[1] John B. Horrigan, "Online Communities: Networks That Nurture Long-Distance Relationships and Local Ties," Pew Internet & American Life Project, at www.pewinternet.org/reports/pdfs/PIP_Communities_Report.pdf.
[2] Steven Johnson, Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software, Scribner's, New York, 2001.
[3] David Sims and Rael Dornfest, "Steven Johnson 'Emergence,'" O'Reilly Network at www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/network/2002/02/22/johnson.html.
[4] Time, February 13, 1995, vol. 145, no. 7.
[5] Christopher Locke, Rick Levine, Doc Searls, and David Weinberger, The Cluetrain Manifesto: The End of Business as Usual, Perseus Press, Boston, 2000.
[6] Charles Van Doren, A History of Knowledge, Ballantine Books, New York, 1991, p. 151.
[7] F. W. Taylor, The Principles of Scientific Management, Harper, New York, 1911.
[8] Stephen B. Adam and Orville R. Butler, Manufacturing the Future: A History of Western Electric, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1999.
[9] Edgar Schein Web site at http://web.mit.edu/scheine/www/home.htm.
[10] "Knowledge Management: Making Sense of an Oxymoron," David Skyrme Associates Web site, www.skyrme.com/insights/22km.htm.
[11] "As We May Think," Atlantic Monthly, July 1945, at www.theatlantic.com/unbound/flashbks/computer/bushf.htm.
[12] "The History of Notes and Domino," from the Notes site at www.notes.net/whatisnotes.
[13] "Groupware: Introduction," Usability First, from www.usabilityfirst.com/groupware/intro.txl.
[14] MarketingTerms.com, dictionary at www.marketingterms.com/dictionary/network_effect/.
[15] Howard Rheingold, The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass., 1993. Full text available online at www.rheingold.com/vc/book/.
[16] Michael Hauben, "The Social Forces Behind the Development of Usenet," in Netizens: An Anthology at www.columbia.edu/~hauben/netbook/.
[17] Arie de Geus, "Planning as Learning" Harvard Business Review (1988). http://www.hbsp.harvard.edu/hbsp/prod_detail.asp
[18] Etienne Wenger, "Themes and Ideas: Communities of Practice," from his Web site at www.ewenger.com/ewthemes.html.
[19] Applefritter: the Apple I Owners' Club at http://applefritter.com/apple1/.
[20] The Stanford University Library Macintosh history site at http://library.stanford.edu/mac/userg.html.
[21] Chris Woodyard, "Firms Use Web Lurkers for Customer Service," by USA Today, June 21, 2001, at www.usatoday.com/life/cyber/tech/2001-02-06-lurker.htm.
[22] "Online Extra: Q&A with Hallmark's Tom Brailsford," Business Week, July 9, 2001, at www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/01_28/b3740626.htm.
[23] Steven Johnson, Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software, Scribner's, New York, 2001.
[24] Andrew Leonard, "The Emergent New Order," Salon.com, at www.salon.com/tech/feature/2001/11/28/emergence/index.html.
[25] Yogesh Malhotra, "Knowledge Management for E-Business Performance: Advancing Information Strategy to 'Internet Time,'" Brint Institute's Online Book on Knowledge Management at www.kmbook.com/.
[26] "Crawling from the Dot-Com Wreckage," Business Week Online, December 19, 2000, at www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/dec2000/nf20001219_800,htm.
[27] "A Nation Online: How Americans Are Expanding Their Use of the Internet," report published by the National Telecommunications and Information Administration and the Economics and Statistics Administration at www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/dn/index.html.
[28] "Essential E-Business Numbers for Marketers," eMarketer at www.emar-keter.com/statistics/essential_numbers.
[29] "Hot Off the Net," Nielsen/NetRatings at www.nielsen-netratings.com/hot_off_the_net.jsp.
[30] "Internet Demographics and eCommerce Statistics," Commerce Net at www.commerce.net/research/stats/stats.html.
