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SECTION VIII: Genome Annotation
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SECTION VIII: Genome Annotation
by Mir Asif Iquebal, Ratan Kumar Choudhary, Chandra Sekhar Mukhopadhyay
Basic Applied Bioinformatics
Cover
Title Page
Preface
Acknowledgments
List of Abbreviations
SECTION I: Molecular Sequences and Structures
CHAPTER 1: Retrieval of Sequence(s) from the NCBI Nucleotide Database
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 COMPONENTS OF THE NCBI NUCLEOTIDE DATABASE
1.3 OBJECTIVES
1.4 PROCEDURE
1.5 SOME USEFUL NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE DATABASES OF NCBI
1.6 QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 2: Retrieval of Protein Sequence from UniProtKB
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 OBJECTIVE
2.3 PROCEDURE
2.4 QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 3: Downloading Protein Structure
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 OBJECTIVE
3.3 PROCEDURE
3.4 QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 4: Visualizing Protein Structure
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 OBJECTIVE
4.3 PROCEDURE
4.4 QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 5: Sequence Format Conversion
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 OBJECTIVE
5.3 PROCEDURE
5.4 QUESTIONS
5.5 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SOME OF THE IMPORTANT MOLECULAR SEQUENCE FORMATS
CHAPTER 6: Nucleotide Sequence Analysis Using Sequence Manipulation Suite (SMS)
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 OBJECTIVE
6.3 PROCEDURE
6.4 FORMAT CONVERSION
6.5 SEQUENCE ANALYSIS
6.6 SEQUENCE FIGURES
6.7 RANDOM SEQUENCES
6.8 MISCELLANEOUS
6.9 QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 7: Detection of Restriction Enzyme Sites
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 OBJECTIVE
7.3 PROCEDURE (USING NEBCUTTER)
7.4 QUESTIONS
SECTION II: Sequence Alignment
CHAPTER 8: Dot Plot Analysis
8.1 INTRODUCTION
8.2 OBJECTIVE
8.3 PROCEDURE
8.4 PARAMETERS OF DOT PLOT ANALYSIS
8.5 INTERPRETATION
8.6 QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 9: Needleman–Wunsch Algorithm (Global Alignment)
9.1 INTRODUCTION
9.2 OBJECTIVE
9.3 PROCEDURE
9.4 QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 10: Smith–Waterman Algorithm (Local Alignment)
10.1 INTRODUCTION
10.2 OBJECTIVE
10.3 PROCEDURE
10.4 QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 11: Sequence Alignment Using Online Tools
11.1 INTRODUCTION
11.2 OBJECTIVE
11.3 PROCEDURE
11.4 INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
11.5 COLOR SCHEME FOR AMINO ACID RESIDUES
11.6 QUESTIONS
SECTION III: Basic Local Alignment Search Tools
CHAPTER 12: Basic Local Alignment Search Tool for Nucleotide (BLASTn)
12.1 INTRODUCTION
12.2 OBJECTIVE
12.3 PROCEDURE
12.4 QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 13: Basic Local Alignment Search Tool for Amino Acid Sequences (BLASTp)
13.1 INTRODUCTION
13.2 OBJECTIVE
13.3 PROCEDURE
13.4 QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 14: BLASTx
14.1 INTRODUCTION
14.2 OBJECTIVE
14.3 PROCEDURE
14.4 INTERPRETATION OF BLASTx RESULTS
14.5 QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 15: tBLASTn
15.1 INTRODUCTION
15.2 OBJECTIVE
15.3 PROCEDURE
15.4 ALGORITHM PARAMETERS
15.5 INTERPRETATION OF tBLASTn RESULTS
15.6 QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 16: tBLASTx
16.1 INTRODUCTION
16.2 OBJECTIVE
16.3 PROCEDURE
16.4 ALGORITHM PARAMETERS
16.5 INTERPRETATION OF tBLASTx RESULTS
16.6 QUESTIONS
SECTION IV: Primer Designing and Quality Checking
CHAPTER 17: Primer Designing – Basics
17.1 INTRODUCTION
17.2 OTHER IMPORTANT FEATURES FOR DESIGNING “GOOD” PRIMERS
17.3 QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 18: Designing PCR Primers Using the Primer3 Online Tool
18.1 INTRODUCTION
18.2 OBJECTIVE
18.3 PROCEDURE
18.4 OUTPUT
18.5 SELECTION OF THE BEST PRIMER‐PAIRS BY COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE DESIGNED PRIMERS
