Index
A
AC vs. DC electrical current, adult supervision, 129
advantages
class/group tinkering schemes, 47
competition, 49
cooperation, 49
Ankle Model project, 152–156
gastrocnemius, 158
materials list, 153
tibialis anterior, 158
tinkering, 153
answers, formulating, 143–144
approaching projects, 77
Arm Model project, 148–151
biceps, 156
materials list, 148
radius, 156
tinkering, 148
tools list, 148
triceps, 156
ulna, 156
Art Spinner project, 181–185
materials list, 182
tinkering, 182
art, tinkering and, 84
assembly-line instruction, 111, 112
assessments, 168–169
issues with, 168
techniques for, 168
attraction, 41
autoharp project, 13
B
baking soda, 129
basketball hoop project, 56–58
materials list, 56
parabola and, 62
tinkering, 56
tools list, 56
batteries, 72
charger, 72
saving, 108
solar cells and, 109
biceps, 156
biology, 147–164
ankle model, 152–156
arm model, 148–151
biomechanical models, 147
bones, 147–248
biomechanical models, 147
ankle, 152–156
arm, 148–151
bone puzzles, 162
bones, tinkering with, 162–163
bouncing jaws project, 33
tinkering, 33
A Boy and a Battery (Yates), 110
brown bag experiments, 16
brushes, 186
buoyant force, 136
C
California State Science Content Standards, 165
carbon dioxide, 137
careers, 87
carnival ball game project, 59–61
factors, 62
materials list, 59
parabola and, 62
tinkering, 59
catapults, 64
basketball hoop project, 56–58
chemical reactions
adult supervision and, 129
materials list, 129
tinkering, 129
chemistry, 119–140
chemical reactions, 129–134
density, 135
floating/sinking objects, 120–127
fluids with various densities, mixing, 136–137
gases, creating, 137
physics of, 134
circuits
extending, 108
series, 107
class tinkering schemes, 45–47
advantages, 45
interns and, 45
limitations, 46
classic volcano project, 138
classroom learning, 111
assessments, 168–169
community of learners, 114
identity transformation within, 114
community of practice, 114
Community Science Workshops, 16
funding for, 71
intent community participation in, 113
tinkering schemes in, 45
website, 76
compass project, 30–31
compasses, 30
competition
advantages, 49
in tinkering, 49
limitations, 49
compression, 12
conic sections, 62
Conner, Clifford D., 17
contract funding, 71
cooperation
advantages, 49
in tinkering, 49
limitations, 49
Cousteau, Jacques-Yves, 191
Crapper, Thomas, 191
crystals, 138
cultural space, 114
Curie, Marie, 191
D
DC vs. AC electrical current, 48
decorations, 72
defining tinkering, 191
density, 135
gravity and, 136
diamagnetism, 44
differentiated learning, 115–116
scaffolding and, 116
directions, 76
discovery
from observation, 24
teaching and, 24
discovery method, 143
Doherty, Paul, 144
donations, receiving, 71
donors, 71
drum project, 2–6
comparing drums, 12
comparing sounds, 6
materials list, 2
tinkering, 2
tools list, 2
variables, 12
Drum Tower of Xian China, 13
E
eddy currents, induced, 59
Edison, Thomas, 191
education
choice in structure, 112
traditions of, 111
electrical circuits, 89–110
basics of, 109
glowies, 109
Magic Wand project, 91–97
Steadiness Circuit project, 98–106
with kids, 89
electrical engineering, 90
electrical wire, 72
electrolysis, 139
electromagnetic dancer project, 38–40
materials list, 38
tinkering, 38
electromagnets, 38–41
electromagnetic dancer project, 38–40
physics of, 41
electronics, 69
encouraging tinkering, 145
energy, 55
engaging
parents, 85
with students, 51
engineering, 171–190
Art Spinner project, 181–185
Hovercraft project, 173–180
inertia and, 187
Environmental Science Workshop
escape velocity, 62
experiments, brown bag, 16
