Index

Note: Page numbers followed by “f” and “t” refer to figures and tables, respectively.

A

Accellerase Duet product, 23–24
Acrolein, 30
Actinobacillus succinogenes, 26–27
Advanced biohydrocarbons, 28
Agricultural and Fisheries Council of the European Union, 81–82
Agricultural residues-based supply chains, 106–108
corn and wheat residue costs at farm gate, 106–107
crop residue costs delivered at conversion plant, 107–108, 107f
American Association of Cost Engineers, 43
Ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) process, 19–20, 173
Amyris, 28
Anaerobic digestion (AD), 14–15
Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens, 26–27
Annual capital costs (ACC), 46, 47
Anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, 2
Arundo donax, 58
Ash content, role in biochemical conversion process, 16, 16–17
ASPEN PLUS, 49

B

BHP Billiton, 144
Biobutanol, 27
Biochemical conversion, 57–58
bioethanol production, 58
Biochemical pretreatment, 18–20
Bioeconomy, 3f, 140–141
defined, 2
strategies, 1, 84–85
in IEA Bioenergy member countries, status of, 3–7
Bioenergy, 6–7, 140–141
Bioethanol
(bio)-catalytic production of, 24–30, 25f, 26t
derived from lignocellulosic biomass, 49–53, 50f, 52f
glycerol, 28–30, 30f
production, 58
Biofuels, value chain of, 74f
Biomass
conversion technologies for, 14f
herbaceous, 94–95
markets, commoditization of, See Commoditization of biomass markets
preprocessing methods, 15–18
supply and demand centers, 92–95
woody, 94–95
Biomethane, 132, 132, 134, 134, 134
Bio-oil
applications of, 35, 36f
characteristics, 33–35
derived from lignocellulosic biomass, 49–53, 50f, 52f
production, 32–33, 33f
viscosity of, 34–35
wood-derived crude, properties of, 34t
Biopower markets, development of, 95–96
Biorefineries, 41, 70, 140
demonstration and full-scale plants, 53–63
biochemical conversion, 57–58, 58
fast pyrolysis, 53–57, 54–55, 55, 55–56, 56f, 56f, 57, 57
starch/sugar-based biorefineries, 58–61, 61t
economic considerations for, 43–49
energy-driven, 70
lignocellulosic biomass, bioethanol and bio-oil derived from, 49–53, 50f, 52f
product-driven, 70
BP, 146
BTG BioLiquids BV (BTG-BTL), 57
2,3-Butandiol (BDO), 27

C

Capital expenditures (CAPEX), 43
Carbohydrate content, role in biochemical conversion process, 17
CELLIC product, 23–24, 24f
Cellulose, saccharification of, 20–24
Chemical pretreatment, 18–20
Circular Economy Plan, 84–85
Clostridium beijerinckii, 27
Commodities, defined, 141–145
Commoditization of biomass markets, 139
characteristics of, 158–159
crude oil market, 145–148
analysis of, 148
commoditization of, 145–147
fungibility, 150, 151
futures contracts, 145
failure of, 157–158
goods, properties of, 141–142
homogeneity, 150
international market integration, 155–156
market liquidity, 154–155
market-related properties, 143–145
obstacles to
market-related, 159–161
policy-related, 159
product quality, 150–152
standardization, 150–151
sustainability, 152–153
traceability, 152–153
Commodity-scale biomass trade, 115
current, 119–122, 121f
evolution of, 116–119, 117t–118t, 119f
future trends of, 135–136
leveraging gas handling infrastructure, 132–135
leverage liquids handling infrastructure, 129–132
leveraging solids handling infrastructure, 122–129
forest biomass, shipping of, 128–129
residue bundling system integration with forest industry, 125–128, 127f
wood pellets, conventional and torrefied, 122–125, 125t
recommendation for, 135–136
Composite residue logs (CRL), 126–127
Composting, 14–15
Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP), 25–26
Corn residue costs
delivered at conversion plant, 107–108, 107f
at farm gate, 106–107
Cost estimation, 43, 44f
Council on Sustainable Biomass Production (CSBP), 73
Crude oil, 131
market, 145–148
analysis of, 148
commoditization of, 145–147

