- (backslash), expressions, 169
- ( ) (parentheses), expressions, 170
- / (slash) character, 152
- * (asterisk) in expressions, 169
- # (hash mark) prompt,
- $ (dollar sign) prompt,
- | (bar) strings, 169
A
- accounts, 252
- comment field, 253
- creating
- GUI tools, 278–280
- passwords, 275–277
- o itfrom shell, 280–282
- default shell, 254
- deleting
- file preservation and, 289
- GID reuse, 289
- GUI tools, 290
- from shell, 291
- UID reuse, 289
- userdel command, 291
- GID (group ID), 253
- home directories, 253–254
- id command, 260
- identifying, 256–258
- locked, 282
- login date/time, 261
- modifying
- causes, 283
- GUI tools, 284–286
- logged-in users, 283–284
- from shell, 286–288
- w command, 294
- who utility, 283
- network account databases, 258
- passwords, 253, 275–277
- remote host, 261
- root, 252, 263
- acquiring privileges, 264–266
- administrative tasks, 263
- super user, 263
- system accounts, 252
- terminal identifier, 261
- tools, 259
- types, 252
- UIDs (user identification), 253
- user accounts, 252
- User and Groups account tool (Mint), 256–257
- user types, 263–264
- useradd command, 280–282
- usernames, 253, 261
- AD (Active Domains) domains, 258
- administrative tasks, root account, 263
- administrator scripts, 245
- Adobe Reader, 48
- alpha software, 18
- Apache, 37, 52
- Apache HTTPD, 76
- Apache OpenOffice, 69
- APM (Apple Partition Map), 128
- appliances, embedded computers and, 51
- apropos utility, 100
- APT (Advanced Package Tool), 200
- apt-get package tool, 82
- Aqua, 11
- Arch, 15
- archives, 157, 183–184
- review question answers, 351–352
- tar program, 183–184
- commands, 184
- qualifiers, 184–185
- arguments, 93, 237
- ARM (Advanced RISC Machine) processor, 122
- ASCII (American Code for Information Interchange), 216–217
- assembly language, 79
- AT&T, 46
- Audacity, 69
- automotive computers, 51
- AWS (Amazon Web Services), 14, 71
- Azure (Microsoft), 71
B
- background, running programs, 96–97
- Base (Apache OpenOffice), 69
- Base (LibreOffice), 69
- base 8 numbers, 306
- Bash (Bourne Again Shell), 88
- editing, 98–99
- history, 98–99
- batch files, 234
- beta software, 18
- /bin, 149
- binary code, 11
- binary digits (bits), 121
- binary packages, 197
- BIND (Berkeley Internet Name Domain), 52
- bits, 121
- Blender, 69
- block devices, 305
- bounties, 39
- bracket expressions, 169
- browsers
- Chrome, 67
- Firefox, 67
- Konqueror, 67
- Lynx, 67
- Microsoft, 67–68
- Opera, 67
- Web, 67
- BSD (Berkeley Source Definition), 37
- buffers, kernel ring buffer, 211
- build directories, documentation and, 109
- bzip2, 187
C
- C, 79
- C++, 80
- Calc (Apache OpenOffice), 69
- Calc (LibreOffice), 69
- Calligra office suite, 68–69
- case, file management, 160–161
- case statement, 242–243
- Castero, 69
- cat command, 93–94, 177–178
- CC (Creative Commons), 28
- CentOS, 15
- character devices, 305
- chgrp command, 303
- child programs, 202
- chipset, 123
- chmod command, 235, 309–310
- chown command, 302–303
- Chrome, 67
- Cinnamon, , 10, 59
- clients, 75
- clock rate, 120
- cloud computing, 19
- distributed computing and, 20
- hybrid, 20
- methods, 20
- private, 20, 71
- providers, 71
- public, 20, 70–71
- cloud services
- IaaS (infrastructure as a service), 21–22
- PaaS (platform as a service), 22
- SaaS (software as a service), 22–23
- Cocoa, 11
- code
- availability, 35
- binary code, 11
- open source software and, 49
- source code, 11
- command completion, 97–98
- command history, 98–99
- command line. See also shell
- generating, 182–183
