You have seen the type attribute used throughout this book on a number of elements, the value of which is a MIME media type.
MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension) media types were originally devised so that e-mails could include information other than plain text. MIME media types indicate the following things:
How the parts of a message, such as text and attachments, are combined into the message
The way in which each part of the message is specified
The way the items are encoded for transmission so that even software that was designed to work only with ASCII text can process the message
As you have seen, however, MIME types are not just for use with e-mail; they were adopted by web servers as a way to tell web browsers what type of material was being sent to them so that they could cope with that kind of file correctly.
MIME content types consist of two parts:
A main type
A sub-type
The main type is separated from the sub-type by a forward slash character—for example, text/html for HTML.
This appendix is organized by the main types:
textimagemultipartaudiovideomessagemodelapplication
For example, the text main type contains types of plain-text files, such as:
text/plainfor plain text filestext/htmlfor HTML filestext/rtffor text files using rich text formatting
MIME types are officially supposed to be assigned and listed by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).
Many of the popular MIME types in this list (all those that begin with "x-") are not assigned by the IANA and do not have official status. (Having said that, I should mention that some of these are very popular and browsers support them, such as audio/x-mp3. You can see the list of official MIME types at www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/).
Those preceded with .vnd are vendor-specific.
The most popular MIME types are listed in this appendix in a bold typeface to help you find them.
Note that, when specifying the MIME type of a content-type field (for example in a <meta> element), you can also indicate the character set for the text being used. For example:
content-type:text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1
If you do not specify a character set, the default is US-ASCII.
calendar | plain |
css | prs.fallenstein.rst |
directory | prs.lines.tag |
enriched | rfc822-headers |
html | richtext |
parityfec | rtf |
vnd.IPTC.NITF | |
t140 | vnd.latex-z |
tab-separated-values | vnd.motorola.reflex |
uri-list | vnd.ms-mediapackage |
vnd.abc | vnd.net2phone.commcenter.command |
vnd.curl | vnd.sun.j2me.app-descriptor |
vnd.DMClientScript | vnd.wap.si |
vnd.fly | vnd.wap.sl |
vnd.fmi.flexstor | vnd.wap.wml |
vnd.in3d.3dml | vnd.wap.wmlscript |
vnd.in3d.spot | xml |
vnd.IPTC.NewsML | xml-external-parsed-entity |
bmp | tiff-fx |
cgm | vnd.cns.inf2 |
g3fax | vnd.djvu |
gif | vnd.dwg |
Ief | vnd.dxf |
jpeg | vnd.fastbidsheet |
naplps | vnd.fpx |
png | vnd.fst |
prs.btif | vnd.fujixerox.edmics-mmr |
prs.pti | vnd.fujixerox.edmics-rlc |
t38 | vnd.globalgraphics.pgb |
tiff | vnd.microsoft.icon |
vnd.svf | |
vnd.ms-modi | vnd.wap.wbmp |
vnd.net-fpx | vnd.xiff |
vnd.sealed.png | x-portable-pixmap |
vnd.sealedmedia.softseal.gif | x-xbitmap |
vnd.sealedmedia.softseal.jpg |
alternative | mixed |
appledouble | parallel |
byteranges | related |