[31] "Online Communities: Networks That Nurture Long-Distance Relationships and Local Ties," The Pew Internet & American Life Project at www.pewinternet.org/reports/toc.asp?Report=47.>.
[32] Press release: "Total Time Spent Using Instant Messaging Jumps 110 Percent at Work and 48 Percent at Home versus Last Year, Reports Jupiter Media Metrix," www.jmm.com/xp/jmm/press/2001/pr_111401.xml.
[33] Stephen Denning, The Springboard: How Storytelling Ignites Action in Knowledge-Era Organizations, Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, 2000, p. 27.
[34] Thomas H. Davenport and Laurence Prusak, Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, 1997, p. 58.
[35] Mark Monmonier, How to Lie with Maps, 2d ed., University of Chicago Press, 1996.
[36] "Empowering Social Change at the World Bank Institute" found on Tomoye Web site at www.tomoye.com.
[37] Davenport and Prusak, Working Knowledge, p. 36.
[38] Jakob Nielsen, "The 10 Best Intranet Designs of 2001," Use It.com Alert-box, November 2001, at www.useit.com/alertbox/20011125.html.
[39] "Interview: Jakob Nielsen on Usability and Intranets," IT-Director.com, December 3, 2001, at www.it-director.com/article.php?id=2383.
[40] Chuleenan Svetvilas, "The Human Factor: Intellectual Capital Guru Nick Bontis Discusses KM's Missing Link," Intelligent KM at www.intelligentkm.com/feature/010723/feat1.shtml.
[41] "Solutions That Drive Bottom-Line Business Benefits," AskMe.com at www.askmecorp.com/solutions/default.asp.
[42] Nielsen, "The 10 Best Intranet Designs."
[43] "Executives Unaware of Internal Security Risks," KMPG survey report at Nua.com, November 20, 2001, at www.nua.ie/surveys/index/cgi?f=VS&art_id=905357423&rel=true.
[44] Michael Vizard, "CommerceFlow CTO Explains Why Application Integration Remains Overly Complicated," interview with Erik Swan in InfoWorld, October 24, 2001, at www.infoworld.com/articles/hn/xml/01/10/26/011026hnswan.xml.
[45] "Interview: Jakob Nielsen on Usability and Intranets," IT-Director.com, December 3, 2001, at www.it-director.com/article.php?id=2383.
[46] "Measuring Returns on IT Investments: Some Tools and Techniques," Managing Technology, on the Wharton School site at http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/articles.cfm?catid=14&articleid=396.
[47] Ibid.
[48] Thomas H. Davenport and Laurence Prusak, Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, 2000, p. 26.
[49] Michael Koenig, "User Education for KM: The Problem We Won't Recognize," KMWorld, November-December 2001.
[50] Ibid.
[51] WhatIs.com at http://whatis.techtarget.com.
[52] Katherine C. Adams, "Mapping the Enterprise Software Market," KMWorld, September 2001.
[53] Robin Hourican, "Tools to Maximize Performance," Knowledge Management, September 2001.
[54] David Smith, "Tackle Instant Messaging's Security Risks—Now," report by the Gartner Group, October 12, 2001.
[55] Eric Woods, "P2P," KMWorld, October 2001.
[56] Koenig, "User Education for KM."
[57] "Intranet Design Annual: 10 Best Intranets of 2001," by the Nielsen Norman Group, available for downloading at www.nngroup.com/reports/intranet/2001/.
[58] Woods, "P2P."
[59] Fara Warner, "He Drills for Knowledge," Fast Company, September 2001.
[60] James C. Collins and Jerry I. Porras, Built to Last, Harperbusiness, New York, 1997.
[61] Brad Bollinger, "Civility and Grace Not Just the H-P Way," Santa Rosa Press Democrat, May 6, 2001.
[62] Carl Frappaolo, "Ushering in the Knowledge-Based Economy," by The Delphi Group Symposium, available at www.delphigroup.com/research.