- review question answers, 347–348
- starting, 88
- command substitution, 183
- command-line tools
- Network Manager, 323–324
- networks
- commands
- arguments, 93
- cat, 93–94, 123
- chgrp, 303
- chmod, 235, 309–310
- chown, 302–303
- cp, 155
- cut, 236
- dig, 332
- dpkg, 201
- echo, 237
- find, 110, 236
- getent passwd, 257–258
- grep, 236
- history, 99
- host, 331
- id, 260
- install, 200
- locate, 110
- ls, , 149–150, 304
- lscpu, 123
- mail, 237
- man pages, 94
- mkdir, 161–162
- mv, 157
- netstat, 334–336
- ps, 203–205
- rm, 159, 311
- rmdir, 162–163
- rpm, 199–200
- running, 235
- searches
- sed, 237
- switches, 94
- syntax, 93
- top, 205–207
- uname, 123
- useradd, 237, 280–282
- userdel, 291
- whereis, 110
- who, 261–263
- xargs, 182–183
- comment field, 253
- compiled languages, 78
- compilers, 11
- compressing files, 187–188
- computers, embedded, 50–51
- conditional expressions, 241–242
- case statement, 242–243
- if keyword, 241–242
- loops, 243–244
- text keyword, 242
- configuration directories, 148–149
- context menus, 61
- cooperative multitasking, 45
- copying files, 155–157
- copyleft, 32
- copyright laws, 28–30
- cp command, 155
- CPUs, 120
- ARM (Advanced RISC Machine), 122
- bits, 121
- clock rate, 120
- Intel Core, 121
- Itanium, 122
- MIPS (Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipelined Stages), 122
- multicore, 122
- PowerPC, 122
- SPARC (Scalable Processor Architecture), 122
- x86, 121
- x86-64, 121
- Creative Commons, 36
- CUPS (Common Unix Printing System), 52
- cut command, 175, 236
D
- daemons, 76
- databases
- MySQL, 52
- network account databases, 258
- Debian, 15
- package management, 200–202
- default router, 320
- default shell, 254
- defined path, 95
- deleting, files, 159
- deriving works, 35
- desktop computers, 51–52
- desktop environments, , , 10, 58
- build your own, 59
- Cinnamon, , 10, 59
- context menus, 61
- desktops, multiple,
- file managers,
- GNOME, 59
- GNOME (GNU Object Model Environment),
- icons, 61
- KDE Plasma, , 58
- logout options,
- LXDE, 59
- menus, 61
- panels, 61
- program launchers,
- review question answers, 346–347
- searches, 61
- terminals, 61
- window controls,
- Xfce, , 59
- desktops
- devices, USB, 137–138
- DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), 322, 328–329
- dig command, 332
- directories
- /bin, 149
- configuration, 148–149
- creating, 161–162
- deleting, 162–163
- /etc, 148–149
- executable, 149
- FHS, 147–149
- home, 64, 253–254
- library directories, 149
- managing, 163–164
- path, 95
- /sbin, 149
- starting point directory, 172
- /usr, 149
- /usr/bin, 149
- /usr/local/bin, 149
- /usr/local/sbin, 149
- /usr/sbin, 149
- /var/log, 209–210
- viewing, 315
- disks, 125–126
- interfaces, 126
- NVMe (Non-volatile Memory Express), 126
- optical, 133–134
- partitioning, 127
- APM (Apple Partition Map), 128
- extended partitions, 127
- fdisk family, 129
- filesystem issues, 130–133
- GPT, 128
- libparted-based tools, 129
- logical partitions, 127
- primary partitions, 127
- PATA (parallel ATA), 126
- removable, 133–134
- SAS (Serial Attached SCSI), 126
- SATA (Serial ATA), 126
- SCSI (Small Computer System Interface), 126
- sectors, 127
- display
- aspect ratio, 136
- hardware, 136–137
- X Window System, 134–135
- distributed computing, 20
- distributions, 14
- administrator skill requirements, 16
- Arch, 15
- CentOS, 15
- Debian, 15
- Fedora, 15
- Gentoo, 15
- Mint, 15
- new, 47
- openSUSE, 15
- packages, 16
- platforms, 17
- Red Hat Enterprise, 15
- release cycle, 16, 17–18
