Contents

Picture credits

Introduction

Overview

1   What is photography?

Facets of photography

How photography works

Picture structuring

The roles photographs play

Changing attitudes towards photography

Personal styles and approaches

Measuring success

Summary

Projects

Underlying principles

2   Light: how images form

Light itself

Wavelengths and colours

Shadows

When light reaches a surface

Light intensity and distance

Making light form images

Summary

Projects

Technical practice

3   Lenses: controlling the image

Photographic lenses

Aperture and f-numbers

Depth of field

How depth of field works

Depth of focus

Lens care

Summary

Projects

Hardware

4   Cameras using film

The essential components

Camera types – which is best?

How view cameras work

How direct viewfinder cameras work

How reflex cameras work

Summary

Projects

Choosing extras

5   Using different focal length lenses, camera kits

Why change focal length?

Lens kits

Close-up equipment

Essentials, and extras

Horses for courses

Summary

Projects

New technology

6   Digital cameras

Overview – how images are captured

Film versus digital imaging routes

CCD limits to your final print size

Storing exposed shots on memory cards, disks

Point-and-shoot ‘low-end’ cameras

‘High-end’ cameras, digital backs

Will digital cameras take over?

Summary

Theory into practice

7   Lighting: principles and equipment

Basic characteristics of lighting

Lighting equipment

Practical lighting problems

Special subjects

Summary

Projects

Visual skills

8   Organizing the picture

Noticing subject features

Structuring pictures through the camera

Commercial requirements

Summary

Projects

Materials

9   Films, filters

Silver halide emulsions

Features common to all films

Choosing films for black and white

Films for colour photography

Storing film – before and after exposure

So which film is ‘best’?

Filters – how they work

Filter kits

Summary

Projects

Practical skills

10 Exposure measurement

Factors that determine what exposure to give

Exposing different film types

Measuring exposure (continuous light)

Practical exposure tips

Measuring exposure for flash

Practical flash exposure tips

Summary

Equipment & procedure

11 Film processing

Equipment and general preparations

Processing black and white (silver image) negatives

Processing chromogenic (colour and black and white) negatives

Processing colour slides and transparencies

Processing other film materials

Processing by machine

Permanence of processed results

Summary

Projects

The darkroom

12 Black and white printing: facilities and equipment

Darkroom organization

Equipment: the enlarger

Equipment: accessories

Printing papers

Safelighting and printing paper sensitivity

Processing procedure

Summary

Projects

Darkroom skills

13 Black and white printing: techniques

Making contact prints

‘Straight’ enlarging

Controls during enlarging

Variations

Unusual printing materials

Common print faults

Chemical afterwork

Toning

Tinting

Summary

Projects

Computer skills

14 Digital image manipulation

Overview

The hardware

Software programs

Learning the ropes

Working on pictures

Digital ethics

Summary

Projects

Practical

15 Finishing and presenting work

The permanence of prints

Mounting methods

Spotting

Getting your work noticed

Summary

Projects

Appendices

A: Optical calculations

B: Camera movements

C: Expressing film response

D: Chemical formulae

E: Health and safety concerns

F: Digital notebook

Glossary

Index

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