• (backslash), expressions, 169
• ( ) (parentheses), expressions, 170
• / (slash) character, 152
• * (asterisk) in expressions, 169
• # (hash mark) prompt, 5
• $ (dollar sign) prompt, 5
• | (bar) strings, 169

A

• accounts, 252
  • comment field, 253
  • creating
    • GUI tools, 278–280
    • passwords, 275–277
    • o itfrom shell, 280–282
  • default shell, 254
  • deleting
    • file preservation and, 289
    • GID reuse, 289
    • GUI tools, 290
    • from shell, 291
    • UID reuse, 289
    • userdel command, 291
  • GID (group ID), 253
  • home directories, 253–254
  • id command, 260
  • identifying, 256–258
  • locked, 282
  • login date/time, 261
  • modifying
    • causes, 283
    • GUI tools, 284–286
    • logged-in users, 283–284
    • from shell, 286–288
    • w command, 294
    • who utility, 283
  • network account databases, 258
  • passwords, 253, 275–277
    • salted hash, 254
  • remote host, 261
  • root, 252, 263
    • acquiring privileges, 264–266
    • administrative tasks, 263
    • super user, 263
  • system accounts, 252
  • terminal identifier, 261
  • tools, 259
    • who, 261–263
    • whomai, 260
  • types, 252
  • UIDs (user identification), 253
  • user accounts, 252
  • User and Groups account tool (Mint), 256–257
  • user types, 263–264
  • useradd command, 280–282
  • usernames, 253, 261
• AD (Active Domains) domains, 258
• administrative tasks, root account, 263
• administrator scripts, 245
• Adobe Reader, 48
• alpha software, 18
• Apache, 37, 52
• Apache HTTPD, 76
• Apache OpenOffice, 69
• APM (Apple Partition Map), 128
• appliances, embedded computers and, 51
• apropos utility, 100
• APT (Advanced Package Tool), 200
• apt-get package tool, 82
• Aqua, 11
• Arch, 15
• archives, 157, 183–184
  • review question answers, 351–352
  • tar program, 183–184
    • commands, 184
    • qualifiers, 184–185
• arguments, 93, 237
• ARM (Advanced RISC Machine) processor, 122
• ASCII (American Code for Information Interchange), 216–217
• assembly language, 79
• AT&T, 46
• Audacity, 69
• automotive computers, 51
• AWS (Amazon Web Services), 14, 71
• Azure (Microsoft), 71

B

• background, running programs, 96–97
• Base (Apache OpenOffice), 69
• Base (LibreOffice), 69
• base 8 numbers, 306
• Bash (Bourne Again Shell), 88
  • editing, 98–99
  • history, 98–99
• batch files, 234
• beta software, 18
• /bin, 149
• binary code, 11
• binary digits (bits), 121
• binary packages, 197
• BIND (Berkeley Internet Name Domain), 52
• bits, 121
• Blender, 69
• block devices, 305
• bounties, 39
• bracket expressions, 169
• browsers
  • Chrome, 67
  • Firefox, 67
  • Konqueror, 67
  • Lynx, 67
  • Microsoft, 67–68
  • Opera, 67
  • Web, 67
• BSD (Berkeley Source Definition), 37
• buffers, kernel ring buffer, 211
• build directories, documentation and, 109
• bzip2, 187