Exploratoriums
San Francisco, 15
value of, 15
extending circuits, 108
eye model, 161
F
factors, 12
Faraday cage, 109
Faraday, Michael, 171
fasteners, 72
ferromagnetism, 44
financial support, 71
donations, 71
steady donors, 71
finger model, 160
Flashlight project, 91–97
materials list, 91
tinkering, 91
tools list, 91
floating arm trebuchet (FAT), 66
floating stack project, tinkering, 26
floating/sinking colors
buoyant force, 136
density, 136
gravity, 135
materials list, 120
tinkering, 120
tools list, 120
fluorescent light, 107
flying cork activity, 132
focus on students, 51
force, 55
force fields, creating, 41
Framework for K-12 Science Education, 165
frameworks
competition, 49
cooperation, 49
for tinkering sessions, 48
individual expose, 49
studio, 48
free form tinkering schemes, 45
frustration, managing, 53
Fulton, Robert, 191
funding sources
Community Science Workshops, 87
contracts, 71
donations, 71
grant, 71
public agency, 71
steady donors, 71
G
making, 138
Galileo, 18
gastrocnemius, 158
Gates, William, 191
Gilbert, William, 18
girls and tinkering, 19
creating a space for, 19
giving answers, 143
giving directions, 76
glowies, 109
grant funding, 71
gravity, 135
group tinkering schemes, 47
guitar project, 13
H
hackerspaces, 69
hand tools, 69
hanging up project, 27–29
tinkering, 27
Hewlett, William, 191
high school projects, 46
history of tinkering, 17
hobby motor, 171
homopolar motors, 189
hot-glue stations, 70
household supplies, 72
Hovercraft project, 173–180
issues with, 180
materials list, 173
tinkering, 174
tools list, 173
hydrogen peroxide, 137
I
ideas, tinkering with, 19
identity transformation, 114
incandescent light, 107
individual expose framework, 49
industry suppliers, 71
inertia, 187
injuries, 85
inquiry exercises, 48
Instructables, 74
instruments, 12
intent community participation, 113
Community Science Workshops using, 113
interns
class/group tinkering schemes and, 47
in workshops, 46
issues with assessment, 168
K
Kelvin Educational, 72
kinesiology, 157
King, John, 16
kitchen supplies, 72
L
laboratory
exercises inquiry, 48
standards, 48
Lave, Jean, 114
laws of motion, 55
lead levels, 108
learning communities, 111-116
academic standards and, 165–167
assessments, 168–169
types of, 111
learning process, 15–22
answers, formulating, 143–144
differentiated learning, 115–116
questions, stimulating, 141–143
tinkering and, 16
lecturing, 48
lever types, 157
levitator project, 34–36
tinkering, 34
library, in tinkering spaces, 70
lights
fluorescent, 107
incandescent, 107
solid-state (LED), 107
limitations
class/group tinkering schemes, 47
competition, 49
cooperation, 49
logistics, 67–88
acquiring tools/supplies, 72
injuries and, 85
materials, 72–73
mobile storage, 74–75
model projects, 68
project evolution, 79
projects, facilitating, 81
space, 67
stocking, 70–71
storage, 75
tools, 73
loss (prevention) of materials/tools, 76
low-tech elements, 80
lung model, 162
M
Magic Wand project, 91–97
materials list, 91
tinkering, 92
tools list, 91
magnet toys projects, 25
magnetic wand with, 37
magnetic sand, 43
collecting, 43
magnetic wand project, 37
magnetic wand, influence of, 41
magnets/magnetism, 23–44
attraction, 41
compass project, 30–31
compasses, 42
diamagnetism, 44
electromagnetic dancer project, 38–40
electromagnets, 41
ferromagnetism, 44
hanging up project, 27–29
kids and, 24
levitator project, 34–36
magnetic sand, 43
magnetic wand, 37
paramagnetism, 44
physics of, 41
poles, 41
repulsion, 41
toys, making with, 25–40
types of, 44
making gak, 138
managing frustration, 48
marble rolls project, 63