[63] Rebecca O. Barclay, "Leading the Knowledge Enterprise: CIOs, CLOs, CKOs, and Beyond," KM Briefs and KM Metazine at www.lamarheller.pair.com/technology/knowledgemgmt/leadingtheknowledgeenterprise.htm.
[64] Emelie Rutherford, "End Game: A Conversation with David Weinberger," CIO, April 2000.
[65] Barclay, "Knowledge Enterprise."
[66] Rutherford, "End Game."
[67] Barclay, "Knowledge Enterprise."
[68] Nathaniel W. Foote, Eric Matson, and Nicholas Rudd, "Managing the Knowledge Manager," The McKinsey Quarterly, 2001, no. 3.
[69] Andrew S. Grove, Only the Paranoid Survive: How to Exploit the Crisis Points That Challenge Every Company and Career, Currency/Doubleday, New York, 1996.
[70] Etienne Wenger, "Themes and Ideas: Communities of Practice" at www.ewenger.com/ewthemes.html.
[71] John Harney, "Intellectual Stimulation," Intelligent KM, January 1, 2002, at www.intelligentkm.com/020101/501feat1_1.
[72] Rutherford, "End Game."
[73] Barclay, "Knowledge Enterprise."
[74] Rutherford, "End Game."
[75] Barclay, "Knowledge Enterprise."
[76] John Suler, Ph.D., "The Geezer Brigade: Steps in Studying an Online Group" at www.rider.edu/uses/suler/psycyber/geezerb.html.
[77] Michael Schrage, "Don't Go There," Fortune, October 29, 2001.
[78] Thomas A. Stewart, "The Case Against Knowledge Management," Business 2.0, February 2002.
[79] Fara Warner, "He Drills for Knowledge," Fast Company, September 2001, p. 189.
[80] Etienne Wenger, "Supporting Communities of Practice: A Survey of Community-Oriented Technologies," a "shareware" report available at www.ewenger.com/tech/.
[81] Shar VanBoskirk with Charlene Li and Jennifer Parr, "Effective Email Marketing," Forrester Research, August 2001.
[82] Home page of the Learning.org mail list at www.learning-org.com/LOinfo.html.
[83] Chris Lindquist, "Zap to It: Zaplet Suite Makes E-mail Work," CIO.com, January 7, 2002, at www.cio.com/online/techtact_010702.html.
[84] Overview page at Jabber.com Web site at www.jabber.com/about/index.shtml.
[85] John Udell, "Can IM Graduate to Business?" openp2p.com at www.openp2p.com/pub/a/p2p/2001/12/20/udell.html.
[86] Stephen Denning, The Springboard, Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, 2001. p. 82.
[87] Thomas H. Davenport and Laurence Prusak, Working Knowledge, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, 2000. p. x.
[88] Clerity, Inc. Web site at www.knowtoday.com/solutions/eks.asp.
[89] Seth Grodin, "Change Agent," Fast Company, May 2001.
[90] Mary Tumolo, "Business-to-Business Exchanges," Information Systems Management, Spring 2001.
[91] "The 3 Faces of CRM: Analysis of the Worldwide Customer Relationship Management Market, Part 1: Operational CRM," Cahners-Interstat, July 2001.
[92] John Ellis, "In My Humble Opinion," Fast Company, September 2001.
[93] Interview with Tom Brailsford of Hallmark, provided by Communispace. Available through Fishman, "But Wait, You Promised...," Fast Company, July 2001.
[94] Don Peppers and Martha Rogers, The One to One Future: Building Relationships One Customer at a Time, Currency/Doubleday, New York, 1997.
[95] Ian Zack, "The Question Is the Answer," Forbes, August 6, 2001.
[96] Michael C. Ruettgers, "I Pledge Allegiance to This Company: From Customer Satisfaction to Allegiance," Chief Executive at www.chiefexecutive.net/mag/.
[97] Jack Neff, "PlanetFeedback Happy to Hear Consumer Gripes," AdAge.com, October 2, 2000.
[98] "How Companies Sponsor, Listen in and Learn from Chat Rooms," Wharton School, at http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu.
