index
NOTE Italicized page numbers refer to tables and illustrations.
Numbers
1/10 Off Road tire, 51
2L axle, 36
2-speed transmissions, 299
linear heavy duty, 304, 312–314
3D printing, 355
3D designers, 356
complementary LEGO pieces, 357
disadvantages of, 358–361
modifying existing designs, 356
printing your own, 361
specialized designs, 358
third-party adapters, 358
working with vendor, 361
3L axle, 37
3L worm gear, 62
3-speed linear transmission, 306, 318–319
3-stud-long universal joint, 43
4×4×2 vehicles, 6
4×4 vehicles, 6
4-bar linkage (parallel levers), 83, 84, 85, 86
4L axle
with stop, 37
4-speed transmissions, 320–325
double-lever, 306
RC motor, 308
4-stud-long universal joint, 43
4WD (four-wheel drive), 6
4.5V motors, 183
5L axle, 37
5-speed linear transmission, 308
6×6×4 vehicles, 6
8L axle, 37
9V bricks with lights, 105
9V motors
2838, 184–185
43362, 185
47154, 186
71427, 185
Micromotor, 186–187
MINDSTORMS, 187–188
RC motor, 191
10-speed transmission, 309, 326–330
11L axle, 36
14-tooth gear, 64
16/24-tooth differential gear, 68
16L axle, 36
24-tooth gear
28-tooth differential gear, 68, 69
30.4 mm × 20 mm rim, 45
36-tooth gear, 67
40-tooth gear, 67
54 mm × 30 mm wheel, 46
62.4 mm × 20 mm wheel, 45
94.3×38 R tires, 52
2838 motor, 184–185
8041 set, 169
8043 Motorized Excavator set, 29
8048 Buggy set, 29
8262 Quadbike set, 29
8263 Snow Groomer set, 29
8265 set, 84
8285 Crane Truck set, 29
8288 Crawler Crane set, 172
8296 set, 367
8421 Mobile Crane set, 29
8422 set, 369
8436 Truck set, 34
8448 Super Street Sensation set, 388
8466 4×4 Off-Roader set, 28
8480 Space Shuttle set, 28
8485 Control Center II set, 372
8850 Jeep set, 28
8855 Prop Plane set, 373
8865 set, 225
42042 Crawler Crane set, 175
43362 motor, 185
47154 motor, 186
53983 turbine, 389
64712 wheel, 351–352
71427 motor, 185
A
AAA battery box (PF system), 196
AA battery box (PF system), 196
Ackermann steering geometry, 223–226, 224, 225
adapter plug (PF extension wires), 208, 208
adders
adding more than two motors, 336
differentials and, 334
summing torque with, 333–335
advanced mechanics. See also mechanics; transmissions; steering systems; suspension systems
3D printing, 355–361
adders, 333–336
planetary gearing, 349–353
subtractors, 336–348
tracked vehicles, 285–298
aircraft
helicopters, 372–375
planes, 372
air deflectors (trucks), 367
all-wheel drive (AWD), 6
angled connections, 23
annular gears, 349–350
64712 wheel, 351–352
elements suitable for use as, 350
planetary gearing, 349, 349–352
turntables and, 350–351
applied force (effort), levers, 81, 81
automated pressure switch, 141, 141–142
AWD (all-wheel drive), 6
axles, 35–38. See also suspension systems
convergence line, 227–230, 228
with differential lock, 95–96
with different steering locks, 230
driven, steered, and suspended, 270–283
driven and suspended, 252–259
driver, 56
flexible, 38
follower, 56
holding pieces at fixed angles, 35
modified, 37
multi-purpose use, 36
securing with toothed half bushes, 40
standard, 36
steered and suspended, 268–270
with stops, 37
through Technic bricks, 35
B
basic remote (PF system), 198, 199
with sideways lever, 201–202
with steering wheel, 200
battery box, 183
vs. bricks, 16
connecting with bricks, 31–32
studless building with, 26
bending, 173
bevel gears, 61
differentials and, 60
reinforcing, 160
single, 64–66
blueprint ratio, 384
blueprints, 377–378
body frames, 169–171
Boeing Ch-47 Chinook model, 374
Boeing Sikorsky RAH-66 Comanche model, 374
bricks
9V bricks with lights, 105
vs. beams, 16
connecting, 18–19, 18–19, 31–32
brick–two plates–brick combination, 23, 23