- selecting, 17
- setup, 364
- Slackware, 15
- SUSE Enterprise, 15
- types, 17
- Ubuntu, 15
- DNS (Domain Name System)
- configuration, manual, 322–323
- servers, 52
- documentation
- authors, 112
- build directories, 109
- consultants, 113
- file formats, 111–112
- forums, 113
- IRC (Internet Relay Chat), 113
- loading, 109–112
- mailing lists, 113
- online sources, 112
- web searches, 113
- dollar sign ($) prompt,
- DOS, 45
- DoS (denial-of-service) attack, 77
- dot files, 314
- dpkg command, 201
- dpkg package tool, 81
- Draw (Apache OpenOffice), 69
- Draw (LibreOffice), 69
- drivers
- fglrx, 136
- installation, 139–140
- kernel and, 138–139
- locating, 139–140
- nvidia, 136
- DVR (digital video recorder), 19
- DVRs (digital video recorders), 50
E
- e-book readers, 50
- echo command, 237
- editors
- emacs, 218, 219
- Geany, 219
- gedit, 219
- Kate, 219
- KWrite, 219
- nano, 218
- review question answers, 353–354
- selecting, 218–219
- vi, 218
- emacs text editor, 218, 219
- email
- Evolution, 68
- KMail, 68
- Mutt, 68
- Thunderbird, 68
- embedded computers, 50–51
- embedded systems, 18
- Android and, 18
- IoT devices and, 19
- network appliances and, 18–19
- TiVo and, 19
- encrypted versus hashed, 255
- environment setup, 364
- environment variables, 240–241
- environments, nonrepudiation environment, 265
- escapes, expressions, 169
- /etc, 148–149
- /etc/shadow, 254–256
- ethtool, 324–325
- EULAs (end-user license agreements), 30
- Evolution, 68
- executable directories, 149
- execute permissions, 313
- exit status, variables, 241
- exit value, scripts, 245–246
- expressions
- conditional, 241–242
- conditional expressions, loops, 243–244
- regular expressions, 168–170
- bracket expressions, 169
- escapes, 169
- parentheses, 170
- range expressions, 169
- repetition, 169
- repetition operators, 169
- single characters, 169
- start/end of line, 169
- strings, 168
- multiple, 169
- text lines, 169
- extended partitions, 127
- extended regular expressions, 168
F
- fair use, copyright and, 29
- FDL (Free Documentation License), 33
- Fedora, 15
- fglrx driver, 136
- FHS (Filesystem Hierarchy Standard), 146–147, 236
- file management
- FHS (Filesystem Hierarchy Standard), 146–147
- review question answers, 349–351
- system files, 144–146
- user files, 144–146
- file managers, , 63–64
- GNOME Files, 64
- Home, 64
- properties, 65
- Starred, 64
- ownership, setting, 301
- permissions, setting, 308–309
- file servers, 52, 75
- file type codes, 305
- files
- absolute references, 152–154
- archive files, 183–184
- batch files, 234
- case sensitivity, 160–161
- changing, 151–152
- compression, 187–188
- copying, 155–157
- creating, 154–155
- deleting, 159
- formats, documentation, 111–112
- hiding, 314
- ISO files, 364
- links
- listing, 149–151
- log files, 208
- moving, 157
- relative references, 152–154
- renaming, 157
- shareable, 146
- static, 146
- text files, 216
- editor selection, 218–219
- extracting, 175
- review question answers, 353–354
- role of, 216–218
- sorting text, 176
- Unicode, 216
- unshareable, 146
- variable, 146
- wildcards, 160
- word count, wc command, 174
- filesystems
- btrfs, 131
- ext2fs, 130
- ext3fs, 130
- ext4fs, 131
- FAT (File Allocation Table), 131
- HFS (Hierarchical File System), 132
- ISO-9660, 132
- JFS (Journaled File System), 131
- NTFS (New Technology File System), 132
- reiserfs, 131
- root, 152
- UDF (Universal Disk Format), 132
- XFS, 131
- find command, 110, 172–173, 236
- Firefox, 67
- FLOSS (free/libre open source software), 34
