Index
A
access rate, 22
acknowledgements
forward, 60
TCP, 60
ACLs (access control lists), IP extended matchable fields, 194
adaptation, traffic shaping, 353
adaptive shaping, configuring, 354, 380–381
adjusting Hardware Queue size settings, 258
advanced integration modules (AIMs), 470
advertised windows, 419
AF (assured forwarding), 121
AIMs (advanced integration modules), 470
algorithms, 468–471
queue service, 93
service, 254
analog phones, calls between, 35
applications
NBAR, 219
QoS, requirements, 33
TCP, 67
UDP, error recovery, 66
application-specific integrated circuits, 255
architectural models, comparing, 129
assigning WFQ sequence numbers, 278
assured forwarding (AF), 121
autofill, 51
B
bandwidth
CAC, 102
compression, 469
cRTP, 471
data, 63
VAD, 38
voice requirements, 35–37
bandwidth command, 12
configuring LLQ bandwidth reservation, 314–317
bandwidth interface subcommand, 297, 480
bandwidth reservation, CBWFQ configuration, 302–305
Bc (committed burst)
calculating, 348–350
CB policing default value, 395
configuring in CB shaping, 371, 374
Be (best-effort) service, 129, 395–396
BECN (backward explicit congestion notification), 353
bits
CLP, 203
DE, 203
marking, 197
fields, 203
LAN CoS, 201–203
branches (Frame Relay), 341
buffers
de-jitter delay, 45
one-way video, 56
bytes, compression ratios, 468
C
CAC (call admission control), 13, 51, 102
calculating
Bc, 348–350
propagation delay, 18
serialization delay, 16
SN for WFQ, 277
Tc, 348–350
weight for WFQ, 277
call admission control (CAC), 13, 51
CB (class-based) compression, configuring, 471–475
CB (class-based) marking, 218, 228
matchable fields, 197
CB policing, 360
Bc default values, 395
Be default values, 395–396
dual-rate, three-color, 363–365
multi-action, 393
policing by percent, 396
policing by percentage, 393–395
single-rate, three-color, 362
single-rate, two-color, 360–361
with Be, 363
without Be, 361
CB shaping, 354
adaptive shaping, configuring, 380–381
calculating rate increase per time interval, 354
comparing with FRTS, 383–384
shape peak command, 379–380
shaping by percent, 381–382
CBWFQ (Class-Based Weighted Fair Queuing), 146
and Flow-Based WFQ, 297
bandwidth reservation, 302–305
class-default class queue, 290
configuring, 291
features, 291
WRED, 433
CDT (congestive discard threshold), 281
CEF (Cisco Express Forwarding), enabling, 222
cell loss priority (CLP), 203
CIR (committed information rate), 11, 96
class class-default command, 301
class-default class queue (CBWFQ), 290
class-default queues, 290
classes of QoS tools, 88
classification, 89, 92, 148, 192, 205, 211, 255
CB marking, 218
CB-Marking, 193–197
through VPN tunnels, 229–236
WFQ, 274
clock rate command, 12
CLP (cell loss priority), 203
codecs
delay, 43
MPEG, 53
video, 55
voice, 35
commands
bandwidth, 12
CB marking, 148, 178, 212–213, 237–238
class class-default, 301
class-map, 147
clock rate, 12
frame-relay fragment, 502
frame-relay traffic-shaping, 501–502
interface multilink 9, 495
ip nbar pdlm pdlm-name, 223
ip nbar protocol discovery, 222
ip rtp priority, 489
load-interval, 227
mulitlink group 9, 495
multilink ppp, 495
NBAR, 219
policy-map, 147
ppp multilink fragment delay, 480
ppp multilink fragment-delay, 496
ppp multilink interleave, 496
service-policy, 147
service-policy output, 297
shape peak, configuring CB shaping, 379–380
show controllers, 261
show interface, 286
show ip nbar protocol-discovery, 223
show policy-map interface, 223, 446
show queue, 275
show queue serial 0/0, 438
show queueing, 503
show queuing, 438
show running-config, 446
subcommands. See subcommands.