British Churchill tank, 289
Brown trusses, 173, 173–174, 174
Builder system, 70
bushes (bushings), 39–42
determining age of, 179
half bushes, 39–41
with long pin, 39, 41, 41–42, 42
regular, 41
C
cab-over-engine trucks, 366, 368, 368
camber angle, 8
Cardan joints. See universal joints
carriers (planetary gearing), 349, 349
cars, 365–366
catapult, 97
center of gravity, 10
center of turning radius, 227, 227
chains, 71–73
channel selector (PF system), 195, 195
chassis, 169–171, 170, 178, 229
Chebyshev (Tchebycheff’s) linkage, 87
child switches, 107
Chinese windlass (differential pulley system), 79, 79
ChromeBricks shop, 390
chroming
custom, 390
circular elements (modeling), 389, 389
clutches
16-tooth gear, 64–65
collars (pins), 12
colors (models), 389–390
complete ball joint, 43
compression, 173
compressors, 131
motorized, 131, 131–135, 132, 133
rocking, 133–134
connectors
determining age of, 179
Technic and non-Technic, 392
constant ground clearance, 239
constant velocity (CV) joint, 245, 245
continuously variable transmissions (CVTs), 310, 331
control modules, 121–122
control unit (RC unit), 212–213
convergence line (axles), 227–230, 228
coupling motors
couplings
Oldham, 101–102
Schmidt, 102
crane with winch, 75–76, 75–76
crank (eccentric) mechanisms, 98, 98–99, 99
curb-to-curb turning radius, 6
CV (constant velocity) joint, 245, 245
CVTs (continuously variable transmissions), 310, 331
cylinders
New pneumatic system, 123
Old pneumatic system, 122
V2 pneumatic system, 123–124
D
dead gears, 299
dead spots, 142
Demag H135 excavator, 393, 394
dependent suspension, 238, 241
differential locks, 92, 94, 94–96
differential pulley system (Chinese windlass), 79, 79
differentials
adders and, 334
bevel gears and, 60
reinforcing casings, 162–166
Dirt Grabber 1.9-inch tire, 52
distribution transmissions, 310
nonsynchronized, 310
Dodge Charger (1969) model, 365
Dodge Tomahawk model, 370
Dodge Viper model
blueprints, 381
engine location, 366
scaling, 382
dots (studs), 11
double-axle turntable transmission, 110–114
double-bevel gears
12-tooth, 64
20-tooth, 66
double-sided 16-tooth gear with clutch, 65
double tackle, 77
double-wishbone independent suspension, 240–241
Dr. Dude’s YouTube channel, 152
driveline, 6
driven, steered, and suspended axles
heavy-duty pendular portal axle, 273–278
independent axle, 270–272
pendular axle with worm gear, 279–283
driven and suspended axles
pendular suspension with turntables, 252–255
portal axles (geared hubs), 256–259
driveshaft, 5–6
drivetrain, 6
driving rings. See transmission driving rings
E
eccentric (crank) mechanisms, 98, 98–99, 99
Efferman (3D designer)
5-stud steering link, 356
5-stud-wide propeller, 358
11-stud-wide turntable, 356
connectors, 356
differentials, 357
helical gears, 358
Lamborghini Countach hubcap, 357
springs, 359
website, 356
worm gear, 356
effort (applied force), levers, 81, 81
eight-pump compressor, 131
electric components, incorporating into mixed models, 31–32
electro-pneumatic switch, 139
E motor (PF system), 188
epicyclic gearing. See planetary gearing
extendable driveshaft section, 6
extension driving ring, 302, 302
extension wires (PF system), 208, 208
F
F1 car model, 212
fantail (helicopters), 373–374
Ferrari testarossa model, 231
fixed axles, 220
flashing lights, 105–106
flexible (soft) axles, 38
floating axle (trailing arm) suspension, 243, 243, 264–267, 291, 291–292, 293
FLU (fundamental LEGO unit), 11
foam tires, 48
follower (output) axle, 56, 56
form vs. function in models
aircraft, 372–375
cars, 365–366
motorcycles, 369
tracked vehicles, 369–371
trucks, 366–368