C

• C, 79
  • gcc, 79
• C++, 80
• Calc (Apache OpenOffice), 69
• Calc (LibreOffice), 69
• Calligra office suite, 68–69
• case, file management, 160–161
• case statement, 242–243
• Castero, 69
• cat command, 93–94, 177–178
• CC (Creative Commons), 28
• CentOS, 15
• character devices, 305
• chgrp command, 303
• child programs, 202
• chipset, 123
• chmod command, 235, 309–310
• chown command, 302–303
• Chrome, 67
• Cinnamon, 7, 10, 59
  • terminal, launching, 89
• clients, 75
• clock rate, 120
• cloud computing, 19
  • distributed computing and, 20
  • hybrid, 20
  • methods, 20
  • private, 20, 71
  • providers, 71
  • public, 20, 70–71
• cloud services
  • IaaS (infrastructure as a service), 21–22
  • PaaS (platform as a service), 22
  • SaaS (software as a service), 22–23
• Cocoa, 11
• code
  • availability, 35
  • binary code, 11
  • open source software and, 49
  • source code, 11
• command completion, 97–98
• command history, 98–99
• command line. See also shell
  • generating, 182–183
  • review question answers, 347–348
  • starting, 88
• command substitution, 183
• command-line tools
  • Network Manager, 323–324
  • networks
    • ethtool, 324–325
    • ifconfig, 324, 325
    • ip, 324, 325–327
    • iwconfig, 324
    • route, 324, 328
• commands
  • arguments, 93
  • cat, 93–94, 123
  • chgrp, 303
  • chmod, 235, 309–310
  • chown, 302–303
  • cp, 155
  • cut, 236
  • dig, 332
  • dpkg, 201
  • echo, 237
  • find, 110, 236
  • getent passwd, 257–258
  • grep, 236
  • history, 99
  • host, 331
  • id, 260
  • install, 200
  • locate, 110
  • ls, 6, 149–150, 304
  • lscpu, 123
  • mail, 237
  • man pages, 94
  • mkdir, 161–162
  • mv, 157
  • netstat, 334–336
  • ps, 203–205
  • rm, 159, 311
  • rmdir, 162–163
  • rpm, 199–200
  • running, 235
  • searches
    • cat, 177–178
    • cut, 175
    • find, 172–173
    • grep, 170–172
    • sort, 176–177
    • wc, 174
  • sed, 237
  • switches, 94
  • syntax, 93
  • top, 205–207
  • uname, 123
  • useradd, 237, 280–282
  • userdel, 291
  • whereis, 110
  • who, 261–263
  • xargs, 182–183
• comment field, 253
• compiled languages, 78
• compilers, 11
• compressing files, 187–188
  • lossless, 188
  • lossy, 188
  • zip, 188–190
• computers, embedded, 50–51
• conditional expressions, 241–242
  • case statement, 242–243
  • if keyword, 241–242
  • loops, 243–244
  • text keyword, 242
• configuration directories, 148–149
• context menus, 61
• cooperative multitasking, 45
• copying files, 155–157
  • archive, 157
  • recursive, 156
  • update, 157
• copyleft, 32
• copyright laws, 28–30
• cp command, 155
• CPUs, 120
  • ARM (Advanced RISC Machine), 122
  • bits, 121
  • clock rate, 120
  • Intel Core, 121
  • Itanium, 122
  • MIPS (Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipelined Stages), 122
  • multicore, 122
  • PowerPC, 122
  • SPARC (Scalable Processor Architecture), 122
  • x86, 121
  • x86-64, 121
• Creative Commons, 36
• CUPS (Common Unix Printing System), 52
• cut command, 175, 236

