mindfulness at Work: The Role of Mindfulness in Emotion Regulation, Emotional Exhaustion, and Job Satisfaction,” Journal of Applied Psychology 98 (2013): 310–325.

2. For results on the immune system and blood pressure, see S. Rosenzweig et al., “Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Is Associated with Improved Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Pilot Study,” Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 13 (2007): 36–37; for results on heart rate, see F. Zeidan et al., “Effects of Brief and Sham Mindfulness Meditation on Mood and Cardiovascular Variables,” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 16 (2010): 867–873.

3. For results on sleep patterns, see L. E. Carlson and S. N. Garland, “Impact of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) on Sleep, Mood, Stress and Fatigue Symptoms in Cancer Outpatients,” International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 12 (2005): 278–285; for stress, see A. Chiesa and A. Serretti, “Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Stress Management in Healthy People: A Review and Meta-Analysis,” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 15 (2009): 593–600.

4. B. K. Hölzel et al., “Mindfulness Practice Leads to Increases in Regional Brain Gray Matter Density,” Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 191 (2011): 36–43.

5. For memory, see M. D. Mrazek et al., “Mindfulness Training Improves Working Memory Capacity and GRE Performance While Reducing Mind Wandering,” Psychological Science 24 (2013): 776–781; for concentration, see K. A. MacLean et al., “Intensive Meditation Training Improves Perceptual Discrimination and Sustained Attention,” Psychological Science 21 (2010): 829–839; for enhanced cognitive flexibility, see J. Greenberg, K. Reiner, and N. Meiran, “‘Mind the Trap’: Mindfulness Practice Reduces Cognitive Rigidity,” PloS ONE 7 (2012): e36206; for improved reaction times, see F. Zeidan et al., “Mindfulness Meditation Improves Cognition: Evidence of Brief Mental Training,” Consciousness and Cognition 19 (2010): 597–605.

6. P. Grossman et al., “MS Quality of Life, Depression, and Fatigue Improve after Mindfulness Training: A Randomized Trial,” Neurology 75 (2010): 1141–1149.

7. Based on research by Professor Jochen Reb of Singapore Management University on Potential Project Corporate Based Mindfulness Training Programs at Carlsberg and If Insurance. At time of writing, these results have been presented at conferences but not yet published.

8. N. E. Ruedy and M. E. Schweitzer, “In the Moment: The Effect of Mindfulness on Ethical Decision Making,” Journal of Business Ethics 95 (2010): 73–87.

9. A. Chiesa, A. Serretti, and J. C. Jakobsen, “Mindfulness: Top-Down or Bottom-Up Emotion Regulation Strategy?” Clinical Psychology Review 33 (2013): 82–96; F. Zeidan, “The Neurobiology of Mindfulness Meditation,” in Handbook of Mindfulness: Theory, Research & Practice, ed. K. W. Brown, J. D. Creswell, and R. M. Ryan (New York: Guilford Press, 2015), 171–190.

10. Y. Y. Tang et al., “Improving Executive Function and Its Neurobiological Mechanisms through a Mindfulness‐Based Intervention: Advances within the Field of Developmental Neuroscience,” Child Development Perspectives 6 (2012): 361–366.

11. M. A. Killingsworth and D. T. Gilbert, “A Wandering Mind Is an Unhappy Mind,” Science 330 (2010): 932.

12. J. Collins, Good to Great: Why Some Companies Make the Leap—and Others Don’t (New York: HarperBusiness, 2001).

13. D. Keltner, “Don’t Let Power Corrupt You,” Harvard Business Review, October 2016, https://hbr.org/2016/10/dont-let-power-corrupt-you.

14. M. H. Davis, Empathy: A Social Psychological Approach (Madison, WI: Westview Press, 1994).

15. J. Weiner, “Managing Compassionately,” LinkedIn Pulse, October 15, 2012. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/20121015034012-22330283-managing-compassionately/.

16. O. M. Klimecki et al., “Differential Pattern of Functional Brain Plasticity after Compassion and Empathy Training,” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 9 (2013): 873–879.

17. S. Melwani, J. S. Mueller, and J. R. Overbeck, “Looking Down: The Influence of Contempt and Compassion on Emergent Leadership Categorizations,” Journal of Applied Psychology 97 (2012): 1171–1185.

