Book Description Introduction to Information Technology incorporates the major changes that have taken place in the field of information technology, including not only the latest trends but also future technologies. The coverage of practical and historic perspectives on information technology demonstrates how concepts are applied to real systems and shows their evolution since its beginnings. Written in a clear, concise and lucid manner, each chapter is designed to be covered in two or three lectures while keeping inter-chapter dependencies to a minimum. Show and hide more
Table of Contents
Cover Title Page Brief Contents Contents Preface 1. Computer Basics 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Characteristics of Computers 1.2 Evolution of Computers 1.3 Generations of Computers 1.3.1 First Generation (1940 to 1956): Vacuum Tubes 1.3.2 Second Generation (1956 to 1963): Transistors 1.3.3 Third Generation (1964 to Early 1970s): Integrated Circuits 1.3.4 Fourth Generation (Early 1970s to Till Date): Microprocessors 1.3.5 Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond): Artificial Intelligence 1.4 Classification of Computers 1.4.1 Microcomputers 1.4.2 Minicomputers 1.4.3 Mainframes 1.4.4 Supercomputers 1.5 The Computer System 1.5.1 Components of a Computer System 1.5.2 How Does a Computer Work? 1.6 Applications of Computers Let Us Summarize Exercises Answers 2. Computer Organization and Architecture 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Central Processing Unit 2.2.1 Arithmetic/Logic Unit 2.2.2 Registers 2.2.3 Control Unit 2.2.4 System Bus 2.2.5 Main Memory Unit 2.2.6 Cache Memory 2.3 Communication among Various Units 2.3.1 Processor to Memory Communication 2.3.2 Processor—I/O Devices Communication 2.4 Instruction Format 2.5 Instruction Cycle 2.6 Instruction Set 2.6.1 CISC Architecture 2.6.2 RISC Architecture 2.6.3 Comparing the CISC with RISC 2.7 Inside a Computer 2.7.1 Power Supply (SMPS) 2.7.2 Motherboard 2.7.3 Ports and Interfaces 2.7.4 Expansion Cards 2.7.5 Ribbon Cables 2.7.6 Memory Chips 2.7.7 Storage Devices 2.7.8 Processors 2.8 Data Representation in Computers 2.8.1 Types of Number System 2.8.2 Conversion between Number Bases 2.9 Coding Schemes Let Us Summarize Exercises Answers 3. Computer Memory and Storage 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Memory Representation 3.2 Memory Hierarchy 3.3 Random Access Memory 3.3.1 Types of RAM 3.4 Read Only Memory 3.4.1 Types of ROM 3.5 RAM, ROM and CPU Interaction 3.6 Types of Secondary Storage Devices 3.7 Magnetic Tape 3.7.1 Magnetic Tape Organization 3.7.2 Advantages of Magnetic Tapes 3.7.3 Disadvantages of Magnetic Tapes 3.8 Magnetic Disk 3.8.1 Storage Organization of a Magnetic Disk 3.8.2 Accessing Data from Magnetic Disk 3.9 Types of Magnetic Disks 3.9.1 Floppy Disk 3.9.2 Hard Disk 3.9.3 Zip Disk 3.9.4 Advantages of Magnetic Disks 3.9.5 Disadvantages of Magnetic Disks 3.10 Optical Disk 3.10.1 Storage Organization of Optical Disk 3.10.2 Access Mechanism of Optical Disk 3.11 Types of Optical Disks 3.11.1 Compact Disk 3.11.2 Digital Versatile Disk 3.11.3 Blu-ray Disk 3.11.4 Advantages of Optical Disks 3.11.5 Disadvantages of Optical Disks 3.12 Magneto-optical Storage Devices 3.12.1 Basics of MO Reading 3.12.2 Basics of MO Recording 3.13 Universal Serial Bus 3.13.1 Pen Drive 3.13.2 External Hard Disk Drive 3.14 Memory Stick 3.15 Mass Storage Devices Let Us Summarize Exercises Answers 4. Input Output Media 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Importance of Input/Output Devices 4.2 Types of Input Devices 4.2.1 Keyboard 4.2.2 Pointing Devices 4.2.3 Speech Recognition 4.2.4 Digital Camera 4.2.5 Webcam 4.2.6 Scanners 4.2.7 Optical Character Recognition 4.2.8 Optical Mark Recognition 4.2.9 Magnetic-ink Character Recognition 4.2.10 Bar Code Reader 