D

• daemons, 76
  • system log, 210
• databases
  • MySQL, 52
  • network account databases, 258
• Debian, 15
  • package management, 200–202
• default router, 320
• default shell, 254
• defined path, 95
• deleting, files, 159
• deriving works, 35
• desktop computers, 51–52
• desktop environments, 3, 7, 10, 58
  • build your own, 59
  • Cinnamon, 7, 10, 59
  • context menus, 61
  • desktops, multiple, 8
  • file managers, 8
  • GNOME, 59
  • GNOME (GNU Object Model Environment), 7
  • icons, 61
  • KDE Plasma, 7, 58
  • logout options, 8
  • LXDE, 59
  • menus, 61
  • panels, 61
  • program launchers, 8
  • review question answers, 346–347
  • searches, 61
  • terminals, 61
  • window controls, 8
  • Xfce, 7, 59
• desktops
  • menus, 66
  • multiple, 8
• devices, USB, 137–138
• DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), 322, 328–329
  • servers, 52
• dig command, 332
• directories
  • /bin, 149
  • configuration, 148–149
  • creating, 161–162
  • deleting, 162–163
  • /etc, 148–149
  • executable, 149
  • FHS, 147–149
  • home, 64, 253–254
  • library directories, 149
  • managing, 163–164
  • path, 95
  • /sbin, 149
  • starting point directory, 172
  • /usr, 149
  • /usr/bin, 149
  • /usr/local/bin, 149
  • /usr/local/sbin, 149
  • /usr/sbin, 149
  • /var/log, 209–210
  • viewing, 315
• disks, 125–126
  • interfaces, 126
  • NVMe (Non-volatile Memory Express), 126
  • optical, 133–134
  • partitioning, 127
    • APM (Apple Partition Map), 128
    • extended partitions, 127
    • fdisk family, 129
    • filesystem issues, 130–133
    • GPT, 128
    • libparted-based tools, 129
    • logical partitions, 127
    • primary partitions, 127
  • PATA (parallel ATA), 126
  • removable, 133–134
  • SAS (Serial Attached SCSI), 126
  • SATA (Serial ATA), 126
  • SCSI (Small Computer System Interface), 126
  • sectors, 127
• display
  • aspect ratio, 136
  • hardware, 136–137
  • X Window System, 134–135
• distributed computing, 20
• distributions, 14
  • administrator skill requirements, 16
  • Arch, 15
  • CentOS, 15
  • Debian, 15
  • Fedora, 15
  • Gentoo, 15
  • Mint, 15
  • new, 47
  • openSUSE, 15
  • packages, 16
  • platforms, 17
  • Red Hat Enterprise, 15
  • release cycle, 16, 17–18
  • selecting, 17
  • setup, 364
  • Slackware, 15
  • SUSE Enterprise, 15
  • types, 17
  • Ubuntu, 15
• DNS (Domain Name System)
  • configuration, manual, 322–323
  • servers, 52
    • address, 320
• documentation
  • authors, 112
  • build directories, 109
  • consultants, 113
  • file formats, 111–112
  • forums, 113
  • IRC (Internet Relay Chat), 113
  • loading, 109–112
  • mailing lists, 113
  • online sources, 112
  • web searches, 113
• dollar sign ($) prompt, 5
• DOS, 45
• DoS (denial-of-service) attack, 77
• dot files, 314
• dpkg command, 201
• dpkg package tool, 81
• Draw (Apache OpenOffice), 69
• Draw (LibreOffice), 69
• drivers
  • fglrx, 136
  • installation, 139–140
  • kernel and, 138–139
  • locating, 139–140
  • nvidia, 136
• DVR (digital video recorder), 19
• DVRs (digital video recorders), 50

E

• e-book readers, 50
• echo command, 237
• editors
  • emacs, 218, 219
  • Geany, 219
  • gedit, 219
  • Kate, 219
  • KWrite, 219
  • nano, 218
  • review question answers, 353–354
  • selecting, 218–219
  • vi, 218
• emacs text editor, 218, 219
• email
  • Evolution, 68
  • KMail, 68
  • Mutt, 68
  • Thunderbird, 68
• embedded computers, 50–51
• embedded systems, 18
  • Android and, 18
  • IoT devices and, 19
  • network appliances and, 18–19
  • TiVo and, 19
• encrypted versus hashed, 255
• environment setup, 364
• environment variables, 240–241
• environments, nonrepudiation environment, 265
• escapes, expressions, 169
• /etc, 148–149
• /etc/shadow, 254–256
• ethtool, 324–325
• EULAs (end-user license agreements), 30
• Evolution, 68
• executable directories, 149
• execute permissions, 313
• exit status, variables, 241
• exit value, scripts, 245–246
• expressions
  • conditional, 241–242
    • case statement, 242–243
  • conditional expressions, loops, 243–244
  • regular expressions, 168–170
    • bracket expressions, 169
    • escapes, 169
    • parentheses, 170
    • range expressions, 169
    • repetition, 169
    • repetition operators, 169
    • single characters, 169
    • start/end of line, 169
    • strings, 168
    • multiple, 169
    • text lines, 169
• extended partitions, 127
• extended regular expressions, 168