18. For stronger connections, see P. Frost et al., “Narratives of Compassion in Organizations,” in Emotion in Organizations, ed. S. Fineman (London: Sage, 2000); and E. H. Powley, “Reclaiming Resilience and Safety: Resilience Activation in the Critical Period of Crisis,” Human Relations 62 (2009): 1289–1326; for improved collaboration and better trust, see J. Dutton, J. Lilius, and J. Kanov, “The Transformative Potential of Compassion at Work,” in Handbook of Transformative Cooperation: New Designs and Dynamics, ed. S. K. Piderit, R. E. Fry, and D. L. Cooperrider (Stanford, CA: Stanford Business Books, 2007); and A. M. Grant, J. E. Dutton, and B. D. Rosso, “Giving Commitment: Employee Support Programs and the Prosocial Sensemaking Process,” Academy of Management Journal 51 (2008): 898–918. For stronger commitment, see ibid; for lower turnover, see ibid. and J. M. Lilius et al., “The Contours and Consequences of Compassion at Work,” Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29 (2008): 193–218.

19. M. Worline and J. E. Dutton, Awakening Compassion at Work: The Quiet Power That Elevates People and Organizations (Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2017).

20. J. Weiner, “Managing Compassionately,” LinkedIn Pulse, October 15, 2012, https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/20121015034012-22330283-managing-compassionately/.

Part 1

1. T. D. Wilson et al., “Just Think: The Challenges of the Disengaged Mind,” Science 345 (2014): 75–77.

Chapter 2

1. B. George (with P. Sims), True North: Discover Your Authentic Leadership (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2007).

2. R. C. J. Dahl, A. Lutz, and R. J. Davidson, “Reconstructing and Deconstructing the Self: Cognitive Mechanisms in Meditation Practice,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 19, no. 9 (2015): 515–523.

3. H. Schachter, “Do MBA’s Make the Best CEOs?” Globe and Mail, March 31, 2017. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/careers/management/studies-show-ceos-with-mbas-more-likely-to-fail/article34504662/?utm_source=Shared+Article+Sent+to+User&utm_medium=E-mail:+Newsletters+/+E-Blasts+/+etc.&utm_campaign=Shared+Web+Article+Links.

4. D. Miller and X. Xu, “MBA CEOs, Short-Term Management and Performance,” Journal of Business Ethics (2017): 1–16.

5. M. A. Killingsworth, and D. T. Gilbert, “A Wandering Mind Is an Unhappy Mind,” Science 330 (2010): 932.

6. K. Takemura, “Influence of Elaboration on the Framing of Decision,” Journal of Psychology 128 (1994): 33–39.

7. C. Y. Olivola and A. Todorov, “Fooled by First Impressions? Reexamining the Diagnostic Value of Appearance-Based Inferences,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 46 (2010): 315–324; F. J. Adam and J. K. Maner, “Warmth, Spatial Proximity, and Social Attachment: The Embodied Perception of a Social Metaphor,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 48 (2012): 1369–1372; J. Willis and A. Todorov, “First Impressions: Making Up Your Mind after a 100-ms Exposure to a Face,” Psychological Science 17 (2006): 592–598.

8. M. F. Mason et al., “Wandering Minds: The Default Network and Stimulus-Independent Thought,” Science 315 (2007): 393–395.

9. D. Drachman, “Do We Have Brain to Spare?” Neurology 64 (2005): 2004–2005.

10. S. Begley, Train Your Mind, Change Your Brain: How a New Science Reveals Our Extraordinary Potential to Transform Ourselves (New York: Ballantine Books, 2007).

11. A. Lutz et al., “Attention Regulation and Monitoring in Meditation,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 12 (2008): 163–169.

12. K. Ganguly and M. M. Poo, “Activity-Dependent Neural Plasticity from Bench to Bedside,” Neuron 80 (2013): 729–741.

13. R. Hougaard, J. Carter, and G. Coutts, One Second Ahead: Enhance Your Performance at Work with Mindfulness (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK/New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016).

14. W. Wood, J. M. Quinn, and D. A. Kashy, “Habits in Everyday Life: Thought, Emotion, and Action,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83 (2002): 1281–1297.

15. Ethics Resource Center, National Business Ethics Survey of the U.S. Workforce (Arlington, VA: Ethics Resource Center, 2014), https://www.ibe.org.uk/userassets/surveys/nbes2013.pdf.

16. F. Warneken and M. Tomasello, “Altruistic Helping in Human Infants and Young Chimpanzees,” Science 311 (2006): 1301–1303.

17. L. B. Aknin et al., “Prosocial Spending and Well-Being: Cross-Cultural Evidence for a Psychological Universal,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 104 (2013): 635.

18. M. Ricard, Altruism: The Power of Compassion to Change Yourself and the World (London: Atlantic Books, 2015).

19. N. E. Ruedy and M. E. Schweitzer, “In the Moment: The Effect of Mindfulness on Ethical Decision Making,” Journal of Business Ethics 95 (2010): 73–87.

20. United Nations, World Happiness Report 2017 (New York: United Nations, 2017), http://worldhappiness.report/ed/2017/.

21. L. Richard, Happiness: Lessons from a New Science (London: Allen Lane, 2005).

22. S. J. Solnick, and D. Hemenway, “Is More Always Better? A Survey on Positional Concerns,” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 37 (1998): 373–383.