[99] Stephanie Overby, "Healing Channels," CIO, December 1, 2001.
[100] Thomas H. Davenport and John C. Beck, The Attention Economy: Understanding the New Currency of Business, Harvard Business School, Boston, 2001.
[101] Christian Sarkar, "Attention, Management! An Interview with Thomas Davenport," Agilebrain.com, at www.agilebrain.com/davenport.html.
[102] Malcolm Gladwell, The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference, Little Brown & Company, Boston, 2000.
[103] Michael Zack, "Researching Organizational Systems Using Social Network Analysis," paper on the Northeastern University College of Business Administration Web site at http://web.cba.neu.edu/~mzack/articles/socnet/socnet.htm.
[104] Valdis Krebs, "An Introduction to Social Network Analysis," paper at www.orgnet.com/sna.html.
[105] Emelie Rutherford, "End Game: David Weinberger Talks about the Impending Death of Corporate Life as We Know It," CIO, April 1, 2000, at www.cio.com/archive/040100/end.html
[106] Sarkar, "Attention, Management!"
[107] Deloitte Research, "Collaborative Knowledge Networks" at www.dc.com.
[108] Ibid.
[109] Navi Radjou, with Ted Schadler, Amanda J. Ciardelli, and Stephanie Smith, "Collaboration beyond Email," Forrester Research 1999.
[110] Deloitte Research, "Collaborative Knowledge Networks."
[111] Sarkar, "Attention, Management!"
[112] Kathy Harris and Waldir Arevolo De Azevedo Filho, "Communities: Sociology Meets Technology," Gartner, Inc. Web site, July 9, 2001, at www.gartner.com.
[113] Stephanie Sanborn and Cathleen Moore, "Collaboration Comes Together," Infoworld, December 7, 2001, at www.infoworld.com/articles/fe/xml/01/12/10/011210fecollab.xml.
[114] Rutherford, "End Game."
[115] Jean Graef, "Measuring Intellectual Assets," Montague Institute Review, 1997, at www.montague.com/le/le1096.html.
[116] Tom Peters, 'Tom Peters's True Confessions," Fast Company, December 2001, pp. 78–92.
[117] Sarkar, "Attention, Management!"
[118] Eric Chabrow, "Survey: Internet Key to Collaboration," Information-Week.com, February 6, 2002, at www.informationweek.com/story/IWK2002020206S0007.
[119] Radjou et al., "Collaboration beyond E-mail."
[120] Ibid.
[121] Sarkar, "Attention, Management!"
[122] Frances Hesselbein, Marshall Goldsmith, and Iain Somerville, eds., Leading for Innovation and Organizing for Results, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 2001.
[123] Daniel H. Pink, "Who Has the Next Big Idea? An Interview with Michael Hammer," Fast Company, September 2001, pp. 108–116.
[124] David Dorsey, "Positive Deviant," Fast Company, issue 41, December 2000, p. 284.
[125] Dorsey, "Positive Deviant."
[126] Pink, "Who Has the Next Big Idea?"
[127] Sarkar, "Attention, Management!"
[128] Rutherford, "End Game."
[129] Pink, "Who Has the Next Big Idea?"
[130] Rutherford, "End Game."
[131] Sanborn and Moore, "Collaboration Comes Together."
[132] Dirk Spiers, "Waiting for the Web Services Wave," Business2.0, January 24, 2002, at www.business2.com/articles/web/0,1653,37356,FF.html.
[133] Sarkar, "Attention, Management!"
[134] "Cisco Chief: Future May Lie in Virtual Networks, Interview with Matt Krantz," USA Today online, November 12, 2001, at www.usatoday.com/life/cyber/tech/2001/11/12/comdex-cisco.htm.
[135] The Sims' home page at http://thesims.ea.com/us/.
[136] J.C. Hertz, "Learning from The Sims: A Sleeper Software Hit Shows How Customers Help Build Better Businesses," Industry Standard, March 26, 2001, pp. 90–91.
[137] Ibid.