F

• fair use, copyright and, 29
• FDL (Free Documentation License), 33
• Fedora, 15
• fglrx driver, 136
• FHS (Filesystem Hierarchy Standard), 146–147, 236
  • directories, 147–149
• file management
  • FHS (Filesystem Hierarchy Standard), 146–147
  • review question answers, 349–351
  • system files, 144–146
  • user files, 144–146
• file managers, 8, 63–64
  • GNOME Files, 64
    • Home, 64
    • properties, 65
    • Starred, 64
  • ownership, setting, 301
  • permissions, setting, 308–309
• file servers, 52, 75
• file type codes, 305
• files
  • absolute references, 152–154
  • archive files, 183–184
  • batch files, 234
  • case sensitivity, 160–161
  • changing, 151–152
  • compression, 187–188
    • lossless, 188
    • lossy, 188
    • zip, 188–190
  • copying, 155–157
  • creating, 154–155
  • deleting, 159
  • formats, documentation, 111–112
  • hiding, 314
  • ISO files, 364
  • links
    • hard, 157–158
    • symbolic, 158
  • listing, 149–151
  • log files, 208
    • rotating, 209
  • moving, 157
  • relative references, 152–154
  • renaming, 157
  • shareable, 146
  • static, 146
  • text files, 216
    • editor selection, 218–219
    • extracting, 175
    • review question answers, 353–354
    • role of, 216–218
    • sorting text, 176
    • Unicode, 216
  • unshareable, 146
  • variable, 146
  • wildcards, 160
  • word count, wc command, 174
• filesystems
  • btrfs, 131
  • ext2fs, 130
  • ext3fs, 130
  • ext4fs, 131
  • FAT (File Allocation Table), 131
  • HFS (Hierarchical File System), 132
  • ISO-9660, 132
  • JFS (Journaled File System), 131
  • NTFS (New Technology File System), 132
  • reiserfs, 131
  • root, 152
  • UDF (Universal Disk Format), 132
  • XFS, 131
• find command, 110, 172–173, 236
• Firefox, 67
• FLOSS (free/libre open source software), 34
• Flow (Calligra), 69
• for loop, 243
• foreground, 96
• FOSS (free and open source software), 34
• free software, 31
  • versus freeware, 48
• freeware, 31, 48
  • versus free software, 48
• FSF (Free Software Foundation), 10, 28, 31
  • FLOSS (free/libre open source software), 34
  • FOSS (free and open source software), 34
  • free software, 31
  • info pages, 107
• function keyword, 244
• functions, 244

G

• gateways, 320
• GCC (GNU Compiler Collection), 79
• gcc program, 79
• Geany editor, 219
• gedit text editor, 219
• Gentoo, 15
• getent passwd command, 257–258, 267
• GiB (gigabit), 121
• GID (group ID), 253, 300
  • cross installation, 303
• GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program), 70
• GNOME (GNU Object Model Environment), 3, 7, 10, 59
  • terminal, launching, 90
• GNOME Files, 64
  • Home, 64
  • nautilus, 301
  • properties, 65
  • Starred, 64
• GNU (GNU's Not Unix), 10, 46
  • FDL (Free Documentation License), 33
• GNU Project, 10
• Google Cloud, 71
• Google Play, 72
• GPL (General Public License), 30, 32–33, 37
  • LGPL (Lesser GPL), 33
• GPS (global positioning system), 51
• GPU (graphics processing unit), 120
• graphical tools, networks, 321–323
• grep command, 170–172, 236
• groups, 258–259, 300
  • fields
    • GID, 259
    • name, 259
    • password, 259
    • user list, 259
  • managing
    • GUI tools and, 291–293
    • from the shell, 294–295
  • project groups, 274
  • review question answers, 357–358
  • user groups, 274
• GRUB (Grand Unified Bootloader), 97
• GUIs (graphical user interfaces), 3, 4
  • desktop environments, 7
  • programs, running, 95
  • tools, account creation, 278–280
• gzip, 187