18.6 QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 19: Quality Checking of the Designed Primers
19.1 INTRODUCTION
19.2 OBJECTIVE
19.3 PROCEDURE
19.4 IDT UNAFOLD – CHECKING THE SECONDARY STRUCTURE FORMATION OF THE AMPLICON
19.5 PRIMER‐BLAST – TO DETECT POSSIBLE SPURIOUS AMPLIFICATION
19.6 QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 20: Primer Designing for SYBR Green Chemistry of qPCR
20.1 INTRODUCTION
20.2 QUESTIONS
SECTION V: Molecular Phylogenetics
CHAPTER 21: Construction of Phylogenetic Tree: Unweighted‐Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA)
21.1 INTRODUCTION
21.2 ASSUMPTIONS
21.3 OBJECTIVE
21.4 PROCEDURE
21.5 INTERPRETATION OF UPGMA TREE
21.6 QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 22: Construction of Phylogenetic Tree: Fitch Margoliash (FM) Algorithm
22.1 INTRODUCTION
22.2 OBJECTIVE
22.3 PROCEDURE
22.4 INTERPRETATION OF THE FM TREE
22.5 QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 23: Construction of Phylogenetic Tree: Neighbor‐Joining Method
23.1 INTRODUCTION
23.2 OBJECTIVE
23.3 PROCEDURE
23.4 INTERPRETATION OF NJ TREE
23.5 QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 24: Construction of Phylogenetic Tree: Maximum Parsimony Method
24.1 INTRODUCTION
24.2 OBJECTIVE
24.3 PROCEDURE
24.4 INTERPRETATION OF MP TREE
24.5 QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 25: Construction of Phylogenetic Tree: Minimum Evolution Method
25.1 INTRODUCTION
25.2 OBJECTIVE
25.3 PROCEDURE
25.4 INTERPRETATION OF THE ME TREE
25.5 QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 26: Construction of Phylogenetic Tree Using MEGA7
26.1 INTRODUCTION
26.2 OBJECTIVE
26.3 PROCEDURE
26.4 INTERPRETATION OF PHYLOGENETIC TREE
26.5 QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 27: Interpretation of Phylogenetic Trees
27.1 INTRODUCTION
27.2 UNDERSTANDING PHYLOGENETIC TREES
27.3 REPRESENTATION OF PHYLOGENETIC TREES
27.4 METHODS FOR CONSTRUCTING EVOLUTIONARY TREES FROM INFERENCES
27.5 INFERRING PHYLOGENETIC TREES
27.6 QUESTIONS
SECTION VI: Protein Structure Prediction
CHAPTER 28: Prediction of Secondary Structure of Protein
28.1 INTRODUCTION
28.2 OBJECTIVE
28.3 SECONDARY STRUCTURE PREDICTION USING ONLINE TOOL PSIPRED
28.4 SECONDARY STRUCTURE PREDICTION USING THE ONLINE CDM TOOL
28.5 QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 29: Prediction of Tertiary Structure of Protein: Sequence Homology
29.1 INTRODUCTION
29.2 OBJECTIVE
29.3 PROCEDURE (SWISS‐MODEL PROGRAM)
29.4 OUTPUT
29.5 VISUALIZING THE PREDICTED STRUCTURE
29.6 INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
29.7 QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 30: Protein Structure Prediction Using Threading Method
30.1 INTRODUCTION
30.2 OBJECTIVE
30.3 PROCEDURE
30.4 RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION
30.5 QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 31: Prediction of Tertiary Structure of Protein: Ab Initio Approach
31.1 INTRODUCTION
31.2 OBJECTIVE
31.3 PROCEDURE (RAPTORX)
31.4 JOB STATUS
31.5 OUTPUT AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
31.6 QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 32: Validation of Predicted Tertiary Structure of Protein
32.1 INTRODUCTION
32.2 OBJECTIVE
32.3 PROCEDURE (WHAT IF TOOL FOR VALIDATING THE 3D STRUCTURE PREDICTION RESULTS)
32.4 INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS OF WHAT IF
32.5 MOLPROBITY TOOL FOR RAMACHANDRAN PLOT
32.6 INTERPRETATION OF RAMACHANDRAN PLOT ANALYSIS
32.7 QUESTIONS
SECTION VII: Molecular Docking and Binding Site Prediction
CHAPTER 33: Prediction of Transcription Binding Sites
33.1 INTRODUCTION
33.2 OBJECTIVE
33.3 TRANSFAC
33.4 BINDING SITES SEARCHING USING THE MATCH TOOL
33.5 QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 34: Prediction of Translation Initiation Sites
34.1 INTRODUCTION
34.2 OBJECTIVE
34.3 PROCEDURE
34.4 QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 35: Molecular Docking
35.1 INTRODUCTION
35.2 OBJECTIVE
35.3 PROCEDURE
35.4 RESULT AND INTERPRETATION
35.5 QUESTIONS
SECTION VIII: Genome Annotation
CHAPTER 36: Genome Annotation in Prokaryotes