committed burst (Bc), 347
committed information rate (CIR), 11, 96
comparing
CB shaping and FRTS, 383–384
QoS models, 129
queuing tools, 317
comparing queuing tools, 255
components of delay, 40
Compressed RTP (cRTP), 38
headers, 468–471
payload, 468–470
configuring
adaptive traffic shaping, 354
Bc default values, 395
Be default values, 395–396
dual-rate, 392
multi-action, 393
policing by percentage, 393–395
adaptive shaping, 380–381
shape peak command, 379–380
shaping by percent, 381–382
ECN, 450–453
FIFO Queuing, 266
FRF.12, 508
FRTS, 501–502
MLP, 496
MLP LFI, 508
NBAR, 219
QoS management tools, 103
QoS Pre-classification, 232–236
QPM, 159–161
RTP header compression, 471–475
TCP header compression, 471–475
traffic shaping
with Be, 351–352
with no Be, 350–351
WFQ, 282
congestion
avoidance, 98–99
management, MDRR, 270
queuing, 92–94
congestive discard threshold (CDT), 281
CQ (Custom Queuing), 269
creating, 69–70
creating service classes, 69–70
cRTP (Compressed RTP), 38, 471
CWR (Congestion Window Reduced) flag, 450
D
data
bandwidth, 63
delay, 64
jitter, 65
loss, 66
traffic characteristics of, 58, 67, 78
data terminal equipment (DTE), 11, 96
data-link connection identifiers (DLCIs), 97, 356
DE (discard eligibility), 203
decreasing tail drop, 253
deep packet inpsection, 196
deficit feature of MDRR, 272
defining policies for service classes, 70
de-jitter buffer delay, 45
codec, 43
compression, 469
data, 64
de-jitter buffer delay, 45
forwarding, 21
maximum serialization, 479
network, 22–23
one-way budget guidelines, 41
packetization, 43
propagation, 17–19
QoS tools, 25–27
serilization, 16–17
shaping, 21–22
video, 56
voice, 39
deploying QPM, 159–161
designing
GOCS class-based, 106
Qos for enterprise networks, 108
devices, QPM, 160
differentiated services. See DiffSer, 83
DiffServ, 111
marking packets, RFC recommended values, 210
QoS models
classifiers, 126
per-hop behaviors, 116, 126, 137
digital signal processor (DSP), 524
discard eligibility (DE), 203
discarding, logic, 426
DLCI (data-link connection identifier), 97
drop policies, 255
DSCP (Differentiated Services Code Point), 111, 439
DSP (digital signal processor), 524
DTE (data terminal equipment), 11, 96
dual FIFO output queues, 253
Dual FIFO queues, 481
dual token bucket CB policing, 363–365
dual-rate CB policing, 363–365
E
ECN (Explicit Congestion Notification), 447–448
configuring, 450–453
CWR flag, 450
ECN field, 448
edge services router (ESR), 203
EF (expedited forwarding), 121
egress blocking, 343
EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol), 12
enabling
CEF, 222
traffic shaping, VCs, 356
encoding, serialization delay, 16–17
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP), 12
enterprise networks
efficient QoS design, 108
VPN classification, 229–236
error recovery
TCP, 61
UDP, 66
ESR (edge services router), 203
excess burst (Be), traffic shaping, 350–352
expedited forwarding (EF), 121
F
fair-queue interface subcommand, 286
features of CBWFQ, 291
FECN (forward explicit congestion notification), 353
fields
DSCP, 111
IP ACL extended matchable, 194
FIFO (first in, first out) queuing, 252, 267
flow
CAC, 102
Flow-Based WRED (FRED), 423
Foreign Exchange Station (FXS), 223
Foresight Feedback, 353
forward acknowledgements, 60
forwarding delay, 21
fragementation
LFI, 475–477
multipoint PPP, 478
optimum fragment sizes, 479
Frame Relay, 203
bandwidth, 11
fragments, selecting sizes, 485
PVCs, shaping queues, 263
frame-relay fragment command, 502
frame-relay traffic-shaping command, 501–502
FRED (Flow-Based WRED), 423
FRTS (Frame Relay Traffic Shaping)
and FRF.12, 481
comparing with CB shaping, 383–384
configuring, 501–502
FT (Finish Time), 276
Full Drop, 425
functions
autofill, 51
FXS (Foreign Exchange Station), 223
G
G.729 DSP, 524
gigabit switch router (GSR), 203
global synchronization, congestion-avoidance, 422
GSR 1200 series routers, MDRR, 270–272
H
Hardware Queues, 255, 258. See also TX Queues.