23. W. Schultz, “Potential Vulnerabilities of Neuronal Reward, Risk, and Decision Mechanisms to Addictive Drugs,” Neuron 69 (2011): 603–617.

Chapter 3

1. M. A. Killingsworth and D. T. Gilbert, “A Wandering Mind Is an Unhappy Mind,” Science 330 (2010): 932.

2. For more information on our survey results, visit www.themindoftheleaderbook.com.

3. E. Hallowell, “Overloaded Circuits: Why Smart People Underperform,” Harvard Business Review, January 2005, https://hbr.org/2005/01/overloaded-circuits-why-smart-people-underperform.

4. T. Davenport, Attention Economy: Understanding the New Currency of Business (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2001).

5. P. Drucker, The Effective Executive: The Definitive Guide to Getting the Right Things Done (New York: HarperBusiness, 2006).

6. D. H. Weissman, L. M. Warner, and M. G. Woldorff, “The Neural Mechanisms for Minimizing Cross-Modal Distraction,” Journal of Neuroscience 24 (2004): 10941–10949.

7. W. Hasenkamp et al., “Mind Wandering and Attention during Focused Meditation: A Fine-Grained Temporal Analysis of Fluctuating Cognitive States,” Neuroimage 59, no. 1 (2012): 750–760.

8. Ibid.

9. G. A. Miller, “The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information,” Psychological Review 63 (1956): 81–97.

10. K. K. Loh and R. Kanai, “Higher Media Multi-Tasking Activity Is Associated with Smaller Gray-Matter Density in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex,” PLoS ONE 9 (2014): e106698.

11. B. K. Hölzel et al., “Mindfulness Practice Leads to Increases in Regional Brain Gray Matter Density,” Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 191, no. 1 (2011): 36–43.

12. S. Danziger, J. Levav, and L. Avnaim-Pesso, “Extraneous Factors in Judicial Decisions,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108 (2011): 6889–6892.

13. P. Ekman, Emotions Revealed: Recognizing Faces and Feelings to Improve Communication and Emotional Life (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2007).

14. B. L. Fredrickson, “Positive Emotions Broaden and Build,” in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, ed. P. Devine and A. Plant, vol. 47 (Burlington, VT: Academic Press, 2013).

15. P. J. Rogers et al., “Faster but Not Smarter: Effects of Caffeine and Caffeine Withdrawal on Alertness and Performance,” Psychopharmacology 226 (2013): 229–240; A. G. Parker et al., “The Effects of Alpha-Glycerylphosphorylcholine, Caffeine or Placebo on Markers of Mood, Cognitive Function, Power, Speed, and Agility,” Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 12 (2015): P41.

16. E. Ophir, C. Nass, and A. D. Wagner, “Cognitive Control in Media Multitaskers,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 (2009): 15583–15587.

17. D. Bawden and L. Robinson, “The Dark Side of Information: Overload, Anxiety and Other Paradoxes and Pathologies,” Journal of Information Science 25, no. 2 (2009): 180–191.

18. T. M. Amabile, C. N. Hadley, and S. J. Kramer, “Time Pressure and Creativity in Organizations—A Longitudinal Field Study,” Harvard Business School Working Paper 02–073, Cambridge, MA, 2002.

19. H. Bruch and S. Ghosal, “Beware the Busy Manager,” Harvard Business Review, February 2002, https://hbr.org/2002/02/beware-the-busy-manager.

20. K. Kogon, L. Merrill, and L. Rinne, The 5 Choices: The Path to Extraordinary Productivity (New York: Simon & Shuster, 2015).

21. Bureau of Labor Statistics, US Department of Labor, American Time Use Survey, 2012, www.bls.gov/tus/home.htm#data.

22. D. J. Good et al., “Contemplating Mindfulness at Work: An Integrative Review,” Journal of Management 42 (2016): 114–142.

23. C. Newport, Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World (New York: Grand Central Publishing, 2016).

Chapter 4

1. B. Hood, The Self Illusion: How the Social Brain Creates Identity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012).

2. C. J. Dahl, A. Lutz, and R. J. Davidson, “Reconstructing and Deconstructing the Self: Cognitive Mechanisms in Meditation Practice,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 19, no. 9 (2015): 515–523.

3. L. Scherwitz, L. E. Graham, and D. Ornish, “Self-Involvement and the Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease,” Advances 2 (1985): 6–18.

4. S. Rude, E. M. Gortner, and J. Pennebaker, “Language Use of Depressed and Depression-Vulnerable College Students,” Cognition & Emotion 18 (2004): 1121–1133.

5. S. W. Stirman and J. W. Pennebaker, “Word Use in the Poetry of Suicidal and Nonsuicidal Poets,” Psychosomatic Medicine 63 (2001): 517–522.