digest | report |
encrypted | signed |
form-data | voice-message |
header-set |
32kadpcm | EVRC |
AMR | EVRC0 |
AMR-WB | EVRC-QCP |
basic | G722 |
CN | G.722.1 |
DAT12 | G723 |
dsr-es201108 | G726-16 |
DVI4 | G726-24 |
G726-32 | SMV-QCP |
G726-40 | telephone-event |
G728 | tone |
G729 | VDVI |
G729D | vnd.3gpp.iufp |
G729E | vnd.cisco.nse |
GSM | vnd.cns.anp1 |
GSM-EFR | vnd.cns.inf1 |
L8 | vnd.digital-winds |
L16 | vnd.everad.plj |
L20 | vnd.lucent.voice |
L24 | vnd.nokia.mobile-xmf |
LPC | vnd.nortel.vbk |
MPA | vnd.nuera.ecelp4800 |
MP4A-LATM | vnd.nuera.ecelp7470 |
mpa-robust | vnd.nuera.ecelp9600 |
mpeg | vnd.octel.sbc |
mpeg4-generic | vnd.qcelp — deprecated, use audio/qcelp |
parityfec | vnd.rhetorex.32kadpcm |
PCMA | vnd.sealedmedia.softseal.mpeg |
PCMU | vnd.vmx.cvsd |
prs.sid | x-aiff |
QCELP | x-midi |
RED | x-mod |
SMV | x-mp3 |
SMV0 | x-wav |
parityfec | |
BT656 | pointer |
CelB | quicktime |
DV | SMPTE292M |
H261 | vnd.fvt |
H263 | |
H263-1998 | vnd.motorola.videop |
H263-2000 | vnd.mpegurl |
JPEG | vnd.nokia.interleaved-multimedia |
MP1S | vnd.objectvideo |
MP2P | vnd.sealed.mpeg1 |
MP2T | vnd.sealed.mpeg4 |
MP4V-ES | vnd.sealed.swf |
MPV | vnd.sealedmedia.softseal.mov |
mpeg | vnd.vivo |
mpeg4-generic | x-sgi-movie |
nv | x-msvideo |
CPIM | partial |
delivery-status | rfc822 |
disposition-notification | s-http |
external-body | sip |
http | sipfrag |
news |
activemessage | EDI-X12 |
andrew-inset | EDIFACT |
applefile | eshop |
atomicmail | font-tdpfr |
batch-SMTP | http |
beep+xml | hyperstudio |
cals-1840 | iges |
cnrp+xml | index |
commonground | index.cmd |
cpl+xml | index.obj |
cybercash | index.response |
dca-rft | index.vnd |
dec-dx | iotp |
dicom | ipp |
dvcs | isup |
EDI-Consent | mac-binhex40 |
macwriteii | prs.nprend |
marc | prs.plucker |
mathematica | qsig |
mpeg4-generic | reginfo+xml |
msword | remote-printing |
news-message-id | riscos |
news-transmission | rtf |
ocsp-request | sdp |
ocsp-response | set-payment |
octet-stream | set-payment-initiation |
oda | set-registration |
ogg | set-registration-initiation |
parityfec | sgml |
sgml-open-catalog | |
pgp-encrypted | sieve |
pgp-keys | slate |
pgp-signature | timestamp-query |
pidf+xml | timestamp-reply |
pkcs10 | tve-trigger |
pkcs7-mime | vemmi |
pkcs7-signature | vnd.3gpp.pic-bw-large |
pkix-cert | vnd.3gpp.pic-bw-small |
pkix-crl | vnd.3gpp.pic-bw-var |
pkix-pkipath | vnd.3gpp.sms |
pkixcmp | vnd.3M.Post-it-Notes |
postscript | vnd.accpac.simply.aso |
prs.alvestrand.titrax-sheet | vnd.accpac.simply.imp |
prs.cww | vnd.acucobol |
vnd.acucorp | vnd.dreamfactory |
vnd.adobe.xfdf | vnd.dxr |
vnd.aether.imp | vnd.ecdis-update |
vnd.amiga.ami | vnd.ecowin.chart |
vnd.anser-web-certificate-issue-initiation | vnd.ecowin.filerequest |
vnd.anser-web-funds-transfer-initiation | vnd.ecowin.fileupdate |
vnd.audiograph | vnd.ecowin.series |
vnd.blueice.multipass | vnd.ecowin.seriesrequest |
vnd.bmi | vnd.ecowin.seriesupdate |
vnd.businessobjects | vnd.enliven |
vnd.canon-cpdl | vnd.epson.esf |
vnd.canon-lips | vnd.epson.msf |
vnd.cinderella | vnd.epson.quickanime |
vnd.claymore | vnd.epson.salt |
vnd.commerce-battelle | vnd.epson.ssf |
vnd.commonspace | vnd.ericsson.quickcall |
vnd.contact.cmsg | vnd.eudora.data |
vnd.cosmocaller | vnd.fdf |
vnd.criticaltools.wbs+xml | vnd.ffsns |
vnd.ctc-posml | vnd.fints |