- Flow (Calligra), 69
- for loop, 243
- foreground, 96
- FOSS (free and open source software), 34
- free software, 31
- freeware, 31, 48
- FSF (Free Software Foundation), 10, 28, 31
- FLOSS (free/libre open source software), 34
- FOSS (free and open source software), 34
- free software, 31
- info pages, 107
- function keyword, 244
- functions, 244
G
- gateways, 320
- GCC (GNU Compiler Collection), 79
- gcc program, 79
- Geany editor, 219
- gedit text editor, 219
- Gentoo, 15
- getent passwd command, 257–258, 267
- GiB (gigabit), 121
- GID (group ID), 253, 300
- GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program), 70
- GNOME (GNU Object Model Environment), , , 10, 59
- GNOME Files, 64
- Home, 64
- nautilus, 301
- properties, 65
- Starred, 64
- GNU (GNU's Not Unix), 10, 46
- FDL (Free Documentation License), 33
- GNU Project, 10
- Google Cloud, 71
- Google Play, 72
- GPL (General Public License), 30, 32–33, 37
- GPS (global positioning system), 51
- GPU (graphics processing unit), 120
- graphical tools, networks, 321–323
- grep command, 170–172, 236
- groups, 258–259, 300
- fields
- managing
- GUI tools and, 291–293
- from the shell, 294–295
- project groups, 274
- review question answers, 357–358
- user groups, 274
- GRUB (Grand Unified Bootloader), 97
- GUIs (graphical user interfaces), ,
- desktop environments,
- programs, running, 95
- tools, account creation, 278–280
- gzip, 187
H
- hard links, 157–158
- hardware, 12
- CPU, 120–122
- disks, 125–126
- filesystems, 130–133
- interfaces, 126
- optical, 133–134
- partitioning, 127–130
- removable, 133–134
- display, 136–137
- motherboard, 123–125
- power supply, 125
- review question answers, 348–349
- hash mark (#) prompt,
- hashbang, 234
- hashed, versus encrypted, 255
- hashpling, 234
- header files, C, 79
- hidden bits, 314
- history command, 99
- home directory, 64, 253–254
- host address, 320
- host command, 331
- host information, 331–333
- hybrid cloud computing, 20
- hyperlinks, man pages, 106–107
I
- i3 CPUs, 121
- i5 CPUs, 121
- i7 CPUs, 121
- IaaS (infrastructure as a service), 21–22, 71
- ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol), 330–331
- icons, 61
- id command, 260
- IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), 128
- if keyword, 241–242
- ifconfig, 324
- ImageMagick, 70
- Impress (Apache OpenOffice), 69
- Impress (LibreOffice), 69
- info pages, 106
- FSF (Free Software Foundation), 107
- nodes, 107
- purpose, 106–107
- reading, 107–109
- install command, 200
- installation
- drivers, 139–140
- servers, 76–77
- installers, 14
- Intel Core CPUs, 121
- interpreted languages, 78–79
- interpreters, 11
- IoT (Internet of Things)
- ip, 324, 325–327
- $ip, 239
- IP addresses, schemes, 321
- IPv6, 330
- ISC (Internet Software Consortium), 52
- ISO files, 364
- Itanium processor, 122
- iwconfig, 324
K
- Kate editor, 219
- KDE (K Desktop Environment),
- KDE Plasma, , 10
- Kdenlive, 70
- Kerberos realms, 258
- kernel ring buffer, 211
- kernels,
- drivers, 138–139
- improvements, 47
- interchangeability,
- Linux, , 14
- microkernel, 46
- monolithic, 46
- patches, 14
- process hierarchy, 202–203
- review question answers, 346
- Kexi (Calligra), 69
- keywords
- KMail, 68
- Konqueror, 67
- ksh shell, 88
- KVM switches, 136
- KWrite editor, 219
L
- laptops, 51–52
- LaTeX, 69
- launching programs, 61–63
- LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol), 258
- Lessig, Lawrence, 36
- LGPL (Lesser GPL), 33, 37
- libraries,
- directories, 149
- packages, 196
- LibreOffice, 69
- licensing