H

• hard links, 157–158
• hardware, 12
  • CPU, 120–122
  • disks, 125–126
    • filesystems, 130–133
    • interfaces, 126
    • optical, 133–134
    • partitioning, 127–130
    • removable, 133–134
  • display, 136–137
  • motherboard, 123–125
  • power supply, 125
  • review question answers, 348–349
• hash mark (#) prompt, 5
• hashbang, 234
• hashed, versus encrypted, 255
• hashpling, 234
• header files, C, 79
• hidden bits, 314
• history command, 99
• home directory, 64, 253–254
• host address, 320
• host command, 331
• host information, 331–333
• hybrid cloud computing, 20
• hyperlinks, man pages, 106–107

I

• i3 CPUs, 121
• i5 CPUs, 121
• i7 CPUs, 121
• IaaS (infrastructure as a service), 21–22, 71
• ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol), 330–331
• icons, 61
• id command, 260
• IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), 128
• if keyword, 241–242
• ifconfig, 324
• ImageMagick, 70
• Impress (Apache OpenOffice), 69
• Impress (LibreOffice), 69
• info pages, 106
  • FSF (Free Software Foundation), 107
  • nodes, 107
  • purpose, 106–107
  • reading, 107–109
• install command, 200
• installation
  • drivers, 139–140
  • servers, 76–77
• installers, 14
• Intel Core CPUs, 121
• interpreted languages, 78–79
• interpreters, 11
• IoT (Internet of Things)
  • devices, 19
  • monitors, 50
• ip, 324, 325–327
• $ip, 239
• IP addresses, schemes, 321
• IPv6, 330
• ISC (Internet Software Consortium), 52
• ISO files, 364
• Itanium processor, 122
• iwconfig, 324

J

• Java, 80
• JavaScript, 80

K

• Kate editor, 219
• KDE (K Desktop Environment), 3
• KDE Plasma, 7, 10
• Kdenlive, 70
• Kerberos realms, 258
• kernel ring buffer, 211
• kernels, 2
  • drivers, 138–139
  • improvements, 47
  • interchangeability, 3
  • Linux, 3, 14
  • microkernel, 46
  • monolithic, 46
  • patches, 14
  • process hierarchy, 202–203
  • review question answers, 346
• Kexi (Calligra), 69
• keywords
  • function, 244
  • if, 241–242
  • test, 242
• KMail, 68
• Konqueror, 67
• ksh shell, 88
• KVM switches, 136
• KWrite editor, 219

L

• laptops, 51–52
• LaTeX, 69
• launching programs, 61–63
• LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol), 258
• Lessig, Lawrence, 36
• LGPL (Lesser GPL), 33, 37
• libraries, 4
  • directories, 149
  • packages, 196
• LibreOffice, 69
• licensing
  • copyleft, 32
  • copyright terms and, 30
  • dual licensing, 38
  • EULAs, 30
  • FDL (Free Documentation License), 33
  • GPL, 30
  • GPL (General Public License), 32–33
  • LGPL (Lesser GPL), 33
  • open source licenses, 36–37
    • Apache, 37
    • BSD, 37
    • GNU GPL, 37
    • LGPL, 37
    • MIT, 37
  • permissive, 34
  • reciprocal licensing, 32
  • review question answers, 343–344
  • site license, 30
  • Windows, 12
• links, files
  • hard links, 157–158
  • symbolic, 158
• Linux
  • history, 44–46
  • kernel, 3, 14
  • OSs, 14–15
  • Red Hat, 47
  • software integration, 49–50
  • Unix comparison, 9–11
  • Windows comparison, 12–13
• Linux Kernel, 10
• Linx, macOS comparison, 11–12
• load average, 206
• local loopback interface, 327
• locate command, 110
• log files, 208
  • creating, 210
  • entries, verbose, 210–211
  • kernel ring buffer, 211
  • locating, 209–210
  • rotating, 209
  • system log daemon, 210
• log ins, text-mode interfaces, 5
• logical partitions, 127
• logout options, 8
• loops
  • for, 243
  • while, 244
• lossless compression, 188
• lossy compression, 188
• ls command, 6, 149–150, 304
• LXDE (Lightweight X11 Desktop Environment), 59
• Lynx, 67
• LyX, 69