four-cylinder pneumatic engines, 145, 148
four-wheel drive (4WD), 6
free planet drive, 349
friction, 4
front-wheel drive (FWD), 6
fulcrums
levers, 81
suspension systems, 238
fundamental LEGO unit (FLU), 11
FWD (front-wheel drive), 6
G
gearbox, 6, 301. See also transmissions
geared hubs (portal axles), 256–259, 388
gear ratios, 57–58
planetary gearing and, 353
quick reference, 59
gears, 55–56, 61–62. See also planetary gearing
8-tooth gear, 63
14-tooth gear, 64
16-tooth gear, 64–65
24-tooth gear, 66–67
36-tooth gear, 67
40-tooth gear, 67
annular gears, 349–350
64712 wheel, 351–352
elements suitable for use as, 350
planetary gearing, 349, 349–352
turntables and, 350–351
backlash, 59–60
chain compatible, 72
dead, 299
determining age of, 179
double-bevel, 64–65
double-sided 16-tooth gear with clutch, 65
driver gears, 56
efficiency and, 58
examples of wear, 180
follower, 56
Hailfire Droid wheel gear, 67–68
idler gears, 56–57
knob wheel, 63–64
obsolete, 70
reinforcing, 158, 158, 159, 160, 160
rotational direction, 60
single-bevel, 64–66
turntables, 69–70
types of, 61–67
worm gears, 62
gear shift (8880 set), 300
Geneva mechanisms, 103, 103–104
grip (traction), 4
gyn tackle, 78
H
Hailfire Droid wheel gear, 67–68
half bushes, 39, 39–40, 41, 41
half pins, 14
flexible axles and, 38
in half-stud thick beam, 17, 18
half studs, 17
half pins with, 18
three-quarter pins with, 17, 18
hard-coupling. See also adders; subtractors
switches, 107
hard plastic tracks, 286–288
heavy-duty pendular portal axle, 273–278
heavy-duty tracks, 294–298, 295
helicopters, 372–375
Hoeken’s linkage, 87
hoses, 124–125
hose connector with an axle hole, 126
non-LEGO, 128
T-pieces, 125
Hummer tire, 51
Hurbain, Philippe “Philo”, 184
hydraulic system, modifying pneumatic system into, 129
I
i.materialise, 361
independent steered axle, 269–272
independent suspension, 238, 240, 263–264
interacting gears, 57
Interco IROK 1.55 tire, 51
J
Jeep Wrangler Rubicon model, 367
Jefferson, Thomas, 87
joints (Oldham couplings), 101, 101–102, 102
K
Kenworth Road Train model, 22
knob wheel, 63–64
examples of wear, 180
hard-coupling motors with, 336
L
Land Rover S2 fuel tank model, 393
Large (L) motor (PF system), 189
large linear actuators (PF system), 205–207, 206
large pulley, 73
law of the lever, 81
LED lights, 209
LEGO pneumatic engine (LPE), 142
Leopard 2A4 tank model, 371, 393
levers, 81–82
classes of, 82–83
to linkages, 83–86
Liebherr Ltm1200 mobile telescopic crane blueprint, 380
Liebherr R944C tunneling excavator, 287, 386
liftarms. See beams
lights
flashing, 105–106
LED, 209
reverse, 104–105
turn signals, 106–109
linear actuators (PF system)
vs. pneumatics, 207–208
linear speed, 3
linear transmissions. See sequential transmissions
linkages, 86
Chebyshev (Tchebycheff’s) linkage, 87
Hoeken’s linkage, 87
levers to, 83–86
pantograph, 87
Peaucellier–Lipkin cell, 88
Sarrus linkage, 88–89
scissor linkage, 89
Scott-Russell linkage, 89
Watt’s linkage, 90
load (reaction force), levers, 81, 81
load-bearing structures
body frames, 169–171
chassis, 169–171
rails, 169–171
trusses, 172–179
longitudinal subtractors, 338, 338–343
longnose trucks, 366, 367, 368
long pins
LPE (LEGO pneumatic engine), 142
M
M (Medium) motor (PF system), 32, 189
Maltese cross mechanisms, 103, 103–104
MAN TGS truck, 368
manual control (PF system), 193–194
master switch, 107
Maus tank model, 295
mechanical advantage (pulleys), 75–79
mechanical power, 3
mechanical solutions, custom. See also mechanics
differential locks, 92, 94, 94, 95–96
double-axle turntable transmission, 110–114
eccentric mechanisms, 98–99
flashing lights, 105–106