header compression, 100
headers
compression, 468–471
SNA, 204
TCP/UDP, 61
hidden WFQ queues, 281
hierarchical policy maps, 378
hold-queue limits, 280
hold-queue x out interface subcommand, 266
I
identifying traffic requirements, 68–69
implementing QoS policies, 68–70
input queuing, 92
inspecting packets, deep packet inspection, 196
integrated services. See IntServ.
interface multilink 9 command, 495
MQC, 118
queuing, 262–264
traffic shaping, 355–356
VIPs, 470
interleaving, LFI, 475–478, 481, 487, 497
IntServ (Integrated Services), 83
comparing with DiffServ, 129
IP (Internet Protocol)
extended ACL matchable fields, 194
precedence, 117
ip nbar pdlm pdlm-name command, 223
ip nbar protocol discovery command, 222
ip rtp priority command, 489
J-L
jitter
data, 65
de-jitter buffer delay, 45
queuing, 253
video, 57
voice, 48
large playout buffers, one-way video, 56
layers of SNA, 204
left-to-right directional flow, 41
LFI (link fragmentation and interleaving), 26, 101, 475–477
multipoint PPP, 478
link efficiency tools, header compression, 100
links
header compression, 470–471
propagation delay, 17–19
serialization delay, 16–17
LLQ (Low Latency Queuing), 269, 305
load-interval command, 227
locations feature (CallManager), 102
logic, discarding, 426
loss
congestion, 98–99
data, 66
optimizing, 9–10
video, 57
voice, 50
M
mark probability denominator (MPD), 426
marking packets
LAN CoS, 201–203
MPLS Experimental bits, 203
RFC recommended values, 210
through VPN tunnels, 230–236
match not command, 228
match protocol class-map subcommand, 219
match subcommand, 147
maximum serialization delay, 479
maximum thresholds, 425
MDRR (Modified Deficit Round Robin), 270–272
MIR (minimum information rate), 354
minimum thresholds, 425
MLP LFI, configuring, 508
models of QoS
GOCS class-based, 106
modification of queues, 259
Moving Pictures Experts Group (MPEG), 53
MPD (mark probablity denominator), 426–427
MPEG (Moving Pictures Expert Group), 53
MPLS Experimental bits, 203
MQC (Modular QoS command-line interface), 118
multi-action policing. configuring, 393
multilink group 9 command, 495
multilink ppp command, 495
N
names
precedence, 117
NBAR (Network-Based Application Recognition), 195, 219
class commands, importance of order, 222
matchable fields, 197
nested policy maps, 378
Network-Based Application Recognition (NBAR), 219
networks
bandwidth, optimizing, 11
PSTN, 13
NFS (Network File System), 66
no fair-queue interface subcommand, 266
no priority-group interface subcommand, 261
O
one-way delay budget guidelines, 41
one-way video, 56
operation of policing, 359–360
optimum fragment sizes, 479
optimizing traffic, 9–10
jitter, 27–29
oversubscription, 504
P
packetization delay, 43
packets
classification, 89, 92, 148, 192
congestion avoidance, 98–99
forwarding delay, 21
LFI tools, 477
network delay, 22–23
queuing delay, 19–20
reordering, 92–94
serialization delay, 16–17
shaping delay, 21–22
payload compression, 468–470
payloads
video, 54
voice, 35
PDLMs (packet descriptor language modules), 223
per-hop behaviors, DiffServ, 116, 126, 137
PDLMs (packet descriptor language modules), 223
point-to-point networks, bandwidth, 11
police command, 384
policies, 68–70
defining for service classes, 70
drop policies, 255
implementing, 68
QoS, 103
QPM, 159–161
CB policing
dual-rate, three color, 363–365
single-rate, three color, 362
single-rate, two color, 360–361
dual-rate policers, 360