6. R. S. Campbell and J. W. Pennebaker, “The Secret Life of Pronouns: Flexibility in Writing Style and Physical Health,” Psychological Science 14 (2003): 60–65.

7. E. Kacewicz et al., “Pronoun Use Reflects Standings in Social Hierarchies,” Journal of Language and Social Psychology 33 (2014): 125–143.

8. N. K. Steffens and S. A. Haslam, “Power through ‘Us’: Leaders’ Use of We-Referencing Language Predicts Election Victory,” PloS ONE 8 (2013): e77952.

9. M. Goldsmith, What Got You Here Won’t Get You There: How Successful People Become Even More Successful (New York: Hyperion, 2007).

10. B. F. Skinner, Science and Human Behavior (New York: Macmillan, 1953).

11. D. Keltner, “Don’t Let Power Corrupt You,” Harvard Business Review, October 2016, https://hbr.org/2016/10/dont-let-power-corrupt-you.

12. Ibid.

13. H. Gregersen, “Bursting the CEO Bubble,” Harvard Business Review, March–April 2017, https://hbr.org/2017/03/bursting-the-ceo-bubble.

14. J. A. Frimer et al., “The Integration of Agency and Communion in Moral Personality: Evidence of Enlightened Self-Interest,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101 (2011): 149–163.

Chapter 5

1. www.sleepfoundation.org.

2. F. P. Cappuccio et al., “Sleep Duration and All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies,” Sleep 33, no. 5 (2010): 5850593; S. Banks and D. F. Dinges, “Behavioral and Physiological Consequences of Sleep Restriction,” Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 3 (2007): 519–528.

3. P. Alhola and P. Polo-Kantola, “Sleep Deprivation: Impact on Cognitive Performance,” Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 3, no. 5 (2007): 553.

4. D. Dawson and K. Reid, “Fatigue, Alcohol and Performance Impairment,” Nature 388 (1997): 235.

5. A. P. Spira, L. P. Chen-Edinboro, M. N. Wu and K. Yaffe, “Impact of Sleep on the Risk of Cognitive Decline and Dementia,” Current Opinion in Psychiatry 27, no. 6 (2014): 478.

6. J. C. Gillin, “How Long Can Humans Stay Awake?” Scientific American, March 25, 2002, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-long-can-humans-stay/.

7. B. Wood et al., “Light Level and Duration of Exposure Determine the Impact of Self-Luminous Tablets on Melatonin Suppression,” Applied Ergonomics 44, no. 2 (2013): 237–240.

8. A. Altun and B. Ugur-Altun, “Melatonin: Therapeutic and Clinical Utilization,” International Journal of Clinical Practice 61 (2007): 835–845.

9. M. G. Figueiro et al., “The Impact of Light from Computer Monitors on Melatonin Levels in College Students, Neuroendocrinology Letters 32, no. 2 (2011): 158–163.

10. G. C. Brainard et al., “Action Spectrum for Melatonin Regulation in Humans: Evidence for a Novel Circadian Photoreceptor,” Journal of Neuroscience 21 (2001): 6405–6412.

11. L. A. Irish et al., “The Role of Sleep Hygiene in Promoting Public Health: A Review of Empirical Evidence,” Sleep Medicine Reviews 22 (2015): 23–36.

12. P. Hauri, “Sleep/Wake Lifestyle Modifications: Sleep Hygiene,” in Therapy in Sleep Medicine, ed. T. R. Barkoukis et al. (Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders, 2011), 151–160.

13. Deloitte, 2016 Global Mobile Consumer Survey: US Edition. The Market-Creating Power of Mobile, https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/pages/technology-media-and-telecommunications/articles/global-mobile-consumer-survey-us-edition.html.

14. S. Turkle, Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other (New York: Basic Books, 2011).

15. L. A. Perlow, Sleeping with Your Smartphone: How to Break the 24/7 Habit and Change the Way You Work (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2012).

16. D. Goleman, “To Strengthen Your Attention Span, Stop Overtaxing It,” Harvard Business Review, November 2013.

17. D. Seo, C. J. Patrick, and P. J. Kennealy, “Role of Serotonin and Dopamine System Interactions in the Neurobiology of Impulsive Aggression and Its Comorbidity with Other Clinical Disorders,” Aggression and Violent Behavior 13 (2008): 383–395.

18. W. Hofmann, K. D. Vohs, and R. F. Baumeister, “What People Desire, Feel Conflicted About, and Try to Resist in Everyday Life,” Psychological Science 23, no. 6 (2012): 582–588.