Geneva mechanisms, 103–104
linear clutches, 97
Oldham couplings, 101–102
ratchets, 96–97
reverse lights, 104–105
Schmidt couplings, 102
Scotch yokes, 99–100
stepper motors, 103
turn signals, 106–109
universal joints, 115
mechanics. See also advanced mechanics; gears; linkages; pneumatic devices; pneumatic system; structural reinforcing
chains, 71–73
levers, 81–82
classes of, 82–83
to linkages, 83–86
pulleys, 73–74
differential pulley system, 78–79
mechanical advantage, 75–79
power pulley system, 79
simple pulley system, 76–78
Medium (M) motor (PF system), 32, 189
MeltWerk, 361
meshed gears, 60
Micromotor pulley, 73
MINDSTORMS motors
EV3 Large motor, 188
EV3 Medium motor, 187
NXT motor, 187
mineral oil (pneumatic system), 129
MOCs (My Own Creations), 21, 30
models
aircraft, 372–375
cars, 365–366
circular elements, 389
colors, 389–390
controlling, 393–394
details, 390–393
motorcycles, 369
scaling
blueprints, 377–378
points of reference, 379
process, 379–384
size considerations, 385–386
tracked vehicles, 369–371
trucks, 366–368
wheels, 386–388
Model Team approach, 30
modified axles, 37
modules (studs), 11
motorcycles, 369
motorized compressors, 129, 131–135
motorized valves, 135, 135–136, 136, 137
4.5V, 183
9V motors, 184–191
adders, 333–336
PF system, 193
E motor, 188
Large (L) motor, 189
manual control, 193–194
Servo motor, 190
XL motor, 190
subtractors, 336–348
watertight motor
new, 192
old, 191
My Own Creations (MOCs), 21, 30
N
N•cm (Newton centimeters), 3
negative camber angle, 8, 8, 9, 9
New pneumatic system, 118–119, 123
Newton centimeters (N•cm), 3
Nissan Skyline GT-R model, 215
nonlinear transmissions, 300
4-speed, 306–307
10-speed, 309
nonrigid studless connections, 25
non-steered axles
with differential lock, 94
toe angle, 9
nonsynchronized transmissions, 299–300
2-speed, 304
3-speed linear, 306
4-speed, 306
5-speed, 308
distribution, 310
O
obsolete gears, 70
off-road tires, 5
Oklinski, Emil “Emilus”, 393, 394
Oldham couplings (joints), 101, 101–102, 102
Old pneumatic system, 117–118, 122
open ball joint, 43
output (follower) axle, 56, 56
P
Pagani Zonda C12 F sports car, 366, 377
Pagani Zonda model, 216
pantograph, 87
parallel levers (4-bar linkage), 83, 84, 85, 86
Peaucellier–Lipkin cell, 88
pendular axles
portal, 273–278
steered, 268
with worm gear, 279–283
pendular suspension, 240, 242, 242–243, 243, 252–255
perpendicular connections (studfull building), 23
perpendicular gears, reinforcing, 160, 161
perspective of models, 378
PF (Power Functions) system, 193
battery box, 193
coupling Medium motors, 334, 335
E motor, 188
IR receiver, 32
Large (L) motor, 189
LED lights, 209
linear actuators, 205–208, 206, 207
manual control, 193–194
power supplies, 196–197
vs. RC system, 215–216
receivers, 194, 195, 197, 197, 198
remote controls, 184, 194–196, 198–205
Servo-controlled valve, 139, 140
Servo motor, 190
stackable plugs, 193
switches, 32, 104, 104, 106, 209
XL motor, 190
physics and engineering concepts, 3–5
pins, 12
collars, 12
half pins, 14
flexible axles and, 38
in half-stud thick beam, 17, 18
half studs and, 18
with special properties, 14
three-quarter pins, 13, 14, 17, 18
with towballs, 15
pins-and-beams method, 126
pivots (steering axis), 230
planes, 372
planetary gearing, 349
advantages of, 353
annular gears, 349–352
gear ratios and, 353
plastic tires, 48
plates
for motors, 185
play (chains), 72
pneumatic devices
automated pressure switch, 141–142
electro-pneumatic switch, 139
motorized compressors, 131–135
motorized valves, 135–136, 137
PF Servo–controlled valve, 139, 140
pneumatic engines, 142–143
single-cylinder, 143–145