4.3 Types of Output Devices 4.3.1 Printers 4.3.2 Plotters 4.3.3 Computer Output Microfilm 4.3.4 Monitor 4.3.5 Voice Response System 4.3.6 Projector 4.3.7 Electronic Whiteboard 4.3.8 Headphone and Headset 4.4 Computer Terminals Let Us Summarize Exercises Answers 5. Operating System 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Operating System: Definition 5.3 Evolution of Operating System 5.4 Types of Operating Systems 5.5 Functions of an Operating System 5.5.1 Process Management 5.5.2 Memory Management 5.5.3 File Management 5.5.4 Device Management 5.5.5 Security Management 5.5.6 User Interface Let Us Summarize Exercises Answers 6. Microsoft Windows XP 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Features of Windows XP 6.3 Starting Windows XP Professional 6.4 The Desktop 6.4.1 Taskbar 6.4.2 Customizing Taskbar 6.4.3 Desktop Icons 6.4.4 Customizing the Desktop 6.5 My Computer 6.6 Working with Files and Folders 6.6.1 Recycle Bin 6.7 Windows Explorer 6.8 Windows Help and Support Centre 6.9 Searching in Windows XP 6.10 System Utilities in Windows XP 6.11 Control Panel 6.12 Windows Accessories 6.12.1 Calculator 6.12.2 Notepad 6.12.3 Paint Let Us Summarize Exercises Answers 7. Overview of Microsoft Windows 7 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Different Editions of Windows 7 7.3 New Style of Windows 7 7.3.1 Aero Themes 7.3.2 Gadgets 7.3.3 Taskbar 7.3.4 Start Menu 7.3.5 Aero Effects 7.3.6 Jump Lists 7.4 Windows 7 Accessories Let Us Summarize Exercises Answers 8. Information Technology Basics 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Information 8.2.1 Prerequisites of Information 8.2.2 Need for Information 8.3 Technology 8.4 Information Technology 8.4.1 Components of Information Technology 8.5 Present Scenario 8.6 Role of Information Technology 8.6.1 Information Technology in Business 8.6.2 Information Technology in Manufacturing 8.6.3 Information Technology in Mobile Computing 8.6.4 Information Technology in Public Sector 8.6.5 Information Technology in Defence Services 8.6.6 Information Technology in Media 8.6.7 Information Technology in Education 8.6.8 Information Technology in Publication 8.7 Information Technology and the Internet 8.8 Careers in the IT Industry Let Us Summarize Exercises Answers 9. Multimedia Essentials 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Multimedia: Definition 9.3 Building Blocks of Multimedia 9.3.1 Text 9.3.2 Graphics 9.3.3 Audio 9.3.4 Video 9.3.5 Animation 9.4 Multimedia System 9.4.1 Desirable Features of Multimedia System 9.4.2 Data Compression 9.5 Multimedia Applications 9.5.1 Multimedia and Education 9.5.2 Multimedia and Entertainment 9.5.3 Multimedia and Training 9.5.4 Multimedia and Business 9.5.5 Multimedia Interactive Kiosks 9.6 Virtual Reality 9.6.1 Characteristics of Virtual Reality Let Us Summarize Exercises Answers 10. Computer Programming and Languages 10.1 Introduction 10.1.1 Developing a Program 10.1.2 Program Development Cycle 10.2 Algorithm 10.3 Flowchart 10.3.1 Flowchart Symbols 10.3.2 Guidelines for Preparing Flowcharts 10.3.3 Benefits of Flowcharts 10.3.4 Limitations of Flowcharts 10.4 Decision Tables 10.4.1 Steps to Develop a Decision Table 10.4.2 Benefits of Decision Tables 10.4.3 Limitations of Decision Tables 10.5 Pseudocode 10.5.1 Pseudocode Guidelines 10.5.2 Benefits of Pseudocode 10.5.3 Limitations of Pseudocode 10.6 Program Control Structures 10.6.1 Sequence Control Structure 10.6.2 Selection Control Structure 10.6.3 Repetition Control Structure 10.7 Programming Paradigms 10.7.1 Unstructured Programming 10.7.2 Structured Programming 10.7.3 Object-oriented Programming 10.8 Characteristics of a Good Program 10.9 Programming Languages 10.9.1 Types of Programming Languages 10.10 Generations of Programming Languages 10.10.1 First Generation: Machine Language 