materials
procuring, 73
substituting, 74
materials lists
Ankle Model project, 152
Arm Model project, 148
Art Spinner project, 181
basketball hoop project, 56
carnival ball game project, 59
chemical reactions, 129
drum project, 2
electromagnetic dancer, 38
flashlight project, 91
floating/sinking colors, 120
Hovercraft project, 173
magic wand project, 91
magnet toys projects, 25
Steadiness Circuit project, 98
torsion drum project, 7
mechanics, 55–66
basketball hoop project, 56–58
carnival ball game project, 59–61
geometry and, 62–63
physics and, 62–63
membranophone, 77
Mini Maker Faires, 49
mini-museums, 49
Mission Science Workshop, 79, 162
mistakes, 84
MIT X courses, 66
models, of projects, 47
momentary switch, 107
Moose Call project, 77–78
Morrison, Phillip, 167
motion, 55
three laws of, 55
Art Spinner project, 181–185
basics, 186
brushes, 186
hobby, 171
homopolar, 189
Hovercraft project, 173–180
inertia and, 187
proto-, 188
N
National Research Council, 165
New Generation Science Standards, 165
Newton, Isaac, 55
Newtons cradle project, 84
nitrogen, 137
O
observation, discovery and, 24
Oersted Prize for physics, 16
office supplies, 72
Oppenheimer, Frank, 15
options, providing in tinkering sessions, 48
organization, 74
Orsted, Hans Christian, 171
oscilloscopes, 48
oxygenated water, 137
P
Packard, David, 191
parabola, 62
parachute project, 65
paramagnetism, 44
parents
engaging, 85
strategies for dealing with, 86
tinkering with kids, 21
Paulas pump project, 79
A Peoples History of Science; Miners, Midwives and Low Mechanicks (Conner), 17
peripheral participation, 114
physical space, 114
pinball machine project, 63
plastic, 72
poles, 41
popular projects, 79
procuring materials, 73
productivity, tinkering and, 114
project models, 46
in tinkering spaces, 88
project write-ups, 46
projects
Ankle Model project, 152
Arm Model project, 148
Art Spinner project, 181–185
autoharp, 13
basketball hoop project, 56–58
bouncing jaws, 33
carnival ball game project, 59–61
catapults, 63
classic volcano, 138
compass project, 30–31
different approaches to, 77
drum project, 2–6
electromagnetic dancer project, 38–40
facilitating, 84
factors for, 79
Flashlight project, 91
glowies, 109
guitar, 13
hanging up project, 27–29
Hovercraft project, 173–180
instruments, 13
levitator project, 34–36
Magic Wand project, 91–97
magnetic wand, 37
marble rolls, 63
membranophone, 77
mistakes in, 84
models for, 70
Moose Call project, 77–78
Newtons cradle, 81
parachute, 66
Paulas pump project, 79
pinball machine, 63
pointers, 76
popular, 76
process vs. product, 87
relating theory to, 88
solenoid, 42
Steadiness Circuit project, 98–106
strange pendulum, 32
suggesting to students, 48
torsion drum project, 7–11
trebuchets, 65
working vs. not working, 84
xylophone, 13
zither, 13
proto-motors, 188
public agency funding, 71
Q
questions
commending, 141
giving answers, 143
praising, 141
responding to, 141
restating, 142
questions, stimulating, 141–143
in tinkering sessions, 51
strategies for, 141
R
RadioShack, 72
radius, 156
reactions, 137
receiving donations, 71
rechargeable batteries, 72
Renaissance, 18
repeating activities, 142
repulsion, 41
responding to questions, 143
retail/wholesale suppliers, 71
Rogoff, Barbara, 111
rolling edges project, 27
tinkering, 27
rules, for workshops, 48
S
Sabin, Albert, 191
safety, 85
injuries, 85
lead, 108
Salk, Jonas, 191
San Francisco Exploratorium, 15
satellite sites, 82
scaffolding, 116
schools, 115–116
academic standards and, 165–167
assessments, 168–169
differentiated learning and, 115–116