two-cylinder, 146–152
water pressure pump, 153–154
Zorko, Alex “Nicjasno”, 153
pneumatic suspension, 129
pneumatic system, 117
airtank, 127
with airtank and manometer, 128
control modules, 121–122
cylinder bracket, 126
cylinders, 122–124
fluid-filled, 129
hoses, 124–126
vs. linear actuators, 207–208
manometer, 128
mineral oil, 129
modifying, 128–129
New system, 118–119
Old system, 117–118
pumps, 119–120
tubes, 125
V2 system, 119
pneumatic tires, 47
points of reference, 379
portal axles (geared hubs), 256–259, 388
Portal game sentry turret model, 30
portal wheel hubs, 244, 250–252
positive caster angle, 8, 8, 9
power, 3
Power Functions system. See PF system
power supplies (PF system)
AAA battery box, 196
AA battery box, 196
rechargeable battery, 197
power take-off (PTO) connection, 126
powertrain, 6
pressure switch, automated, 141, 141
pressurized tires, 47
production code (linear actuators), 206, 206, 207
ProLine, 50
propellers, 373
PTO (power take-off) connection, 126
pulleys, 73–74
differential pulley system, 78–79
mechanical advantage, 75–79
power pulley system, 79
simple pulley system, 76–78
pumps
pneumatic system, 119–120
water pressure, 153–154
R
rack-and-pinion gearset, 219, 219
rack gear, 221
Radio Control system. See RC system
rails (stringers), 169–171, 170
Rally Block tire, 51
ratchets, 96–97
RC (Radio Control) system, 211
control unit, 212–213
motor, 191
vs. PF system, 215–216
RC proper system, 212
remote control, 213
tires, 50–52
RC4WD, 50
reach stackers, 7
reaction force (load), levers, 81, 81
rear-wheel drive (RWD), 6
receivers (PF system), 194, 195, 197, 197, 198
receiving mechanism, 6
rechargeable battery, 197
rectangular (regular) tires, 46
regular transmissions. See nonlinear transmissions
reinforced 8-tooth gear, 63, 63
reinforcement. See structural reinforcing
remotes
PF system, 194–196, 198, 198–205
RC system, 213
return rollers, 289
return-to-center steering, 222–223
reverse lights, 104–105
rigid studless connections, 25, 25–26
road wheels, tracked vehicles with, 293–294
ROCK CRUSHER X/T 1.9-inch tire, 51
rocking compressor, 133
Rok Lox Micro Comp, 51
rolling resistance, 4–5
rotational direction (gears), 60
rotational speed, 3
rotations per minute (RPM), 3
rotor hubs (helicopters), 374, 375
rotor-tilting mechanism, 375
RPM (rotations per minute), 3
rubber bands
use in continuously variable transmissions, 310
use with pressure switch, 141
use with self-centering steering, 223
rubber tires, 48
rubber tracks, 285
Rutkowski, Marcin “Mrutek”, 375
RWD (rear-wheel drive), 6
S
Samsonite system, 70
scaling models
blueprints, 377–378
points of reference, 379
process, 379–384
scaling ratio, 380
Scania trucks, 391
Scott-Russell linkage, 89
Sculpteo, 361
sequential transmissions, 300
2-speed, 303–305
3-speed linear, 306
4-speed, 308
5-speed, 308
continuously variable transmissions, 310
Servo motor (PF system), 190
SevenStuds (3D designer)
Lamborghini reventon hubcap, 357
Pagani Huayra hubcaps, 357
website, 356
Shapeways, 361
Sheepo website, 303
Sherman tank, 290
shock absorbers
flexible axles as, 38
independent suspension with, 240, 240
pendular suspension with, 241, 243
Tatra-type suspension with, 260–262
trailing arm suspension with, 291, 293
Sikorsky MH-53 Pave Low helicopter, 373, 383
simple pulley system, 76–78
simple triangular trusses, 175, 175–177
simple trusses, 172
single-bevel gears, 64–66
single-cylinder pneumatic engines, 143–145
size considerations (modeling process), 385–386
sliding 8-tooth gear, 63
sliding worm gear, 136
small linear actuators (PF system), 206, 207, 207
smooth half bush with cutout, 39, 41