vnd.cups-postscript | vnd.FloGraphIt |
vnd.cups-raster | vnd.framemaker |
vnd.cups-raw | vnd.fsc.weblaunch |
vnd.curl | vnd.fujitsu.oasys |
vnd.cybank | vnd.fujitsu.oasys2 |
vnd.data-vision.rdz | vnd.fujitsu.oasys3 |
vnd.dna | vnd.fujitsu.oasysgp |
vnd.dpgraph | vnd.fujitsu.oasysprs |
vnd.fujixerox.ddd | vnd.informix-visionary |
vnd.fujixerox.docuworks | vnd.intercon.formnet |
vnd.fujixerox.docuworks.binder | vnd.intertrust.digibox |
vnd.fut-misnet | vnd.intertrust.nncp |
vnd.genomatix.tuxedo | vnd.intu.qbo |
vnd.grafeq | vnd.intu.qfx |
vnd.groove-account | vnd.ipunplugged.rcprofile |
vnd.groove-help | vnd.irepository.package+xml |
vnd.groove-identity-message | vnd.is-xpr |
vnd.groove-injector | vnd.japannet-directory-service |
vnd.groove-tool-message | vnd.japannet-jpnstore-wakeup |
vnd.groove-tool-template | vnd.japannet-payment-wakeup |
vnd.groove-vcard | vnd.japannet-registration |
vnd.hbci | vnd.japannet-registration-wakeup |
vnd.hhe.lesson-player | vnd.japannet-setstore-wakeup |
vnd.hp-HPGL | vnd.japannet-verification |
vnd.hp-hpid | vnd.japannet-verification-wakeup |
vnd.hp-hps | vnd.jisp |
vnd.hp-PCL | vnd.kde.karbon |
vnd.hp-PCLXL | vnd.kde.kchart |
vnd.httphone | vnd.kde.kformula |
vnd.hzn-3d-crossword | vnd.kde.kivio |
vnd.ibm.afplinedata | vnd.kde.kontour |
vnd.ibm.electronic-media | vnd.kde.kpresenter |
vnd.ibm.MiniPay | vnd.kde.kspread |
vnd.ibm.modcap | vnd.kde.kword |
vnd.ibm.rights-management | vnd.kenameaapp |
vnd.ibm.secure-container | vnd.kidspiration |
vnd.koan | vnd.mophun.certificate |
vnd.liberty-request+xml | vnd.sss-ntf |
vnd.llamagraphics.life-balance.desktop | vnd.street-stream |
vnd.llamagraphics.life-balance.exchange+xml | vnd.svd |
vnd.lotus-1-2-3 | vnd.swiftview-ics |
vnd.lotus-approach | vnd.triscape.mxs |
vnd.lotus-freelance | vnd.trueapp |
vnd.lotus-notes | vnd.truedoc |
vnd.lotus-organizer | vnd.ufdl |
vnd.lotus-screencam | vnd.uiq.theme |
vnd.lotus-wordpro | vnd.uplanet.alert |
vnd.mcd | vnd.uplanet.alert-wbxml |
vnd.mediastation.cdkey | vnd.uplanet.bearer-choice |
vnd.meridian-slingshot | vnd.uplanet.bearer-choice-wbxml |
vnd.micrografx.flo | vnd.uplanet.cacheop |
vnd.micrografx.igx | vnd.uplanet.cacheop-wbxml |
vnd.mif | vnd.uplanet.channel |
vnd.minisoft-hp3000-save | vnd.uplanet.channel-wbxml |
vnd.mitsubishi.misty-guard.trustweb | vnd.uplanet.list |
vnd.Mobius.DAF | vnd.uplanet.list-wbxml |
vnd.Mobius.DIS | vnd.uplanet.listcmd |
vnd.Mobius.MBK | vnd.uplanet.listcmd-wbxml |
vnd.Mobius.MQY | vnd.uplanet.signal |
vnd.Mobius.MSL | vnd.vcx |
vnd.Mobius.PLC | vnd.vectorworks |
vnd.Mobius.TXF | vnd.vidsoft.vidconference |
vnd.mophun.application | vnd.visio |
vnd.visionary | vnd.yellowriver-custom-menu |
vnd.vividence.scriptfile | watcherinfo+xml |
vnd.vsf | whoispp-query |
vnd.wap.sic | whoispp-response |
vnd.wap.slc | wita |
vnd.wap.wbxml | wordperfect5.1 |
vnd.wap.wmlc | x-debian-package |
vnd.wap.wmlscriptc | x-gzip |
vnd.webturbo | x-java |
vnd.wqd | x-javascript |
vnd.wrq-hp3000-labelled | x-msaccess |
vnd.wt.stf | x-msexcel |
vnd.wv.csp+wbxml | x-mspowerpoint |
vnd.wv.csp+xml | x-rpm |
vnd.wv.ssp+xml | x-zip |
vnd.xara | x400-bp |
vnd.xfdl | xhtml+xml |
vnd.yamaha.hv-dic | xml |
vnd.yamaha.hv-script | xml-dtd |
vnd.yamaha.hv-voice | xml-external-parsed-entity |
vnd.yamaha.smaf-audio | zip |
vnd.yamaha.smaf-phrase |