D

Densification, 18, 166–167
Depot
configurations and evolvement, 172–174
early-stage, 172–173
later-stage, 173
deployment, 174–176
mobilization gridlock via merchandisable intermediates for multiple markets, overcoming, 174–175, 174b
vertical supply chain, separating, 175–176
market challenges and opportunities for, 178t, 182t
transition periods, 179t, 180f
Dilute acid hydrolysis, 19
Dry matter loss (DML), 172, 172–173
DSM, 23–24
Dyadic, 23–24

E

EMPYRO, 57
Energy crop-based supply chains, 99–104
Energy-driven biorefineries, 70
Ensyn Corp, 54–55
Enterobacter aerogenes, 27
European Commission (EC)
bioeconomy strategies, 3
European Committee for Standardization (ECN), 73–74
European Union (EU), 120
Action Plan for the Circular Economy, 81
ecolabel, 84–85
Renewable Energy Directive (RED), 73
Exponential method, 45–49

F

Factorial method, 44–45
Fast pyrolysis, 30–36, 31f
demonstration and full-scale plants, 53–57
Ensyn Corp, 54–55
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 55, 56f
Fortum, 55–56, 56f
BTG BioLiquids BV, 57
EMPYRO, 57
reactors, 32
Feedstock matrix, 13–36
Feedstock supply chains, challenges within large-scale, 167, 168t
Feedstock supply system, types of, 168–170, 170f, 171f, 171f
Fermentation, 42, 49–50, 50, 51, 53, 57–58, 63, 63–64
Final conversion facility, location of, 98–99
First-generation biofuels and bioenergy crops, 75–77
Fixed capital investment, 43
Food-grade L-methionine, 30
Forest biomass, shipping of, 128–129
Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), 73
Fortum, 55–56, 56f
Fossil fuels, value chain of, 74f
Fractionation, 19
Fungibility, 150, 151
Futures contracts, 145
failure of, 157–158

G

Genencor, 23–24
Glencore, 144
Global Bioenergy Partnership, 73
Glycerol
from biodiesel production, 28–30, 30f
catalytic dehydration of, 30
Hardwoods, 19–20
Hemicellulose
pretreatment of, 19
saccharification of, 20–24
Herbaceous biomass, 94–95
Homogeneity, 150, 151–152
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), 91, 96
3-Hydroxypropionicacid, 58–60

I

IEA Bioenergy Implementing Agreement, 3–7, 7
bioeconomy strategies across, 3
Inside battery limits (IBL), 43
Integrated lifecycle sustainability assessment (ILCSA), 74–75
Intermediate goods, commodity for, 148–150
International Maritime Organization (IMO), 123
International market integration, 155–156
International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 73–74, 134
International trade of biomass, 95–104
biopower markets, development of, 95–96
energy crop-based supply chains, 99–104
final conversion facility, location of, 98–99
preprocessing, importance of, 96–98, 97, 97–98
Investment costs, 43–44

K

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 55, 56f
Klebsiella oxytoca, 27
Klebsiella pneumoniae, 27

L

Lactic acid, 27
Lactobacillus delbrueckii, 27
Leverage liquids handling infrastructure, 129–132
Leveraging gas handling infrastructure, 132–135
Leveraging solids handling infrastructure, 122–129
forest biomass, shipping of, 128–129
residue bundling system integration with forest industry, 125–128, 127f
wood pellets, conventional and torrefied, 122–125, 125t
Lifecycle analysis, 74
Lignin content, role in biochemical conversion process, 17
Lignocellulose, 15
bioethanol and bio-oil derived from, 49–53, 50f, 52f
pretreatment of, 19
saccharification of, 23
Liquid hot water, 19–20
Local/regional trade of biomass, 104–108
agricultural residues-based supply chains, 106–107, 106–108, 107–108, 107f