soft (flexible) axles, 38
solid tracks, 286–288
Soviet T-72M tank model, 294
Spanish BMR-2
vehicle, 392
speed, 3
speed control remote (PF system), 198, 199, 203–205
split transmissions. See distribution transmissions
sprocket wheels, 287, 288, 288–289, 289
sprung suspension, 239
spur (straight cut) gears, 61, 61
stackable plugs (PF system), 193
standard axles, 36
standard steering hub, 244
steered and suspended axles
independent steered axle, 269–270
pendular steered axle, 268
steering system, 220
toe angle, 9
steered wheel hubs, 244, 248–249
steering arms, 219, 219, 220, 226
steering attachment (RC system), 214, 214
steering axis (pivots), 230
steering locks, 6–7, 7, 223, 230
steering systems, 219, 219–222
Ackermann steering geometry, 223–226
convergence of axles, 227–230
in extreme right/left positions, 220, 221
with fixed and steered axles, 220
without rack, 222
return-to-center steering, 222–223
straight position, 221
with three-piece tie rod, 221, 222
virtual pivots, 230–236
stop4stuff (3D designer), 356, 358
straight cut (spur) gears, 61, 61
string and pulley systems, 73–74
differential pulley system, 78–79
mechanical advantage, 75–79
power pulley system, 79
simple pulley system, 76–78
stringers (rails), 169–171, 170
structural reinforcing
choosing strongest pieces, 179–180
differential casings, 162–166
load-bearing structures, 169–179
body frames, 169–171
chassis, 169–171
rails, 169–171
trusses, 172–179
right way to reinforce, 158–162
where to reinforce, 157
why things fall apart, 155–158
worm gears, 167–168
studfull building, 22–23
advantages of, 24
alignment of pieces, 16
combining with studless building, 27–34
complex pieces, 15
disadvantages of, 24
perpendicular connections, 23
reinforcing construction, 23–24
studfull body frame, 170
studfull body frame with rails, 171
advantages of, 26
alignment of pieces, 16
beams vs. bricks, 16
combining with studfull building, 27–34
disadvantages of, 27
rigid studless connections, 25–26
studless body frame with rails, 171
studless frames and differentials, 162
studless frames and rails, 170
studless transverse subtractor, 347–348
studs, as unit of measurement, 11
subtractors, 336–337
longitudinal, 338–343
reasons to use, 337–338
transverse, 344–348
surfaces, 4
suspended axles
chassis with eight wheels and, 239
chassis with four wheels and, 238
chassis with six wheels and, 239
driven, steered, and suspended axles, 270–283
driven and suspended axles, 252–259
steered and suspended axles, 268–270
suspension systems
constant ground clearance, 239
dependent suspension, 238
double-wishbone independent suspension, 240–241
driven, steered, and suspended axles, 270–283
driven and suspended axles, 252–259
driven axles, 237
fulcrums, 238
independent suspension, 238, 263–264
pendular suspension, 242–243
sprung, 239
steered and suspended axles, 268–270
Tatra-type suspension, 241–242, 260–262
tracked vehicles, 290–293
trailing arm suspension, 243, 264–267
unsprung, 239
wheel hubs, 244–252
suspension travel, 7–8
Swedish Hagglunds BV 206 model, 370
switch-airtank-compressor combination, 141
switches
automated pressure, 141–142
child, 107
coupling with half bushes, 40
electro-pneumatic, 139
master, 107
PF system, 32, 104, 104, 106, 209
synchronized transmissions, 299–300
2-speed, 303–305
10-speed, 309
continuously variable transmissions, 310
Szymanski, Maciej “dmac”, 135
T
T34 tank model, 289
T-72M tank model, 371, 390, 391
Tamiya USA, 50
Tatra-type suspension, 8, 239, 241, 241–242, 242, 260–262
Tchebycheff’s (Chebyshev) linkage, 87
Technic bricks, 11–12, 22. See also bricks
Technic Racing Medium rim, 50, 51