19. D. A. Sbarra, H. L. Smith, and M. R. Mehl, “When Leaving Your Ex, Love Yourself,” Psychological Science, 23, no. 3 (2012). http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0956797611429466

20. O. S. Curry, L. Rowland, S. Zlotowitz, J. McAlaney and H. Whitehouse, “Happy to Help? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Performing Acts of Kindness on the Well-Being of the Actor,” Open Science Framework (October 2017), osf.io/ytj5s.

21. S. K. Nelson et al., “Do unto Others or Treat Yourself? The Effects of Prosocial and Self-Focused Behavior on Psychological Flourishing,” Emotion 16, No. 6 (2016): 850–861.

22. E. S. Kim, V. J. Strecher, and C. D. Ryff, “Purpose in Life and Use of Preventive Health Care Services,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (2014): 16331–16336.

Chapter 6

1. M. Bertrand and S. Mullainathan, “Are Emily and Greg More Employable Than Lakisha and Jamal?” American Economic Review 94 (2004): 991–1013.

2. C. Summerfield et al., “Neural Repetition Suppression Reflects Fulfilled Perceptual Expectations,” Nature Neuroscience 11 (2008): 1004–1006.

3. V. Ottati et al., “When Self-Perceptions of Expertise Increase Closed-Minded Cognition: The Earned Dogmatism Effect,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 61 (2015): 131–138.

4. J. Greenberg, K. Reiner, and N. Meiran, “‘Mind the Trap’: Mindfulness Practice Reduces Cognitive Rigidity,” PLoS ONE 7 (2012): 1–8.

5. X. M. Bezuijen et al., “Pygmalion and Employee Learning: The Role of Leader Behaviors,” Journal of Management 35 (2009): 1248–1267.

6. B. A. Olshausen, C. H. Anderson, and D. C. van Essen, “A Neurobiological Model of Visual Attention and Invariant Pattern Recognition Based on Dynamic Routing of Information,” Journal of Neuroscience 13 (1993): 4700–4719.

7. B. R. Newell and D. R. Shanks, “Unconscious Influences on Decision Making: A Critical Review,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 37, no. 1 (2014): 1–19.

8. D. Hirshleifer and T. Shumway, “Good Day Sunshine: Stock Returns and the Weather,” Journal of Finance 58 (2003): 1009–1032.

9. P. Ekman, The Atlas of Emotions, available online: http://atlasofemotions.org/.

10. P. Ekman, Emotions Revealed: Recognizing Faces and Feelings to Improve Communication and Emotional Life (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2007); P. Ekman, Telling Lies: Clues to Deceit in the Marketplace, Politics, and Marriage (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2009).

11. C. A. Bartel and R. Saavedra, “The Collective Construction of Work Group Moods,” Administrative Science Quarterly 45 (2000): 197–231.

12. M. Jabbi, M. Swart, and C. Keysers, “Empathy for Positive and Negative Emotions in the Gustatory Cortex,” Neuroimage 34, no. 4 (2007): 1744–1753.

13. D. Goleman, R. Boyatzis, and A. McKee, Primal Leadership: Unleashing the Power of Emotional Intelligence (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2013).

14. D. Goleman, R. Boyatzis, and A. McKee, “Primal Leadership: The Hidden Driver of Great Performance,” Harvard Business Review, December 2001.

15. T. L. Spinrad et al., “Relation of Emotion-Related Regulation to Children’s Social Competence: A Longitudinal Study,” Emotion 6 (2006): 498–510; J. D. Mayer, D. R. Caruso, and P. Salovey, “Selecting a Measure of Emotional Intelligence: The Case for Ability Scales,” in The Handbook of Emotional Intelligence, ed. R. Bar-On and J. D. A. Parker (New York: Jossey-Bass, 2000); D. R. Richardson et al., “Empathy as a Cognitive Inhibitor of Interpersonal Aggression,” Aggressive Behavior 20 (1994): 275–289.

16. M. H. Davis, “Measuring Individual Differences in Empathy: Evidence for a Multidimensional Approach,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 44 (1983): 113–126; D. Grühn et al., “Empathy across the Adult Lifespan: Longitudinal and Experience-Sampling Findings,” Emotion 8 (2008): 753–765; S. Konrath, M. H. Ho, and S. Zarins, “The Strategic Helper: Narcissism and Prosocial Motives and Behaviors,” Current Psychology 35 (2016): 182–194.

17. N. Eisenberg et al., “Consistency and Development of Prosocial Dispositions: A Longitudinal Study,” Child Development 70 (1999): 1360–1372; Grühn et al. “Empathy across the Adult Lifespan.”

18. R. Castillo et al., “Effects of an emotional intelligence intervention on aggression and empathy among adolescents,” Journal of Adolescence 36 (2013): 883–892. S. Konrath et al., “Can Text Messages Increase Empathy and Prosocial Behavior? The Development and Initial Validation of Text to Connect,” PLoS ONE 10 (2015): e0137585.