operation, 359–360
packets, 366–367
policing by percent, 396
policy maps, 378
policy-map command, 147
ppp multilink fragment delay command, 480, 496
ppp multilink interleave command, 496
PQ (Priority Queuing), 268–269
precedence
IP, 117
WRED, 430
priority command, 306–308, 312
Priority Queing (PQ), 268
propagation delay delay, 17–19
protocols
cRTP, 38
EIGRP, 12
RTP, 34
RTSP, 52
SNMP, 66
SSCP, 35
UDP, 59
PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network), 13
PVCs (permanent virtual circuits), 262–263
Q
QoS Pre-classification, 231–236
QPM (QoS Policy Manager), 159–161
quantum value (QV), 271
queue service algorithm, 93
queueing tools, comparing, 317
queuing, 13, 25, 92–94, 252, 255, 270
CBWFQ
and Flow-Based WFQ, 297
bandwidth reservation, configuring, 302–305
class-default class queue, 290
configuring, 291
featurs, 291
congestion avoidance, 98–99
delay delay, 19–20
depth, 424
Hardware Queues, adjusting size settings, 258
interfaces, 262–264
length, 259
LLQ, configuring bandwidth reservation, 314–317
MDRR, 270–272
output, 261
PQ versus LLQ, 269
shaping queues, 262
tail drop, 422
TCP starvation, 423
tools, 255
CQ, 269
FIFO, 267
LLQ, 305
PQ, 268
TX Queue, 255
video, recommended queue sizes, 56
WFQ
classification, 274
hidden queues, 281
SN, calculating, 277
weight, calculating, 277
QV (quantum value), 271
R
Random Early Detection (RED), 30
random-detect interface subcommand, 438
ratios, compression, 468
RDT (RealNetworks Data Transport), 52
Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP), 52
Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP), 34
receiver windows, 419
RED (Random Early Detection), 30
congestion-avoidance, 418
Full Drop, 425
refilling dual token buckets with CB policing, 362–364, 405–406
reordering packets, 92–94
RFCs, recommended values for marking traffic, 210
routers
ESR, 203
forwarding delay, 21
GSR, 203
network delay, 22–23
queuing delay, 19–20
shaping delay, 21–22
RTP (Real-Time Transport Protocol), 34, 227
RTP header compression, configuring, 471–475
RTSP (Real-Time Streaming Protocol), 52
S
CQ logic, 269
FIFO, 252
MDRR, 270–272
PQ logic, 268
WFQ, 275-276
sequences, WFQ, 278
serialization delay, 16–17, 479
servers
CallManager, 35
COPS, 129
QPM, 160
service algorithms, 254
service-policy command, 147
service-policy output command, 297
services
BE, 129
LLQ, 307
shape peak command, configuring CB shaping, 379–380
queues, 262
traffic, 27
shaping delay, 21–22
shaping queues on Frame Relay PVCs, 263
CB policing, 384
CB shaping, 368
Frame Relay fragmentation, 497
MLP interleaving, 488
WRED, 435
show controllers command, 261
show interface command, 286
show interfaces command, 439, 496
show ip nbar protocol-discovery command, 223
show policy-map command, 223, 297
show policy-map interface command, 223, 446
show queue command, 275
show queue serial 0/0 command, 438
show queueing command, 438, 503
show running-config command, 446
simple FIFO queuing, 266
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), 66
single FIFO queues, 252
single-rate CB policing
three color, 362
two color, 360–361
Skinny Station Control Protocol (SSCP), 35
slamming the window shut, 420
sliding windows, 60
slow start threshold (SSTHRESH), 419
SN (Sequence Number), calculating for WFQ, 277
SNA (System Network Architecture), 204
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol), 66
specifications, DiffServ, 112, 116
