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by Chip Poncy, John A. Cassara
Trade-Based Money Laundering
Title Page
Copyright
Foreword
Preface
How This Book Is Organized
Sourcing
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Chapter 1: The Next Frontier
The Magnitude of the Problem
How Are We Doing?
Notes
Chapter 2: Trade-Based Money Laundering Techniques: Invoice Fraud
How Does TBML Work?
Invoice Fraud
Case Examples: Invoice Fraud and Manipulation
Cheat Sheet
Questions to Ask if a Shipment of Goods Looks Suspicious
Notes
Chapter 3: Black Market Peso Exchange
Background of the BMPE
A Typical BMPE Value Transfer Scheme
Expansion of the BMPE to Mexico and Venezuela
The China Connection
Cheat Sheet
Notes
Chapter 4: Hawala: An Alternative Remittance System
Definition of Hawala
The Hawala Transaction
How Do Hawaladars Make a Profit?
Countervaluation and Trade
An Abused Financial System
How to Recognize Hawala
Countermeasures
Case Examples: Hawala
Cheat Sheet
Notes
Chapter 5: Chinese Flying Money
An Ancient System
The Modern Era
How Does It Work?
Chinese Presence in Africa
Case Examples
Notes
Chapter 6: Misuse of the International Gold Trade
Why Gold Is so Popular with Money Launderers
How Is Gold Manipulated to Launder Money and Transfer Value?
Possible Questions for Gold Dealers
Case Examples
Examples of Gold and Terrorism Financing
Cheat Sheet
Notes
Chapter 7: Commercial TBML
Trade Diversion
Trade Misinvoicing
Transfer Pricing
Cheat Sheet
Notes
Chapter 8: More Schemes and Facilitators
Barter Trade
Service-Based Laundering
Free Trade Zones
The Afghan Transit Trade
Latin America's Tri-Border Area
Carousel Fraud
Case Studies
Notes
Chapter 9: Monitoring Trade
Steps in the International Trade Process
Information Sources
What about Weight Analysis?
Pioneering Analysis in TBML
Trade Transparency Units (TTUs)
The Application of Big Data and Analytics
Case Example: Operation Deluge
Notes
Chapter 10: Red-Flag Indicators
Possible Red-Flag Indicators of TBML
Prudent Steps
Guidance
Notes
Chapter 11: Conclusions and Recommendations
Get Serious about TBML
Define the Magnitude of the Problem
Focus from the Top
A FATF Recommendation
Curtail the Commercial Misuse of Trade
Enhance Wire Transfer Reporting
TBML Analytics
Expand the International TTU Network
Reempower Treasury Enforcement
The Misuse of Trade Is a Law Enforcement Issue—Not Just a Customs Issue
National Task Forces on Underground Finance
Notes
Appendix A: Money-Laundering Primer
Financial Intelligence
How Is Financial Intelligence Used?
Availability of Financial Intelligence
Legislation
Investigating Money Laundering
Money-Laundering Methodologies
Notes
Appendix B: Original Trade Transparency Unit (TTU) Proposal
May 2003 Proposal: Trade Transparency Units
Glossary
Index
End User License Agreement
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Copyright
Trade-Based Money Laundering
The Next Frontier in International Money Laundering Enforcement
John A. Cassara
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