- copyleft, 32
- copyright terms and, 30
- dual licensing, 38
- EULAs, 30
- FDL (Free Documentation License), 33
- GPL, 30
- GPL (General Public License), 32–33
- LGPL (Lesser GPL), 33
- open source licenses, 36–37
- permissive, 34
- reciprocal licensing, 32
- review question answers, 343–344
- site license, 30
- Windows, 12
- links, files
- hard links, 157–158
- symbolic, 158
- Linux
- history, 44–46
- kernel, , 14
- OSs, 14–15
- Red Hat, 47
- software integration, 49–50
- Unix comparison, –11
- Windows comparison, 12–13
- Linux Kernel, 10
- Linx, macOS comparison, 11–12
- load average, 206
- local loopback interface, 327
- locate command, 110
- log files, 208
- creating, 210
- entries, verbose, 210–211
- kernel ring buffer, 211
- locating, 209–210
- rotating, 209
- system log daemon, 210
- log ins, text-mode interfaces,
- logical partitions, 127
- logout options,
- loops
- lossless compression, 188
- lossy compression, 188
- ls command, , 149–150, 304
- LXDE (Lightweight X11 Desktop Environment), 59
- Lynx, 67
- LyX, 69
M
- macOS, Linux comparison, 11–12
- mail command, 237
- man pages, 99–100
- apropos utility, 100
- author, 103
- bugs, 103
- commands, 94
- description, 103
- files, 103
- history, 103
- hyperlinks, 106–107
- less, 104–106
- name, 103
- options, 103
- purpose, 100
- reading, 102–104
- searches, 102
- sections, 100–101
- synopsis, 103
- whatis, 100, 102
- Math (Apache OpenOffice), 69
- Math (LibreOffice), 69
- memory
- leaks, 207–208
- processes, 207–208
- swap space, 208
- menus, 61
- Metro, 13
- microkernel, 46
- Microsoft, 67–68
- Minix OS, 46
- Mint, 15
- Users and Groups account tool, 256–257
- MIPS (Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipelined Stages), 122
- MIT (Massachusetts Inst. of Technology), 37
- mkdir command, 161–162
- mobile applications, 71–72
- mobile phones, 50
- monolithic kernel, 46
- motherboard, 123–125
- moving, files, 157
- MS-DOS, 45
- multicore processors, 122
- multimedia applications
- Audacity, 69
- Blender, 69
- Castero, 69
- GIMP, 70
- ImageMagick, 70
- Kdenlive, 70
- OBS (Open Broadcaster Software), 70
- multitasking
- cooperative multitasking, 45
- preemptive multitasking, 45
- Mutt, 68
- mv command, 157
- MySQL, 52
- MythTV, 50
N
- nano text editor, 218, 219–221
- conventions, 221
- creating entries, 222–223
- key combinations, 221
- Meta key, 221
- metacharacters, 221
- saving changes, 223–224
- shortcut list, 221
- status bar, 221
- title bar, 221
- nautilus, 301
- netstat command, 334–336
- network account databases, 258
- Network Manager, 321–323
- command-line tools
- Network Connections dialog, 322
- wireless connection, 321
- network subnet address, 320
- networks
- command-line tools
- DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), 328–329
- DNS (Domain Name system), 321
- gateways, 321
- graphical tools, 321–323
- host command, 331
- host information, 331–333
- IP addresses, 321
- local loopback interface, 327
- netstat command, 334–336
- ping, 330
- ping6, 330
- review question answers, 359–362
- routers, 321
- sockets, 337
- test packets, 330–331
- wireless, 321
- NFS (Network File System), 52
- review question answers, 346
- NGINX, 76
- nmcli, 323–324
- nmtui, 323–324
- nodes, info pages, 107
- nonrepudiation environment, 265
- NTP (Network Time Protocol), 52
- nvidia driver, 136
O
- object-oriented programming language, 80
- OBS (Open Broadcaster Software), 70
- octal numbers, 306
- ODF (OpenDocument Format), 69
- office packages
- Apache OpenOffice, 69
- Calligra, 68–69
- LibreOffice, 69