10.10.2 Second Generation: Assembly Language 10.10.3 Third Generation: High-level Language 10.10.4 Fourth Generation 10.10.5 Fifth Generation: Very High-level Languages 10.11 Features of a Good Programming Language Let Us Summarize Exercises Answers 11. Computer Software 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Software: Definition 11.2.1 Relationship between Software and Hardware 11.3 Categories of Software 11.3.1 System Software 11.3.2 Application Software 11.4 Installing and Uninstalling Software 11.5 Software Piracy 11.5.1 Types of Software Piracy 11.5.2 Preventing Software Piracy 11.6 Software Terminologies Let Us Summarize Exercises Answers 12. Introduction to Microsoft Office 2007 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Introduction to Office 2007 User Interface 12.3 Microsoft Office Applications 12.3.1 Microsoft Office Word 2007 12.3.2 Microsoft Office Excel 2007 12.3.3 Microsoft Office Access 2007 12.3.4 Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2007 Let Us Summarize Exercises Answers 13. Microsoft Office Word 2003 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Starting Microsoft Office Word 2003 13.2.1 Microsoft Word Environment 13.2.2 Getting Help 13.3 Working with Word 2003 Documents 13.3.1 Creating a New Document 13.3.2 Opening an Existing Document 13.3.3 Saving a Document 13.3.4 Closing a Document and Exiting Microsoft Word 13.4 Working with Text 13.4.1 Inserting Text 13.4.2 Selecting Text 13.4.3 Formatting the Text 13.4.4 Aligning and Indenting Text 13.4.5 Formatting Style 13.4.6 Format Painter 13.4.7 Using Cut, Copy, and Paste in Word 13.4.8 Finding and Replacing Text 13.4.9 Undo and Redo 13.4.10 Bullets and Numbering 13.4.11 Header and Footer 13.5 Working with Tables 13.5.1 Table Properties 13.5.2 Moving and Resizing Table 13.5.3 Formatting Text in Table 13.5.4 Adding and Deleting Rows and Columns 13.5.5 Converting Text to Table 13.5.6 Converting Table to Text 13.6 Checking Spelling and Grammar 13.6.1 Using the Auto Spell and Auto Grammar Features 13.6.2 Using Spelling and Grammar Dialog Box 13.6.3 Using AutoCorrect Options 13.6.4 Using Synonyms and Thesaurus 13.7 Adding Graphics to Document 13.7.1 Pictures 13.7.2 Editing a Picture 13.7.3 Drawing Objects 13.8 Mail Merge 13.8.1 Components of a Mail Merge 13.8.2 Mail Merge Steps 13.9 Printing a Document 13.9.1 Setting Page Margins 13.9.2 Print Preview 13.9.3 Printing the Document Let Us Summarize Exercises Answers 14. Microsoft Office Excel 2003 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Starting Microsoft Office Excel 2003 14.2.1 Microsoft Excel Environment 14.3 Working with Excel Workbook 14.3.1 Creating an Excel Workbook 14.3.2 Opening an Existing Workbook 14.3.3 Saving Workbook 14.3.4 Closing a Workbook 14.4 Working with Worksheet 14.4.1 Entering Data in Cells 14.4.2 Navigating through Cells 14.4.3 Naming of a Range of Cells 14.4.4 Editing a Worksheet 14.4.5 Using Cut, Copy, and Paste in Excel 14.4.6 Finding and Replacing Cells 14.4.7 Undo and Redo 14.5 Formulas and Functions 14.5.1 Functions 14.5.2 Using AutoSum 14.5.3 Formulas 14.6 Inserting Charts 14.6.1 Creating Charts 14.6.2 Using Chart Toolbar 14.6.3 Saving a Chart 14.7 Sorting 14.8 Printing in Excel 14.8.1 Setting Page Layout 14.8.2 Print Preview 14.8.3 Printing Worksheets Let Us Summarize Exercises Answers 15. Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2003 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Starting Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2003 15.2.1 Microsoft PowerPoint Environment 15.3 Working with PowerPoint 2003 15.3.1 Creating a New Presentation 15.3.2 Opening a Presentation 15.3.3 Saving a Presentation 15.3.4 Closing a Presentation 15.4 Working with Different Views 15.5 Designing Presentation 15.5.1 Choosing Design Template 15.5.2 Using Masters 15.5.3 Working with Slides 15.5.4 Working with Text 15.5.5 Formatting the Text 15.5.6 Working with Graphics 15.5.7 Adding Multimedia 15.5.8 Running Slides 15.5.9 Package for CD 15.6 Printing in PowerPoint 15.6.1 Setting Page Layout 15.6.2 Printing Presentation Let Us Summarize Exercises Answers 16. Data Communication and Computer Networks 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Data Communication 16.2.1 Components of Data Communication 16.2.2 Data Transmission Mode 16.2.3 Analog and Digital Data Transmission 16.2.4 Data Communication Measurement 16.3 Transmission Media 16.3.1 Guided/Wired Media 16.3.2 Unguided/Wireless Media 16.4 Modulation 16.4.1 Amplitude Modulation (AM) 16.4.2 Frequency Modulation (FM) 16.4.3 Phase Modulation (PM) 16.5 Multiplexing 16.5.1 Multiplexers 16.5.2 Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmission 16.6 Switching 16.6.1 Circuit Switching 16.6.2 Packet Switching 16.6.3 Message Switching 16.7 Computer Network 16.7.1 Types of Computer Networks 16.8 Network Topologies 16.8.1 Bus Topology 16.8.2 Ring Topology 16.8.3 Star Topology 16.8.4 Tree Topology 16.8.5 Mesh Topology 16.9 Communication Protocol 16.9.1 The OSI Model 16.10 Network Devices Let Us Summarize Exercises Answers 17. The Internet 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Evolution of Internet 17.3 Basic Internet Terms 17.4 Getting Connected to the Internet 17.5 Internet Applications 17.5.1 Electronic Mail (E-mail) 17.5.2 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 17.5.3 Telnet 17.5.4 Internet Relay Chat (IRC) 17.5.5 Chatting and Instant Messaging 17.5.6 Internet Telephony 17.5.7 Video Conferencing 17.5.8 Commerce through the Internet 17.5.9 Newsgroups (Usenet) 17.5.10 Mailing Lists (Listserver) 17.6 Data Over the Internet 17.6.1 Static Component 17.6.2 Dynamic Component Let Us Summarize Exercises Answers 18. Internet Tools 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Web Browser 18.2.1 Web Browser Features 18.2.2 Opening Internet Explorer 18.2.3 Internet Explorer Environment 18.3 Browsing Internet Using Internet Explorer 18.4 Electronic Mail (E-mail) 18.4.1 E-mail Address Structure 18.4.2 Checking E-mails 18.4.3 Sending E-mails 18.4.4 E-mail Attachments 18.4.5 How E-mail Works 18.4.6 Netiquette 18.4.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of E-mail 18.5 E-mail Client 18.5.1 Features of E-mail Client 18.5.2 Opening Outlook Express 18.5.3 Creating an Account 18.5.4 Sending E-mails Using Outlook Express 18.5.5 Checking E-mails Using Outlook Express 18.5.6 Creating Newsgroup Account 18.6 Search Engines 18.6.1 Searching the Internet 18.6.2 Refining the Search 18.7 Instant Messaging 18.7.1 Features of Messenger 18.7.2 Getting Started with Yahoo Messenger 18.7.3 Sending Instant Messages 18.7.4 Sending Files Let Us Summarize Exercises Answers 19. Computer Security 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Computer Security: Definition 19.2.1 Security Threats 19.3 Malicious Programs 19.3.1 Virus 19.3.2 Other Destructive Programs 19.3.3 Affecting Computer System 19.3.4 Protecting Computer System 19.4 Cryptography 19.4.1 Secret Key Cryptography 19.4.2 Public Key Cryptography 19.4.3 Hash Function 19.5 Digital Signature 19.5.1 How Is Digital Signature Used? 19.6 Firewall 19.6.1 How Firewall Works? 