List of Figures

Figure 1.1 Overview of the bioeconomy as understood within the context of this work. 3
Figure 1.2 Bioeconomy strategies across IEA Bioenergy Implementing Agreement (IA) member countries as of September 2014. 4
Figure 2.1 Overview of conversion technologies for biomass. 14
Figure 2.2 Activities of some commercial mixtures of enzymes normalized to the activity of the latest CTEC3. 24
Figure 2.3 Chemicals and advanced fuels that can be produced from bioethanol using a variety of chemical methods. 25
Figure 2.4 Promising chemicals from glycerol. 30
Figure 2.5 Basic process scheme of fast pyrolysis and additional process options. 31
Figure 2.6 Variation of products from Aspen Poplar with temperature. 33
Figure 2.7 Principal pathways for bio-oil applications. 36
Figure 3.1 Model for cost calculation of biobased products. 44
Figure 3.2 Production costs of ethanol from cellulosic feedstock. 50
Figure 3.3 Production and feedstock costs for bio-oil from wood chips. 52
Figure 3.4 Process flow chart of the bioliq process. 56
Figure 3.5 Industrial-scale integrated bio-oil plant in Joensuu, Finland. 56
Figure 4.1 Key issues in four areas of sustainability. 72
Figure 4.2 Value chain of biofuels and fossil fuels. 74
Figure 4.3 Lifecycle stages of products derived from fossil resources (in black boxes) and from biomass (in gray boxes). 80
Figure 5.1 Global distribution of key solid biomass demand (solid, circle harbors) and supply regions (shaded, starred harbors) with respective harbors. 93
Figure 5.2 Comparison of short-term biomass-based electricity production costs against current average national electricity production costs in South Africa and Netherlands. 101
Figure 5.3 Comparison of long-term biomass-based electricity production costs against projected national electricity production costs in the Netherlands and electricity tariffs in South Africa. 102
Figure 5.4 Cost–supply curve for corn and wheat residues delivered to the conversion plant in central South Africa. The dashed vertical lines indicate available crop residues below $5/GJ−1 delivery costs. 107
Figure 6.1 Development of international biofuels trade 2004–11. 119
Figure 6.2 Monthly US ethanol trade with Brazil and other countries between 2011 and 2013. 121
Figure 6.3 Fixteri FX 15 whole tree bundling supply system. 127
Figure 8.1 Schematic design of select operations in the conventional feedstock supply system. 170
Figure 8.2 Schematic design of a vertically integrated advanced feedstock supply system concept. 171
Figure 8.3 Modular depot concept illustrated for multiple biomass input streams and market options for merchandisable feedstock intermediates. 171
Figure 8.4 Biorefinery and depot locations within a sourcing area (27 miles, dotted line; 500 miles wider circle) in two different years with varying drought patterns. 180
..................Content has been hidden....................

You can't read the all page of ebook, please click here login for view all page.
Reset
18.221.112.220