- open source code, 34
- commercial software and, 47–48
- overview, 47–49
- open source code projects
- desktop environments, 10
- GNU Project, 10
- Linux Kernel, 10
- server programs, 10
- user productivity programs, 10
- Xorg-X11, 10
- open source drivers, 39
- open source licenses, 36–37
- Apache, 37
- BSD (Berkeley Source Definition), 37
- GNU GPL, 37
- LGPL, 37
- MIT (Massachusetts Inst. of Technology), 37
- open source software, 48
- business models, 38–39
- code and, 49
- defining, 35–36
- openSUSE, 15
- OpenWrt, 19
- Opera, 67
- operators
- redirection, 178–181
- repetition, 169
- optical disks, 133–134
- OS (operating systems),
- command-line shells,
- GUIs (graphical user interfaces),
- kernels,
- libraries,
- Linux-based, 14–15
- productivity programs,
- review question answers, 342–343
- shells,
- utility programs,
- OSI (Open Source Initiative), 28, 33–34
- output, redirecting, 178
- operators, 178–181
- pipes/pipelines, 181–182
- ownership, 300
- commands
- permissions, 300
- review question answers, 358–359
- setting
- file managers, 301
- in a shell, 302–303
P
- PaaS (platform as a service), 22
- package database, 197
- package management, 196–197
- APT (Advanced Package Tool), 200
- Debian systems, 200–202
- package databases, 197
- package systems, 197–198
- Red Hat systems, 199–200
- Synaptic, 201
- package systems, 197–198
- packages, 16
- binary, 197
- library packages, 196
- panels, 61
- parameters, 237
- parent programs, 202
- partitioning disks, 127
- APM (Apple Partition Map), 128
- extended partitions, 127
- fdisk family, 129
- filesystem issues, 130–133
- GPT (GUID partition table), 128
- libparted-based tools, 129
- logical partitions, 127
- primary partitions, 127
- passwords, 253, 275
- salted hash, 254
- selecting, 275–277
- case, 276
- haystack, growing, 276
- numbers in, 276
- punctuation in, 276
- reverse order, 276
- storage, 254
- VTs (virtual terminals), 91
- patches, 14
- patents, 29
- path, 95
- PC-DOS, 45
- PDF (Portable Document Format), 48
- Perl, 80
- permissions, 304
- directory execute bits, 308
- directory write permissions, 308
- execute, special, 313
- file type codes, 305
- groups, 300
- interpretations, 307
- ls command, 304
- octal code, 313
- review question answers, 358–359
- root, 308
- -rwxr-xr-x, 306
- setting
- file managers, 308–309
- in a shell, 309–310
- SGID (set group ID), 313
- sticky bits, 311–312
- SUID (set user ID), 313
- symbolic code, 313
- symbolic links, 308
- symbolic representation, 305
- umask, 310
- permissive licenses, 34
- PHP, 80
- ping, 330
- ping6, 330
- pipes/pipelines, output redirection, 181–182
- PMS (package management system), 81
- ports, 72
- POSIX time, 254
- Postfix, 52
- pound bang, 234
- power supply, 125
- PowerPC, 122
- preemptive multitasking, 45
- primary partitions, 127
- print servers, 52
- private cloud computing, 20, 71
- processes
- commands, top, 205–207
- hierarchy, 202–203
- identifying, 205–207
- ps command, 203–205
- review question answers, 352–353
- running, 203–205
- identifying, 205–207
- memory use, 207–208
- processor. See CPU
- productivity programs,
- program launchers,
- programming languages
- assembly language, 79
- C, 79
- C++, 80
- compiled, 78
- interpreted, 78–79
- Java, 80
- JavaScript, 80
- object-oriented, 80
- Perl, 80
- PHP, 80
- Python, 80
- Shell scripting, 81
- programs
- running, 92
- background, 96–97
- GUI programs, 95
- text-mode programs, 94–95
- text-mode syntax, 93–94
- project groups, 274
- properties, GNOME Files, 65
- protocols