M

• macOS, Linux comparison, 11–12
• mail command, 237
• man pages, 99–100
  • apropos utility, 100
  • author, 103
  • bugs, 103
  • commands, 94
  • description, 103
  • files, 103
  • history, 103
  • hyperlinks, 106–107
  • less, 104–106
  • name, 103
  • options, 103
  • purpose, 100
  • reading, 102–104
  • searches, 102
  • sections, 100–101
  • synopsis, 103
  • whatis, 100, 102
• Math (Apache OpenOffice), 69
• Math (LibreOffice), 69
• memory
  • leaks, 207–208
  • processes, 207–208
  • swap space, 208
• menus, 61
• Metro, 13
• microkernel, 46
• Microsoft, 67–68
• Minix OS, 46
• Mint, 15
  • Users and Groups account tool, 256–257
• MIPS (Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipelined Stages), 122
• MIT (Massachusetts Inst. of Technology), 37
• mkdir command, 161–162
• mobile applications, 71–72
• mobile phones, 50
• monolithic kernel, 46
• motherboard, 123–125
• moving, files, 157
• MS-DOS, 45
• multicore processors, 122
• multimedia applications
  • Audacity, 69
  • Blender, 69
  • Castero, 69
  • GIMP, 70
  • ImageMagick, 70
  • Kdenlive, 70
  • OBS (Open Broadcaster Software), 70
• multitasking
  • cooperative multitasking, 45
  • preemptive multitasking, 45
• Mutt, 68
• mv command, 157
• MySQL, 52
• MythTV, 50

N

• nano text editor, 218, 219–221
  • conventions, 221
  • creating entries, 222–223
  • key combinations, 221
  • Meta key, 221
  • metacharacters, 221
  • saving changes, 223–224
  • shortcut list, 221
  • status bar, 221
  • title bar, 221
• nautilus, 301
• netstat command, 334–336
• network account databases, 258
• Network Manager, 321–323
  • command-line tools
    • nmcli, 323–324
    • nmtui, 323–324
  • Network Connections dialog, 322
  • wireless connection, 321
• network subnet address, 320
• networks
  • command-line tools
    • ethtool, 324–325
    • ifconfig, 324
    • ip, 324, 325–327
    • iwconfig, 324
    • Network Manager, 323–324
    • route, 324, 328
  • DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), 328–329
  • DNS (Domain Name system), 321
  • gateways, 321
  • graphical tools, 321–323
  • host command, 331
  • host information, 331–333
  • IP addresses, 321
  • local loopback interface, 327
  • netstat command, 334–336
  • ping, 330
  • ping6, 330
  • review question answers, 359–362
  • routers, 321
  • sockets, 337
  • test packets, 330–331
  • wireless, 321
    • Wi-Fi drivers, 329
• NFS (Network File System), 52
  • review question answers, 346
• NGINX, 76
• nmcli, 323–324
• nmtui, 323–324
• nodes, info pages, 107
• nonrepudiation environment, 265
• NTP (Network Time Protocol), 52
• nvidia driver, 136