Technic Racing wheel, 387
Thingiverse, 361
threaded axles, 37
threefold purchase, 78
three-quarter pins, 13, 14, 17, 18
tie rods, 221–222
Tiger 2 tank model, 19
tires
94.3×38 R, 52
hollow, 47
material, 48
off-road, 5
RC tires, 50–52
rolling resistance, 4
shape, 46
solid, 47
toe angle, 9–10
toothed half bushes, 39, 40, 40
torque, 3. See also axles; gears; pulleys
chains and, 73
summing with adders, 333–335
torque ratios. See gear ratios
torsion, 173
towballs, 15
tower crane, 178, 178–179, 179
Tow Truck 2 model, 171
tow truck model, 386
tracked vehicles
custom heavy-duty tracks, 294–298
form vs. function, 369–371
hard plastic tracks, 286–288
with road wheels, 293–294
rubber tracks, 285
simple, 337
subtractor’s input and, 337
suspension systems, 290–293
tracked wheel systems, 288–290
tracked wheel systems, 288–290
tracks, 286–288
traction (grip), 4
trailing arm (floating axle) suspension, 243, 243, 264–267, 291, 291–292, 293
transmission changeover catch, 300, 301
transmission driving rings, 110, 110, 300, 300–303, 301, 302, 303
transmissions, 6
2-speed, 299
linear heavy duty, 304, 312–314
4-speed, 320–325
double-lever, 306
RC motor, 308
5-speed linear, 308
continuously variable, 310, 331
distribution transmissions, 310
nonsynchronized, 310
nonlinear transmissions, 300
4-speed, 306–307
10-speed, 309
nonsynchronized transmissions, 299–300
2-speed, 304
3-speed linear, 306
4-speed, 306
5-speed, 308
distribution, 310
sequential transmissions, 300
2-speed, 303–305
3-speed linear, 306
4-speed, 308
5-speed, 308
continuously variable transmissions, 310
synchronized transmissions, 299–300
2-speed, 303–305
10-speed, 309
continuously variable transmissions, 310
transverse subtractors, 344, 344–348
triangular trusses
simple, 175–177
triangular Warren trusses, 174–175, 175
trucks, 366–368
trusses, 172
Brown trusses, 173–174
choosing, 177–179
simple triangular trusses, 175–177
triangular Warren trusses, 174–175, 175
Warren trusses, 174
tubes, 125
turbine engine, 373
turning radius (turning circle), 6
turn signals, 106–109
turntables, 68, 69, 69–70, 252–255, 350–351
two-cylinder pneumatic engines, 145, 146–152, 149
U
u-joints. See universal joints
units and pieces
bricks, 11, 11–12, 18–19, 18–19
half studs, 17
pins, 12–15
plates, 11
studs, 11
universal joints, 42–43
3-stud-long, 43
4-stud-long, 43
complete ball joint, 43
at different angles, 42
driveshaft, 6
open ball joint, 43
secured against cracking with round plates, 43
unsprung suspension, 239
V
V2 pneumatic system, 119, 123–124
valves
motorized, 135, 135–136, 136, 137
PF Servo–controlled, 140
vehicular concepts, 5–10
virtual pivots, 230–231
large, 233–236
small, 232–233
top-down view, 231
voltage, 3
W
W (watts), 3
wall-to-wall turning radius, 6
Warren trusses, 174–175
water pressure pump, 153–154, 154
Watertight motor
new, 192
old, 191
watts (W), 3
weak links (structural), 156, 156
wedge belt wheels, 73, 74, 293, 293, 294
weight, efficiency and, 5
weight distribution, 10
wheeled steering systems. See steering systems
wheeled suspension systems. See suspension systems
wheel hubs, 244–245
connecting to rims, 245
portal, 250–252
pre-2011, 245–246
regular, 247
steered, 248–249
types of, 244
wheels, 45
8448 Super Street Sensation set, 388
camber angle, 8
choosing for model, 386–388
portal axles, 388
RC tires, 50–52
rims, 49
size, 48–49
sprocket, 287, 288, 288–289, 289
tires, 46–48
toe angle, 9–10
wedge belt wheels, 73, 74, 293, 293, 294
worm gears, 62
examples of wear, 180
locking mechanism with, 96
pendular axle with, 279–283
X
XL motor (PF system), 190
Z
Zorko, Alex “Nicjasno”, 153