speed mismatch, 344
SSCP (Skinny Station Control Protocol), 35
SSTHRESH (slow start threshold), 419
fair-queue interface, 286
hold-queue x out interface, 266
match, 147
match protocol class-map, 219
no fair-queue, 266
no priority-group interface, 261
random-detect interface, 438
tx-ring-limit 1 interface, 261
subinterfaces, queuing, 262–264
switches, GSR, 203
Systems Network Architecture (SNA), 204
T
congestion-avoidance, 422
decreasing, 253
WFQ, 273
Tc, calculating, 348–350
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), 59, 418, 421
acknowledgements, 60
applications, 67
error recovery, 61
starvation, 422
TCP header compression, configuring, 471–475
TCP starvation, 423
TDM (time-division multiplexing), 275
TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol), 66
three-color CB policing
dual-rate, 363–365
single-rate, 362
three-headed policers, 98
thresholds
CDT, 281
logic, discarding, 426
time-division multiplexing (TDM), 275
tools, 262–264
CAC locations feature (CallManager), 102
classification, 89, 92, 148, 192
Congestion Avoidance, queue depth, 99
congestion-avoidance
RED, 418
LFI, 475–477
link efficiency header compression, 100
QoS
bandwidth, 13–15
delay, 25–27
jitter, 28–29
management, 103
queuing, 255
CQ, 269
FIFO, 267
LLQ, 305
PQ, 268
traffic policing, CB policing, 384
ToS (type of service), 204
traffic, 192
classification, 148
contracts, 338
jitter, optimizing, 27–29
NBAR, 219
optimizing, 9–10
policing, 95, 98, 359–360, 367
QoS requirements, 33
shaping. See traffic shaping
video, troubleshooting, 52, 58
voice, troubleshooting, 33, 52
Bc, calculating, 348–350
CB shaping
adaptive shaping, configuring, 380–381
comparing with FRTS, 383–384
configuring, 367–368, 371, 374, 379–380
shaping by percent, 381–382
queuing, decision logic, 358
shaping queues, 262–263
with Be, configuring, 351–352
with no Be, configuring, 350–351
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). See TCP
Transmit (TX) queues, 261
Transmit (TX) rings, 255
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP), 66
troubleshooting
congestion, 92–94
QoS
bandwidth, 13–15
delay, 25–27
jitter, 28–29
trust boundaries, 206
two color CB policing, single-rate, 360–361
two-headed policers, 98
TX Queue (Transmit Queue), 255, 261
TX Rings(Transmit Rings), 261
tx-ring-limit 1 interface subcommand, 261
type of service (ToS), 204
U-V
UDP (User Datagram Protocol), 59, 66
VAD (Voice Activity Detection), 38, 223
values
compression, 468
DSCP-based WRED, 431
precedence, 117
QV, 271
WFQ, 278
VCs (virtual circuits), 11, 262–264
Versatile Interface Processors (VIPs), 470
video
bandwidth, 54–56
codecs, 55
conferences, 53
delay, 56
jitter, 57
loss, 57
payloads, 54
recommended queue sizes, 56
traffic characteristics of, 52, 58
VIPs (Versatile Interface Processors), 470
VoFR (Voice over Frame Relay), voice options, 34
voice
delay, 39
jitter, 48
loss, 50
traffic characteristics of, 33, 52
Voice Activity Detection (VAD), 38
Voice over Frame Relay (VoFR), 34
Voice over IP (VoIP), 34
W
weight, calculating for WFQ, 277
WFQ (Weighted Fair Queing), 273, 288, 322
classification, 274
configuring for RSVP flows, 282
hidden queues, 281
SN, calculating, 277
weight, calculating, 277
windows, sliding, 60
WRED (Weighted Random Early Detection)
CBWFQ, 289
congestion-avoidance, 427, 446
ECN, 447
configuring, 450–453
CWR flag, 450
ECN field, 448
MPD, 427
profiles, 427
with CBWFQ, 432