- ports, 72
- RFCs (requests for comment), 72
- ps command, 203–205
- public cloud computing, 20, 70–71
- Python, 80
R
- RAM, swap space, 29
- range expressions, 169
- reciprocal licensing, 32
- recursive acronyms, 10
- Red Hat Enterprise, 15
- Red Hat Linux, 47
- Red Hat systems, package management, 199–200
- redirection, 178
- operators, 178–181
- pipes/pipelines, 181–182
- redistribution, 35
- regular expressions, 168–170
- bracket expressions, 169
- escapes, 169
- parentheses, 170
- range expressions, 169
- repetition, 169
- repetition operators, 169
- single characters, 169
- start/end of line, 169
- strings, 168
- text lines, 169
- release cycle, 17–18
- remote login servers, 52
- removable disks, 133–134
- renaming, files, 157
- repetition operators, 169
- repositories, 81
- RFC (request for comment), 72
- rm command, 159, 311
- rmdir command, 162–163
- root account, 252, 263
- administrative tasks, 263
- commands
- hash mark prompt, 265
- permissions, 308
- privileges, acquiring, 264–266
- security, 266–267
- super user, 263
- root filesystem, 152
- root user,
- route, 324, 328
- router, default, 320
- RPM (RPM Package Manager), 16
- rpm command, 199–200
- rpm package tool, 82
- -rwxr-xr-x permission, 306
S
- SaaS (software as a service), 22–23
- salted hash, 254
- Samba, 52
- /sbin, 149
- scripts, 81, 234
- & (ampersand), 236
- administrator scripts, 245
- arguments, 237
- commands, 235
- exit value, 245–246
- expressions, conditional, 241–242
- functions, 244
- hashbang, 234
- hashpling, 234
- parameters, 237
- pound bang, 234
- review question answers, 354–355
- shebang, 234
- starting, 234–235
- startup scripts, 14
- variables, 237, 238
- assigning, 239–240
- environment variables, 240–241
- exit status, 241
- $ip, 239
- searches, 61
- commands
- productivity software, 66
- review question answers, 351–352
- security
- DoS (denial-of-service) attack, 77
- review question answers, 356
- servers, 77–78
- sed command, 237
- sendmail, 52
- server computers, 52–53, 75
- server programs, 10
- programs, 72–75
- protocols, 72–75
- servers
- clients, 75
- file servers, 75
- installation, 76–77
- launching, 76–77
- security, 77–78
- super servers, 77
- web servers, 76
- SGID (set group ID), 313
- shareable files, 146
- shareware, 48
- shebang, 234
- Sheets (Calligra), 68
- shell,
- Bash (Bourne Again Shell), 88
- command completion, 97–98
- command history, 98–99
- default shell, 254
- ksh, 88
- permissions, setting, 309–310
- scripts (See scripts)
- starting, 88
- tcsh, 88
- zsh, 88
- shell quoting, 172
- SI units, 128
- site license, 30
- Slackware, 15
- sockets, 305, 337
- software, 12
- alpha, 18
- beta, 18
- browsers
- Chrome, 67
- Firefox, 67
- Konqueror, 67
- Lynx, 67
- Microsoft, 67–68
- Opera, 67
- Web, 67
- copyright laws, 28–30
- email
- Evolution, 68
- KMail, 68
- Mutt, 68
- Thunderbird, 68
- freeware, 48
- multimedia applications
- Audacity, 69
- Blender, 69
- Castero, 69
- GIMP, 70
- ImageMagick, 70
- Kdenlive, 70
- OBS (Open Broadcaster Software), 70
- office packages
- Apache OpenOffice, 69
- Calligra, 68–69
- LibreOffice, 69
- packages, 81
- productivity, 66
- shareware, 48
- sort command, 176–177
- source code, 11
- SPARC (Scalable Processor Architecture), 122
- SSH (Secure Shell), 52
- Stage (Calligra), 68
- standard users, 263
- starting point directory, 172
- startup scripts, 14
- static files, 146
- sticky bits, permissions, 311–312
- strings, 168
- SUID (set user ID), 313
- super servers, 77
- support tools, 47
- SUSE Enterprise, 15
- swap space, 29, 208