36.1 INTRODUCTION
36.2 OBJECTIVE
36.3 PROCEDURE
36.4 INTERPRETATION OF GENEMARK OUTPUT
36.5 QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 37: Genome Annotation in Eukaryotes
37.1 INTRODUCTION
37.2 OBJECTIVE
37.3 PROCEDURE
37.4 INTERPRETATION OF GENSCAN OUTPUT
37.5 QUESTIONS
SECTION IX: Advanced Biocomputational Analyses
CHAPTER 38: Concepts of Real‐Time PCR Data Analysis
38.1 INTRODUCTION
38.2 GETTING STARTED WITH RT‐qPCR
38.3 PCR FLUORESCENCE CHEMISTRY
38.4 RT‐qPCR DATA ANALYSIS: GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS
38.5 QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 39: Overview of Microarray Data Analysis
39.1 CONCEPT
39.2 GETTING STARTED WITH MICROARRAY
39.3 MICROARRAY DATA ANALYSIS: GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS
39.4 STEPS INVOLVED IN MICROARRAY DATA ANALYSIS
39.5 FUNCTIONAL INFORMATION USING GENE NETWORKS AND PATHWAYS
39.6 LIVESTOCK RESEARCH THAT INVOLVED MICROARRAY ANALYSIS (SOME EXAMPLES)
39.7 APPLICATIONS OF MICROARRAY
39.8 QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 40: Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Mining Tools
40.1 INTRODUCTION
40.2 OBJECTIVE
40.3 PROCEDURE
40.4 INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
40.5 QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 41: In Silico Mining of Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) Markers
41.1 INTRODUCTION
41.2 OBJECTIVE
41.3 MISA (MICROSATELLITE IDENTIFICATION TOOL)
41.4 RESULT
41.5 QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 42: Basics of RNA‐Seq Data Analysis
42.1 INTRODUCTION
42.2 AIM OF AN RNA‐SEQ EXPERIMENT
42.3 FAST SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT STRATEGIES
42.4 QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 43: Functional Annotation of Common Differentially Expressed Genes
43.1 INTRODUCTION
43.2 FUNCTIONAL ANNOTATION
43.3 QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 44: Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs)
44.1 SECTION I. QUALITY FILTERING OF DATA USING PRINSEQ
44.2 SECTION II. IDENTIFICATION OF DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES – I (USING CUFFLINKS)
44.3 SECTION III. IDENTIFICATION OF DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES – II (USING RSEM‐DE PACKAGES EBSEQ, DESEQ2 AND EDGER)
44.4 USE OF DE PACKAGES FOR IDENTIFYING THE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES
44.5 QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 45: Estimating MicroRNA Expression Using the miRDeep2 Tool
45.1 INTRODUCTION
45.2 PREPROCESSING OF READS
45.3 INPUT FORMATS OF THE DATA FILE
45.4 OUTPUT FORMATS THAT CAN BE GENERATED
45.5 PRELIMINARY FILES USED IN THE EXAMPLE
45.6 QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 46: miRNA Target Prediction
46.1 INTRODUCTION
46.2 miRNA TARGET PREDICTION BY TARGETSCAN (http://targetscan.org/)
46.3 miRNA TARGET PREDICTION BY TARGETSCAN IN HUMAN
46.4 miRNA TARGET PREDICTION BY psRNATARGET (http://plantgrn.noble.org/psRNATarget>/)
46.5 miRNA TARGET PREDICTION BY miRANDA (http://www.microrna.org)
46.6 QUESTIONS
Appendix A: Usage of Internet for Bioinformatics
Appendix B: Important Web Resources for Bioinformatics Databases and Tools
INTRODUCTION
Appendix C: NCBI Database: A Brief Account
Appendix D: EMBL Databases and Tools: An Overview
INTRODUCTION
THE EMBL DATABASES
THE EMBL TOOLS
Appendix E: Basics of Molecular Phylogeny
GEOLOGICAL CLOCK
MORPHOLOGICAL PHYLOGENY TO MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY
BASIS OF MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY
MUTATION RATE
COMPONENTS OF A PHYLOGENETIC TREE
TYPES OF PHYLOGENETIC TREES
Appendix F: Evolutionary Models of Molecular Phylogeny
INTRODUCTION
Glossary
References
Webliography
Index
End User License Agreement
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CHAPTER 35: Molecular Docking
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CHAPTER 36: Genome Annotation in Prokaryotes
SECTION VIII
Genome Annotation
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