M

Market liquidity, 144, 144, 154–155
Market structure, 153–154
Market transition, 176–183
periods, 176–177
supply chain opportunities, 179–182
Methionine, 30, 30
Microbial lipids, 28
Minimum fuel selling price (MFSP), 167

N

New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX), 147, 157
Novozymes, 23–24

O

Operating expenditure (OPEX), 43
Operation costs (OC), 46
Organic Farming Regulation, 15
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 143, 146, 146–147, 147, 147, 148
Outside battery limits (OBL), 43

P

Paenibacillus polymyxa, 27
Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), 28
Pelletization, 18, 97, 123–124
Physical pretreatment, 18–20
Polylactic acid (PLA), 61, 63–64
Preprocessed biomass for power generation, biomass supply and trade opportunities of, 91
international trade, 95–104
biopower markets, development of, 95–96
energy crop-based supply chains, 99–104
final conversion facility, location of, 98–99
preprocessing, importance of, 96–98, 97, 97–98
local/regional trade of biomass, 104–108
agricultural residues-based supply chains, 106–107, 106–108, 107–108, 107f
Preprocessing, 96–98
hydrothermal carbonization, 91
pelleting, 97
technologies, 15–18
basic methods, 15–18
densification, 18
thermal pretreatment, 18
torrefaction, 97
Pretreatment, 18–20
Pricing, 176b
Product costs (PC), 46
Product-driven biorefineries, 70
Product quality, 150–152
Pyrolysis oil, 130, 130, 130, 130–131, 131, 131, 131–132

R

REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization & restriction of Chemicals), 124–125
Residue bundling system integration with forest industry, 125–128, 127f
Revenue (R), 46
Rio Tinto, 144

S

Saccharification, of cellulose/hemicelluloses, 20–24
Second-generation biorefineries, development of, 11
anaerobic digestion, 14–15
bioethanol, (bio)-catalytic production of, 24–30, 25f, 26t
glycerol, 28–30, 30f
cellulose/hemicelluloses, saccharification of, 20–24
composting, 14–15
preprocessing technologies, 15–18
basic methods, 15–18
densification, 18
thermal pretreatment, 18
pretreatment, 18–20
thermochemical conversion, 30–36
Selling price (SP), 46, 46
Separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF), 25–26
Seven Sisters, 145, 146
Shrinkage, 15–16
Silphium perfoliatum, 15
Simultaneous saccharification and cofermentation (SSCF), 25–26
Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF), 25–26, 27
Solid biomass, standards for, 117t–118t
Sorbitol, 28
Standardization, 150–151
Starch/sugar-based biorefineries, 58–61, 61t
Steam explosion, 19–20
Step accounting method, 45
Succinic acid, 26–27, 60–61
Supply chain opportunities, 179–182, 180f
Sustainability, 152–153
assessment, 69, 72f
challenges to, 77–82
first-generation biofuels and bioenergy crops, 75–77
future assessment considerations in bioeconomy sector, 82–85
methodologies and frameworks, overview of, 72–75
recommendations for, 85–86
Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI), 73

T

Thermal pretreatment, 18
Thermochemical conversion, 30–36, 31f
bio-oil, 32–33, 33–35, 33f, 34t
fast pyrolysis, 30–36, 31f, 32
Torrefaction, 18, 97, 122–125
Traceability, 152–153
Transportable biomass, properties of, 125t
Trichoderma longibrachiatum, 23
Trichoderma reesei, 20–23, 23, 23–24
Trichoderma viride, 23

U

UN Sustainable Development Goals, 82
US. Biorefining, 6–7
U.S. Department of Energy (US DOE), 23–24, 26, 26t
US Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2), 120–121

V

Vertical supply chain, separating, 175–176

W

Wet oxidation, 19–20
Wheat residue costs, at farm gate, 106–107
Wood pellets, conventional and torrefied, 122–125, 125t
Woody biomass, 94–95

X

Xstrata, 144
Xylitol, 28

Z

Zymomonas mobilis, 28
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