- switches, 94
- symbolic links, 158
- Synaptic, 201
- syntax, commands, 93
- system accounts, 252
- system files, 144–146
- system host name, 320
- system log daemon, 210
- system messaging, 210
- system users, 263
T
- tables of equivalents, 66
- Tanenbaum, Andrew, 46
- tar program, 183–184
- commands, 184
- qualifiers, 184–185
- tarballs, 16, 183–184
- tcsh shell, 88
- terminal
- launching, 88–91
- tabs, 91
- text-mode interfaces,
- VTs (virtual terminals), 91
- terminal program, shell, starting, 88
- terminals, 61
- test keyword, 242
- test packets, networks, 330–331
- text
- extracting from files, 175
- sorting, 176
- text files, 216
- editors
- emacs, 218, 219
- Geany, 219
- gedit, 219
- Kate, 219
- KWrite, 219
- nano, 218, 219–224
- selecting, 218–219
- vi, 218, 224–229
- review question answers, 353–354
- role of, 216–218
- Unicode, 216
- vim, 225–226
- text-mode user interfaces,
- # (hash mark) prompt,
- $ (dollar sign) prompt,
- display size,
- login, 91–92
- ls command,
- programs, running, 94–95
- root user,
- terminal,
- Thunderbird, 68
- time servers, 52
- TiVo, 50
- Tomato, 19
- tools, package
- top command, 205–207
- Torvalds, Linux, , 45–46
- trademarks, 30
U
- Ubuntu, 15
- UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface), 128
- UID (user identification), 253, 300
- umask, 310
- Unicode, 216
- Unix, 46
- forks,
- Linux comparison, –11
- open source code projects
- desktop environments, 10
- GNU Project, 10
- Linux Kernel, 10
- server programs, 10
- user productivity programs, 10
- Xorg-X11, 10
- tools, 14
- Unix Epoch time, 254
- unprivileged accounts, 263
- unprivileged users, 263
- unshareable files, 146
- USB (Universal Serial Bus), 126
- user accounts, 252
- review question answers, 357–358
- root, 263
- standard users, 263
- system users, 263
- unprivileged accounts, 263
- unprivileged users, 263
- user files, 144–146
- user groups, 274
- user interfaces,
- user productivity programs, 10
- user types, 263–264
- useradd command, 280–282
- userdel command, 291
- usernames, 253
- Users and Groups account tool (Mint), 256–257
- /usr, 149
- /usr/bin, 149
- /usr/local/bin, 149
- /usr/local/sbin, 149
- /usr/sbin, 149
- UTF (Unicode Transformation Format), 217
- utility programs,
V
- variable files, 146
- variables, 237, 238
- assigning, 239–240
- environment variables, 240–241
- exit status, 241
- $ip, 239
- /var/log directory, log files, 209–210
- VGA (Video Graphics Array), 136
- vi text editor, 218
- case, 228
- modes, 224
- open text, 228
- saving changes, 229
- searches, 228
- text editing procedures, 226–229
- undo, 228
- vim text editor, 225–226
- virtual networks, local loopback interface, 327
- virtualized environment, 364
- VMS (Virtual Memory System), 45
- VNC (Virtual Network Computing), 52
- VTs (virtual terminals), 91, 261
W
- wc command, 174
- Web, 67
- web browser. See browsers
- web servers, 76
- Apache HTTPD, 76
- NGINX, 76
- whatis utility, 100
- whereis command, 110
- while loop, 244
- who command, 261–263
- who utility, modifying accounts, 283
- whoami, 260, 267
- widget sets, 59
- Wi-Fi drivers, 329
- wildcards, files, 160
- window controls,
- Windows, Linux comparison, 12–13
- wireless networks, 321
- Words (Calligra), 68
- workstations, 51
- Writer (Apache OpenOffice), 69
- Writer (LibreOffice), 69
X–Y–Z
- X Window System, , 10
- x86 CPUs, 121
- x86-64 CPUs, 121
- xargs command, 182–183
- Xfce, , 10, 59
- Xorg-X11, 10
- xz, 187
-
- yum package tool, 82
-
- zsh shell, 88
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