19. P. Bloom, Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion (Cambridge, MA: Random House, 2017).

20. P. Bloom, “Empathy and Its Discontents,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 21, no.1 (2017): 24–31.

21. J. S. Felton, “Burnout as a Clinical Entity—Its Importance in Health Care Workers,” Occupational Medicine 48 (1998): 237–250.

22. Bloom, Against Empathy.

23. M. H. Davis, Empathy: A Social Psychological Approach (Madison, WI: Westview Press, 1994).

Chapter 7

1. M. A. Killingsworth and D. T. Gilbert, “A Wandering Mind Is an Unhappy Mind,” Science 330 (2010): 932; K. W. Brown and R. M. Ryan, “The Benefits of Being Present: Mindfulness and Its Role in Psychological Well-Being,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84 (2003): 822–848.

2. C. Zook and J. Allen, The Founder’s Mentality: How to Overcome the Predictable Crises of Growth (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2016).

3. J. Reb, J. Narayanan, and S. Chaturvedi, “Leading Mindfully: Two Studies on the Influence of Supervisor Trait Mindfulness on Employee Well-Being and Performance,” Mindfulness 5 (2014): 36–45.

4. D. R. Carney, A. J. C. Cuddy, and A. J. Yap, “Review and Summary of Research on the Embodied Effects of Expansive (vs. Contractive) Nonverbal Displays,” Psychological Science 26, no. 5 (2015): 657–663.

5. D. R. Carney, A. J. C. Cuddy, and A. J. Yap, “Power Posing: Brief Nonverbal Displays Affect Neuroendocrine Levels and Risk Tolerance,” Psychological Science 21, no. 10 (2010): 1363–1368.

6. P. J. Zak, Trust Factor: The Science of Creating High-Performance Companies (New York: AMACOM, 2017).

7. S. M. R. Covey and D. R. Conant, “The Connection between Employee Trust and Financial Performance,” Harvard Business Review, July 2016, https://hbr.org/2016/07/the-connection-between-employee-trust-and-financial-performance.

8. PwC, 20th CEO Survey, 2017, http://www.pwc.com/gx/en/ceo-survey/2017/pwc-ceo-20th-survey-report-2017.pdf.

9. Edelman, 2017 Edelman Trust Barometer: Global Report, http://www.edelman.com/trust2017/.

10. Ernst & Young, Trust in the Workplace: Global Study, http://www.ey.com/gl/en/about-us/our-people-and-culture/ey-global-study-trust-in-the-workplace.

11. A. Morrone, N. Tontoranelli, and G. Ranuzzi, “How Good Is Trust? Measuring Trust and Its Role for the Progress of Societies,” OECD Statistics Working Paper (Paris: OECD, 2009).

12. C. Duhigg, “What Google Is Learning from Its Quest to Build the Perfect Team,” New York Times Magazine, February 25, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/28/magazine/what-google-learned-from-its-quest-to-build-the-perfect-team.html?smid=pl-share&_r=2.

Chapter 8

1. Lao Tzu, Tao Te Ching, trans. Tom Butler-Bowden (Hoboken, NJ: Capstone, 2012).

2. R. K. Greenleaf, Servant Leadership: A Journey into the Nature of Legitimate Power and Greatness (New York: Paulist Press, 1977).

3. E. D. Gould and A. Hijzen, “In Equality We Trust,” Finance & Development 54 (2017): 37–39.

4. J. Prime and E. R. Salib, Inclusive Leadership: The View from Six Countries, Catalyst, 2014, http://www.catalyst.org/system/files/inclusive_leadership_the_view_from_six_countries_0.pdf.

5. From Indra Nooyi’s LinkedIn post: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/leave-crown-garage-what-ive-learned-from-decade-being-indra-nooyi.

Chapter 9

1. J. C. Magee et al., “Leadership and the Psychology of Power,” in The Psychology of Leadership: New Perspectives and Research, ed. D. M. Messick and R. M. Kramer (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2005), 287–306.

2. J. Hogeveen, M. Inzlicht, and S. S. Obhi, “Power Changes How the Brain Responds to Others,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 143, no. 2 (2014): 755–762.

3. Ibid.

4. D. Owen and J. Davidson, “Hubris Syndrome: An Acquired Personality Disorder? A Study of US Presidents and UK Prime Ministers over the Last 100 Years,” Brain 132 (2009): 1396–1406, doi:10.1093/brain/awp008.

5. S. Melwani, J. S. Mueller, and J. R. Overbeck, “Looking Down: The Influence of Contempt and Compassion on Emergent Leadership Categorizations,” Journal of Applied Psychology 97 (2012): 1171–1185.

