Notes

Chapter 2

1According to The Chronicle of Philanthropy, Zuckerberg and Chan’s 2013 gift of 18 million shares of Facebook stock—worth $1 billion at the time and over $2 billion by 2016—to the Silicon Valley Community Foundation (which focuses on economic security, education and immigration integration) was the largest charitable gift on record that year and the largest ever by a donor under 30. They had donated another 18 million shares of Facebook stock to the Silicon Valley Community Foundation the prior year as well and have also given to other causes, including $100 million to the Newark New Jersey school district, $75 million to San Francisco General Hospital (where Chan works) and $25 million to fight Ebola as that epidemic raged in the African continent in 2014.

Chapter 4

1Facebook-commissioned studies, 2014 and 2015.

2The Information, February 2015.

Chapter 5

1Facebook data 2005–2016.

2Facebook data 2009–2016.

3Alexa/SimilarWeb, January 2016.

4Internet and population statistics in this section courtesy Internet World Stats, November 2015.

5Ericsson Global Forecast, November 2014.

6Ericsson Mobility Report, June 2016.

Chapter 6

1Nielsen Brand Effect, May 2012.

2Salesforce Ads Benchmark, July 2015.

3eMarketer (citing Social Brand, Firebrand Group and Simply Measured), April 2016.

Chapter 8

1Google and Facebook annual reports, January 2011.

2Google, Q4 2010 earnings report; Facebook S1, February 2012.

3ZenithOptimedia, December 2011.

4Statistic Brain, June 2015.

5Facebook, Q4 2010 earnings report.

6Google, Q2/Q3/Q4 2011 earnings reports; comScore, July 2011.

7comScore, November 2010 (193 million); Google Q4 2011 earnings report (350 million); Google announcement June 2012 (1 billion).

8eMarketer, September 2015; McKinsey & Company Global Media Report, October 2015; Magna Global, December 2015.

9Activate, Inc., October 2016.

Chapter 10

1Arab Social Media Report by Dubai School of Government, May 2011.

2Statista, January 2016.

3Strategy Analytics, January 2016.

4Internet Society of China, “Public Pledge on Self-Regulation and Professional Ethics for China Internet Industry,” http://www.isc.org.cn/english/Specails/Self-regulation/listinfo-15321.html.

5The Economist, April 2013.

6Chinese state media sources as reported by BBC, October 2013.

7Tech in Asia, March 2016.

8Statista, January 2016.

9Statista, January 2016.

10 Statista, January 2016.

11 Strategy Analytics, March 2015.

Chapter 11

1Harvard Business Review, December 2015.

2Allstate–National Journal Heartland poll, 2014.

Chapter 12

1Google and Facebook S-1 and quarterly earnings reports.

2August 2012 Fortune magazine article on the ouster.

3eMarketer, October 2015.

4comScore, September 2015.

5comScore, December 2015.

6Facebook, April 2016.

7comScore MediaMetrix US, December 2015.

Chapter 13

1Facebook, Q4 2015 earnings report; Twitter, Q4 2015 earnings report; WhatsApp company announcement, February 2016; Tencent, November 2015 earnings report; Rakuten, June 2015 earnings report; Line, December 2015 earnings report; Statista, July 2016; *estimate using Snapchat May 2015 company announcement and 65% DAU/MAU assumption; **estimate using Kik August 2015 company announcement and 65% MAU/Registered assumption.

2Enders Analysis, 2012.

Chapter 14

1All data in this section from internet.org State of Connectivity 2015, internetworldstats.com, November 2015.

2A 10% increase in broadband penetration has been shown to lead to a 1.35% increase in GDP.

3Cellular Telephone Industries Association (CTIA), January 2016.

Chapter 16

1United Nations, June 2013.

2eMarketer, April 2016 (projecting Internet population of 4.2 billion people by 2020).

3Charles C. Mann, 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created, Alfred A. Knopf, 2011.

4Alfred W. Crosby, The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492, Greenwood Press, 1972; and Alfred W. Crosby, Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900–1900, Cambridge University Press, 1986.

Chapter 18

1Statista, February 2016.

2vidstatsx.com, April 2016.

3Statista, Jan 2016.

4Piper Jaffray, April 2016.

5Bezos founded Amazon in 1994.

6According to eMarketer 2015, Amazon was projected to make $1 billion in advertising in 2016.

7Kantar Media US, June 2015.