- Cover Page
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Contents
- Foreword
- Author
- 1 Introduction to Convergent Disciplines in Optical Engineering: Nano, MOEMS, and Biotechnology
- 2 Electro-Optics
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Optical Device Applications
- 2.2.1 Phased Array Radar
- 2.2.2 GaAs Field Effect Transistor Technology
- 2.2.3 Optical Control of Microwave Devices
- 2.2.4 TRAPATT Oscillators
- 2.2.5 MESFET Oscillator
- 2.2.6 Transistor Oscillators
- 2.2.7 Optical Control of Passive Devices: Dielectric Resonator Oscillator
- 2.2.8 Applications of Optical Control
- 2.2.9 Future Needs and Trends iv Contents
- 2.3 Lithium Niobate Devices
- 2.4 Applications of Fiber-Optic Systems
- 2.5 Optical Interconnects for Large-Scale Integrated Circuits and Fiber Transmission Systems
- 2.5.1 Introduction
- 2.5.2 Link Design and Packaging
- 2.5.3 Backplane Interconnects
- 2.5.4 Power Distribution
- 2.5.5 Large-Scale Integration Challenges
- 2.5.6 Advantages of Optical Interconnects
- 2.5.7 Compatible Source Technology
- 2.5.8 Receiver and Detector Technology
- 2.5.9 Integration of Sources and Detectors
- 2.5.10 Integrated Device Developments
- 2.6 Optical Interconnect Media
- 2.7 Multiplexing and Demultiplexing: Information Distribution Techniques: WDM Schemes
- 2.8 Electro-Optic and Acousto-Optic Modulators
- 2.9 Assessment of Interconnect System Architectures: Optical Networking Architectures
- 2.10 Interconnect Risk Assessments
- 2.11 Electro-Optic System Applications
- 2.12 Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser Technology
- 2.12.1 Introduction
- 2.12.2 VCSEL Structure
- 2.12.3 VCSEL Advantages
- 2.12.4 High-Power CW and QCW VCSEL Arrays
- 2.12.5 VCSEL Reliability
- 2.12.6 Single-Mode VCSEL Devices
- 2.12.7 High-Speed VCSEL Devices
- 2.12.8 High-Brightness Arrays of Single-Mode Devices
- 2.12.9 Blue, Green, and UV VCSELs
- 2.12.10 Narrow Divergence Arrays
- 2.12.11 VCSEL-Based 1064 nm Low-Noise Laser
- 2.12.12 Low-Noise Laser Cavity
- 2.13 Derivation of the Linear Electro-Optic (Pockels) Effect
- 2.14 Nonlinear Refractive Index
- References
- 3 Acousto-Optics, Optical Computing, and Signal Processing
- 3.1 Principle of Operation
- 3.2 Basic Bragg Cell Spectrum Analyzer
- 3.3 Integrated Optical Bragg Devices
- 3.4 Noise Characterization of Photodetectors
- 3.5 Dynamic Range Enhancement
- 3.6 Photodetector Readout Techniques
- 3.7 Bulk versus Integrated Optic Bragg Cells
- 3.8 Integrated Optic Receiver Performance
- 3.9 Nonreceiver Integrated Optic Bragg Cell Applications
- 3.10 Optical Logic Gates
- 3.11 Quantum Well Oscillators
- 3.12 Design Example: Optically Addressed High-Speed, Nonvolatile, Radiation-Hardened Digital Magnetic Memory
- References
- 4 Fiber-Optic Sensors
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Amplitude Modulation Sensors
- 4.3 Phase Modulation Sensors
- 4.4 Fiber-Optic Magnetometer
- 4.5 Fiber Acoustic/Pressure Sensors
- 4.6 Optical Fiber Characteristics
- 4.7 Fiber Transducer Considerations
- 4.8 Fiber Sensor Laser Selection
- 4.9 Laser Frequency Stability Considerations
- 4.10 Couplers and Connectors for Fiber Sensors
- 4.11 Fiber Sensor Detector Considerations
- 4.12 Fiber Magnetometer Applications
- 4.13 Fiber Sensor Operation
- 4.14 Fiber Sensor Signal Processing
- 4.15 Environmental Stabilization
- 4.16 Fiber Sensor System Design Considerations
- 4.17 Laser Diode Frequency Stability Considerations
- 4.17.1 Laser Operation
- 4.17.2 Effect of Modulation and Modulation Depth on Mode Spectrum
- 4.17.3 Experimental Observations
- 4.17.4 Guided Index and DFB Laser Operation
- 4.17.5 Modulation Depth and Signal-to-Noise Considerations
- 4.17.6 Instability due to Optical Feedback from Distant Reflectors
- 4.17.7 Stability with Moderate External Feedback
- 4.17.8 Laser Frequency Stability Considerations in Fiber-Optic Sensors
- 4.17.9 Achieving Laser Stability through External Control Contents vii
- 4.17.10 Rare-Earth-Doped Semiconductor Injection Laser Structures
- 4.17.11 Solutions to Laser Frequency Instability: Summary
- 4.18 Fiber Sensor Design Example: Fiber-Optic Sonar Dome Pressure Transducer
- 4.18.1 Identification and Significance of the Problem
- 4.18.2 Possible Solution for a Sonar Dome Pressure Transducer
- 4.18.3 Feasibility Analysis
- 4.18.4 System Sensitivity
- 4.18.5 Light Source
- 4.18.6 Photodetectors
- 4.18.7 Single-Mode Fiber Directional Couplers
- 4.18.8 Optical Fibers
- 4.18.9 Reference Branch Phase Modulator
- 4.18.10 Electronic Circuitry
- 4.19 Design Example 2: Fiber-Optic-Based Laser Warning Receiver
- References
- 5 Integrated Optics
- 5.1 Planar Optical Waveguide Theory
- 5.2 Comparison of “Exact“ and Numerical Channel Waveguide Theories
- 5.3 Modes of the Channel Waveguide
- 5.4 Directional Couplers
- 5.5 Key Considerations in the Specifications of an Optical Circuit
- 5.6 Processing and Compatibility Constraints
- 5.7 Waveguide Building Block Processing Considerations
- 5.8 Coupling Considerations
- 5.9 Lithium Niobate Technology
- 5.10 Semiconductor Waveguide Fabrication Techniques
- 5.11 GaAs Foundry Capabilities
- 5.12 Emerging Commercial Devices and Applications
- References
- 6 Optical Diagnostics and Imaging
- 6.1 Optical Characterization
- 6.2 Bandwidth Measurement
- 6.3 Stability: Temperature and Time Effects
- 6.4 Measurement of ND(d) Using Capacitance–Voltage Technique
- 6.5 “Post Office” Profiling
- 6.6 Spreading Resistance Profiling
- 6.7 Mobility Measurement
- 6.8 Cross-Section Transmission Electron Microscopy
- 6.9 Infrared Reflectivity Measurements
- 6.10 Other Analysis Techniques
- 6.11 Biotechnology Applications Contents ix
- 6.12 Parametric Analysis of Video
- 6.13 X-Ray Imaging
- References
- 7 MEMS, MOEMS, Nano, and Bionanotechnologies
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 MEMS and Nanotechnology
- 7.3 Nanotechnology Applications
- 7.4 V-Groove Coupler Geometry and Design Considerations
- 7.5 Bionanotechnology
- References
- Index
Applied Optics
Fundamentals and
Device Applications
Nano, MOEMS,
and Biotechnology
Mark A. Mentzer
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