6. For stronger connections, see P. Frost et al., “Narratives of Compassion in Organizations,” in Emotion in Organizations, ed. S. Fineman (London: Sage, 2000); and E. H. Powley, “Reclaiming Resilience and Safety: Resilience Activation in the Critical Period of Crisis,” Human Relations 62 (2009): 1289–1326; for better collaboration, see J. Dutton, J. Lilius, and J. Kanov, “The Transformative Potential of Compassion at Work,” in Handbook of Transformative Cooperation: New Designs and Dynamics, ed. S. K. Piderit, R. E. Fry, and D. L. Cooperrider (Stanford, CA: Stanford Business Books, 2007); for trust, stronger commitment, and lower turnover, see ibid.; A. M. Grant, J. E. Dutton, and B. D. Rosso, “Giving Commitment: Employee Support Programs and the Prosocial Sensemaking Process,” Academy of Management Journal 51 (2008): 898–918; and J. M. Lilius et al., “The Contours and Consequences of Compassion at Work,” Journal of Organizational Behavior 29 (2008): 193–218.

7. C. Sandi and J. Haller, “Stress and the Social Brain: Behavioural Effects and Neurobiological Mechanisms,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 16 (2015): 290–304.

8. M. Mongrain, J. M. Chin, and L. B. Shapira, “Practicing Compassion Increases Happiness and Self-Esteem,” Journal of Happiness Studies 12 (2011): 963–981.

9. J. Vahteraet al., “Hostility and Ill Health: Role of Psychosocial Resources in Two Contexts of Working Life,” Journal of Psychosomatic Research 48 (2000): 89–98; H. S. Friedman, Hostility, Coping, & Health (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1992); C. Peterson, N. Park, and M. E. P. Seligman, “Orientations to Happiness and Life Satisfaction: The Full Life versus the Empty Life,” Journal of Happiness Studies 6 (2005): 25–41; G. Rein, M. Atkinson, and R. McCraty, “The Physiological and Psychological Effects of Compassion and Anger,” Journal of Advancement in Medicine 8 (1995): 87–105.

10. P. Ekman, Emotions Revealed: Recognizing Faces and Feelings to Improve Communication and Emotional Life (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2007).

11. B. L. Fredrickson et al., “Open Hearts Build Lives: Positive Emotions, Induced through Loving-Kindness Meditation, Build Consequential Personal Resources,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 95 (2008): 1045–1062. S. G. Hofmann, P. Grossman, and D. E. Hinton, “Loving-Kindness and Compassion Meditation: Potential for Psychological Interventions,” Clinical Psychology Review 31 (2011): 1126–1132.

12. O. M. Klimecki et al., “Functional Neural Plasticity and Associated Changes in Positive Affect after Compassion Training,” Cerebral Cortex 23 (2012): 1552–1561.

Chapter 10

1. N. Boaz and E. A. Fox, “Change Leader, Change Thyself,” McKinsey Quarterly (March 2014), http://www.mckinsey.com/.

2. S. T. Fiske and S. E. Taylor, Social Cognition: From Brains to Culture (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2013).

3. D. C. Park and C. M. Huang, “Culture Wires the Brain: A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective,” Perspectives on Psychological Science 5 (2010): 391–400.

4. D. Kumaran, H. L. Melo, and E. Duzel, “The Emergence and Representation of Knowledge About Social and Nonsocial Hierarchies,” Neuron 76, no. 3 (2012): 653–666.

5. D. Goleman, R. Boyatzis, and A. McKee, “Primal Leadership: The Hidden Driver of Great Performance,” Harvard Business Review, December 2001.

6. E. H. Schein, Organizational Culture and Leadership, vol. 2 (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2010).

7. J. Archer, “20 Words You Can Drop from Your Core Values Right Now,” Inc., January 22, 2014, https://www.inc.com/james-archer/20-words-you-can-drop-from-your-core-values-right-now.html.

8. M. C. Jensen and W. H. Meckling, “Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure,” Journal of Financial Economics 3, no. 4 (1976): 305–360.

9. J. L. Bower and L. S. Paine, “The Error at the Heart of Corporate Leadership,” Harvard Business Review, May–June 2017.

10. J. L. Bower, H. B. Leonard, and L. S. Paine, Capitalism at Risk: Rethinking the Role of Business (Boston: Harvard Business Press, 2011).

11. B. Chapman and R. Sisodia, Everybody Matters: The Extraordinary Power of Caring for Your People Like Family (New York: Portfolio/Penguin, 2015).

Chapter 11

1. R. Williams, “How to Bring Mindfulness into Meetings—10 Tips,” Psychology Today blog, October 12, 2015, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/wired-success/201510/how-bring-mindfulness-meetings-10-tips.

2. R. E. Thayer, “Energy, Tiredness, and Tension Effects of a Sugar Snack versus Moderate Exercise,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 (1987): 119–125.