tinkering schemes, 45
visiting, 45
Science Education Framework for K-12, 165
science fair model, 49
Science Snackbook (Teachers Institute Exploratorium), 15
Scientific American, 167
Scientific and Engineering Practices, 165
scientific method vs. tinkering, 191
Scientific Revolution, 18
series circuits, 107
situated learning, 114
slime, making, 138
small injuries, 85
Smelke, Paula, 79
solar cells, 109
solenoid, 42
solid-state (LED) light, 107
sound, 1–14
drum project, 2–6
instruments, 13
musicality of, 12
physics of, 12
torsion drum project, 7–11
staff, in workshops, 46
standards, academic, 165–167
California State Science Content, 165
content, 165
dimensions, 165
New Generation Science, 165
problems with, 165
teaching to, 166
standards, wood, 72
Steadiness Circuit project, 98–106
materials list, 98
tinkering, 98
tools list, 98
storage, in tinkering spaces, 69
strange pendulum project, tinkering, 32
strategies for questions, 141
structural vessels, 72
structural wire, 72
structuring education, 151
students
engaging with, 51
focus on, 51
suggesting projects to, 51
tinkering sessions with, 51–52
working together, 51
studio framework, 48
substitution, 74
sulfuric acid sugar snake, 139
switches, momentary, 106–107
T
Teacher Institute Exploratorium, 15, 144
teachers, 141–144
academic standards and, 165–167
differentiated learning and, 153–156
teaching
discovering and, 24
to standards, 167
techniques for assessment, 168
theory, relating projects to, 87
thoughtful tinkering, 88
tibialis anterior, 158
tinkering
art and, 84
benefiting from, 53
competition in, 49
crystals, 138
defining, 191
encouraging further, 145
frustration with, 46
history of, 17–18
in schools, 47
learning process and, 15
productivity and, 114
repeating activities, 142
scientific method vs., 191
thoughtful, 88
with chemical reactions, 129
with ideas, 19
tinkering schemes, 45
class/group, 47
Community Science Workshop, 45
free form, 45
in schools, 47
structural categories, 45
tinkering sessions, 45–54
characteristics of, 50
frameworks for, 48
keeping order in, 51
lecturing in, 50
options in, 50
questions in, 51
schemes for, 45
with students, 51–54
tinkering space
batteries, 72
decorations, 72
electrical wire, 72
electronics, 72
fasteners, 72
first things, 72
hand tools, 73
hot-glue station, 72
household supplies, 72
kitchen supplies, 72
library, 72
materials, 72
motors, 72
music, 72
office supplies, 72
organization, 74
plastic, 72
project models, 72
safety, 85
satellite sites, 82
storage bins, 75
storage racks, 75
structural vessels, 72
structural wire, 72
tools for, 73
wheels, 72
wood, 72
tools lists
Arm Model project, 148
basketball hoop project, 56
carnival ball game project, 59
drum project, 2
flashlight project, 91
floating/sinking colors, 120
Hovercraft project, 173
magic wand project, 91
magnet toys projects, 25
Steadiness Circuit project, 98–106
tinkering space, 73
tornado in a bottle project, 80
torsion drum project, 7–11
materials list, 8
tinkering, 8
traditions of education, 149
trebuchets, 65
floating arm, 66
triceps, 156
U
ulna, 156
V
value of Exploratoriums, 15
variables, 12
ventilation, 68
de Vinci, Leonardo, 191
vinegar, 138
W
Watsonville Environmental Science Workshop, 48, 119
Wenger, Etienne, 152
wheels, 72
wood, standard sizes, 72
workshops
financial support for, 71
materials, 72
organizing, 74
rules in, 46
safety, 85
staff, 46
ventilation, 68
Wright, Frank Lloyd, 191
Wright, Orville, 191
Wright, Wilbur, 191
write-ups, 46
X
xylophone project, 13
Y
Yates, Raymond F., 110
Young Makers workshops, 69
Z
zither project, 13