19.6.2 Types of Firewall 19.7 User Identification and Authentication 19.7.1 User Requirements 19.7.2 User Possessions 19.7.3 Biometric Technique 19.8 Data Backup and Recovery 19.8.1 Backup Methods 19.8.2 Online Backups 19.8.3 Recovery Tools 19.9 Security Awareness and Policies 19.9.1 Awareness 19.9.2 Security Policy Let Us Summarize Exercises Answers 20. Database Fundamentals 20.1 Introduction 20.1.1 Data versus Information 20.2 Database: Definition 20.2.1 Basic Database Terms 20.3 Logical Data Concepts 20.3.1 Entity 20.3.2 Attribute 20.3.3 Relationship 20.4 Physical Data Concepts 20.4.1 Sequential Files 20.4.2 Direct Files 20.4.3 Indexed Sequential Files 20.5 Database Management System 20.5.1 Need for DBMS 20.5.2 Benefits of DBMS 20.5.3 Components of a DBMS 20.5.4 Database Administrator 20.5.5 Database Languages 20.5.6 Data Dictionary 20.6 DBMS Architecture 20.6.1 Data Independence 20.7 Database Models 20.7.1 Hierarchical Database Model 20.7.2 Network Database Model 20.7.3 Relational Database Model 20.7.4 Object-oriented Database Model 20.8 Normalization 20.8.1 First Normal Form (1NF) 20.8.2 Second Normal Form (2NF) 20.8.3 Third Normal Form (3NF) 20.9 Types of Databases 20.9.1 Centralized Database 20.9.2 Distributed Database 20.10 Data Warehousing and Data Mining Let Us Summarize Exercises Answers 21. Structured Query Language (SQL) 21.1 Introduction 21.1.1 Communicating with Database Using SQL 21.1.2 Characteristics of SQL 21.1.3 Brief History of SQL 21.2 Getting Started with SQL 21.2.1 Data Types 21.2.2 SQL Syntax 21.3 DDL Commands 21.3.1 CREATE TABLE Command 21.3.2 ALTER TABLE Command 21.3.3 DROP TABLE Command 21.4 DML Commands 21.4.1 INSERT Command 21.4.2 UPDATE Command 21.4.3 DELETE Command 21.4.4 SELECT Command 21.5 Querying Multiple Tables (SQL Joins) 21.5.1 Combining Queries Using UNION 21.6 Nesting Select Statements (Subquery) Let Us Summarize Exercises Answers 22. Microsoft Office Access 2003 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Starting Microsoft Office Access 2003 22.3 Working with Access Database 22.3.1 Creating and Saving a Database 22.3.2 Opening a Database 22.3.3 Closing a Database and Exiting Microsoft Access 22.4 Microsoft Access Environment 22.5 Working with Tables 22.5.1 Creating a Table in Design View 22.5.2 Creating a Table Using Wizard 22.5.3 Adding, Modifying, and Deleting Records 22.5.4 Navigating a Table 22.6 Queries 22.6.1 Creating a Simple Query Using Wizard 22.6.2 Running a Query 22.6.3 Sorting Query Results 22.6.4 Using SQL in Microsoft Access 22.7 Forms 22.7.1 Creating a Form Using Wizard 22.8 Reports 22.8.1 Creating a Report Using Wizard Let Us Summarize Exercises Answers 23. Current and Future Trends in IT 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Electronic Commerce (E-Commerce) 23.2.1 Types of E-Commerce 23.2.2 Processes in E-Commerce 23.2.3 Types of Electronic Payment 23.2.4 Advantages of E-Commerce 23.2.5 Disadvantages of E-Commerce 23.3 Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) 23.3.1 How EDI Works? 23.3.2 EDI Benefits 23.3.3 EDI Limitations 23.4 Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) 23.5 Smart Card 23.6 Internet Prootcol Television (IPTV) 23.7 Blogging 23.8 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) 23.9 Brain Computer Interface (BCI) 23.10 Imminent Technologies 23.10.1 Pen Size Computer 23.10.2 Napkin PC 23.10.3 Roll Top Computer 23.10.4 B-membrane PC 23.10.5 USB Memory Stick Let Us Summarize Exercises Answers 24. Artificial Intelligence (AI) 24.1 Introduction 24.1.1 What Is Intelligence? 24.1.2 Turing Test 24.2 Artificial Intelligence: Definition 24.2.1 Domain Areas of AI 24.2.2 Brief History of AI 24.3 Knowledge-based Systems 24.3.1 Knowledge Acquisition 24.3.2 Knowledge Organization 24.3.3 Knowledge Manipulation 24.3.4 Knowledge Representation 24.4 Searching Techniques 24.4.1 Uninformed Search 24.4.2 Informed Search 24.5 Natural Language Processing (NLP) 24.5.1 Uses of NLP 24.6 Expert Systems 24.6.1 Characteristics of Expert System 24.6.2 Applications Areas of Expert System 24.6.3 Users in Expert Systems 24.6.4 Benefits of Expert Systems 24.6.5 Limitations of Expert Systems 24.7 Neural Networks 24.7.1 Benefits of Neural Networks 24.7.2 Applications of Neural Networks 24.8 AI Languages Let Us Summarize Exercises Answers Acknowledgements Copyright