3. L. Belkin, W. Becker, and S. Conroy, “After-Hours Email, Work-Family Balance and Identification,” Academy of Management Proceedings (January 2016), http://proceedings.aom.org/content/2016/1/10353.short.

4. D. Burkas, “Why Atos Origin Is Striving to Be a Zero-Email Company,” Forbes, July 12, 2016.

5. McKinsey Global Institute, Minding Your Digital Business: McKinsey Global Survey Results, May 2012, http://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/digital-mckinsey/our-insights/minding-your-digital-business-mckinsey-global-survey-results.

6. D. Burkus, “Some Companies Are Banning Email and Getting More Done,” Harvard Business Review, June 2016, https://hbr.org/2016/06/some-companies-are-banning-email-and-getting-more-done.

7. A. Mann and A. Adkins, “America’s Coming Workplace: Home Alone,” Gallup News Business Journal, March 15, 2017.

8. R. Hougaard, J. Carter, and G. Coutts, One Second Ahead: Enhance Your Performance at Work with Mindfulness (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK/New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016).

Chapter 12

1. A. Grant, “Billionaire Ray Dalio Had an Amazing Reaction to an Employee Calling Him Out on a Mistake,” Business Insider, February 2, 2016, http://www.businessinsider.com/ray-dalio-management-strategy-bridgewater-2016-1?IR=T

2. R. A. Emmons and M. E. McCullough, “Counting Blessings versus Burdens: An Experimental Investigation of Gratitude and Subjective Well-Being in Daily Life,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84 (2003): 377–389; L. Waters, “Predicting Job Satisfaction: Contributions of Individual Gratitude and Institutionalized Gratitude,” Psychology 3 (2012): 1174–1176.

3. J. H. Fowler and N. A. Christakis, “Cooperative Behavior Cascades in Human Social Networks,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 (2010): 5334–5338.

4. Mercer, 2013 Global Performance Management Survey Report, https://www.mercer.ca/content/dam/mercer/attachments/global/Talent/Assess-BrochurePerfMgmt.pdf.

5. Ibid.

6. N. I. Eisenberger, M. D. Lieberman, and K. D. Williams, “Does Rejection Hurt? An Fmri Study of Social Exclusion,” Science 302 (2003): 290–292.

7. S. F. Brosnan and F. B. de Waal, “Monkeys Reject Unequal Pay,” Nature 425 (2003): 297–299.

8. K. Payne, The Broken Ladder: How Inequality Affects the Way We Think, Live, and Die (New York: Viking, 2017).

9. D. H. Rivers and T. D. Deschriver, “Star Players, Payroll Distribution, and Major League Baseball Attendance,” Sport Marketing Quarterly 11, no. 3 (2002): 164–173.

10. M. Marmot and R. Bell, “Fair Society, Healthy Lives,” Public Health 126 (2012): S4–S10.

11. S. Crawford, K. K. Nelson, and B. Rountree, “The CEO-Employee Pay Ratio,” SSRN (November 21, 2014), https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Papers.cfm?abstract_id=2529112.

12. G. A. Akerlof and J. L. Yellen, “Fairness and Unemployment,” American Economic Review 78 (1988): 44–49; G. A. Akerlof and J. L. Yellen, “The Fair Wage–Effort Hypothesis and Unemployment,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 105 (1990): 255–283; E. P. Lazear, “Pay Equality and Industrial Politics,” Journal of Political Economy 97 (1989): 561–580.

13. S. Kiatpongsan and M. Norton, “How Much (More) Should CEOs Make? A Universal Desire for More Equal Pay,” Perspectives on Psychological Science 9, no. 6 (2014): 587–593.

14. E. Sommeiller, M. Price, and E. Wazeter, Income Inequality in the U.S. by State, Metropolitan Area, and County (Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute, 2016), http://www.epi.org/publication/income-inequality-in-the-us/.

15. Ibid.

Chapter 13

1. B. Chapman and R. Sisodia, Everybody Matters: The Extraordinary Power of Caring for Your People Like Family (New York: Portfolio/Penguin, 2015).

2. https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/w/warrenbenn384360.html.

3. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Trust in Society at a Glance 2011: OECD Social Indicators (Paris: OECD, 2011), http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/soc_glance-2011-en/08/01/index.html?itemId=/content/chapter/soc_glance-2011-26-en.

4. Paul J. Zak, Trust Factor: The Science of Creating High-Performance Companies (New York: AMACOM, 2017).

5. K. Dell, “Airline Maverick,” Time, September 21, 2007, http://content.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1663316_1684619,00.html.

Afterword

1. R. Dobbs, J. Manyika, and J. Woetzel, No Ordinary Disruption: The Four Global Forces Breaking All the Trends (New York: Public Affairs, 2015).