O

• object-oriented programming language, 80
• OBS (Open Broadcaster Software), 70
• octal numbers, 306
  • sticky bits, 312
• ODF (OpenDocument Format), 69
• office packages
  • Apache OpenOffice, 69
  • Calligra, 68–69
  • LibreOffice, 69
• open source code, 34
  • commercial software and, 47–48
  • overview, 47–49
• open source code projects
  • desktop environments, 10
  • GNU Project, 10
  • Linux Kernel, 10
  • server programs, 10
  • user productivity programs, 10
  • Xorg-X11, 10
• open source drivers, 39
• open source licenses, 36–37
  • Apache, 37
  • BSD (Berkeley Source Definition), 37
  • GNU GPL, 37
  • LGPL, 37
  • MIT (Massachusetts Inst. of Technology), 37
• open source software, 48
  • business models, 38–39
  • code and, 49
  • defining, 35–36
• openSUSE, 15
• OpenWrt, 19
• Opera, 67
• operators
  • redirection, 178–181
  • repetition, 169
• optical disks, 133–134
• OS (operating systems), 2
  • command-line shells, 3
  • GUIs (graphical user interfaces), 3
  • kernels, 2
  • libraries, 4
  • Linux-based, 14–15
  • productivity programs, 4
  • review question answers, 342–343
  • shells, 3
  • utility programs, 4
• OSI (Open Source Initiative), 28, 33–34
  • permissive licenses, 34
• output, redirecting, 178
  • operators, 178–181
  • pipes/pipelines, 181–182
• ownership, 300
  • commands
    • chgrp, 303
    • chown, 302–303
  • permissions, 300
  • review question answers, 358–359
  • setting
    • file managers, 301
    • in a shell, 302–303

P

• PaaS (platform as a service), 22
• package database, 197
• package management, 196–197
  • APT (Advanced Package Tool), 200
  • Debian systems, 200–202
  • package databases, 197
  • package systems, 197–198
  • Red Hat systems, 199–200
  • Synaptic, 201
• package systems, 197–198
  • repositories, 198
• packages, 16
  • binary, 197
  • library packages, 196
• panels, 61
• parameters, 237
• parent programs, 202
• partitioning disks, 127
  • APM (Apple Partition Map), 128
  • extended partitions, 127
  • fdisk family, 129
  • filesystem issues, 130–133
  • GPT (GUID partition table), 128
  • libparted-based tools, 129
  • logical partitions, 127
  • primary partitions, 127
• passwords, 253, 275
  • salted hash, 254
  • selecting, 275–277
    • case, 276
    • haystack, growing, 276
    • numbers in, 276
    • punctuation in, 276
    • reverse order, 276
  • storage, 254
  • VTs (virtual terminals), 91
• patches, 14
• patents, 29
• path, 95
  • directories, 95
• PC-DOS, 45
• PDF (Portable Document Format), 48
• Perl, 80
• permissions, 304
  • directory execute bits, 308
  • directory write permissions, 308
  • execute, special, 313
  • file type codes, 305
  • groups, 300
  • interpretations, 307
  • ls command, 304
  • octal code, 313
  • review question answers, 358–359
  • root, 308
  • -rwxr-xr-x, 306
  • setting
    • file managers, 308–309
    • in a shell, 309–310
  • SGID (set group ID), 313
  • sticky bits, 311–312
  • SUID (set user ID), 313
  • symbolic code, 313
  • symbolic links, 308
  • symbolic representation, 305
  • umask, 310
• permissive licenses, 34
• PHP, 80
• ping, 330
• ping6, 330
• pipes/pipelines, output redirection, 181–182
• PMS (package management system), 81
  • tools
    • apt-get, 82
    • dpkg, 81
    • rpm, 82
    • yum, 82
• ports, 72
• POSIX time, 254
• Postfix, 52
• pound bang, 234
• power supply, 125
• PowerPC, 122
• preemptive multitasking, 45
• primary partitions, 127
• print servers, 52
• private cloud computing, 20, 71
• processes
  • commands, top, 205–207
  • hierarchy, 202–203
  • identifying, 205–207
  • ps command, 203–205
  • review question answers, 352–353
  • running, 203–205
    • identifying, 205–207
    • memory use, 207–208
• processor. See CPU
• productivity programs, 4
  • locating, 66
• program launchers, 8
• programming languages
  • assembly language, 79
  • C, 79
  • C++, 80
  • compiled, 78
  • interpreted, 78–79
  • Java, 80
  • JavaScript, 80
  • object-oriented, 80
  • Perl, 80
  • PHP, 80
  • Python, 80
  • Shell scripting, 81
• programs
  • running, 92
    • background, 96–97
    • GUI programs, 95
    • text-mode programs, 94–95
  • text-mode syntax, 93–94
• project groups, 274
• properties, GNOME Files, 65
• protocols
  • ports, 72
  • RFCs (requests for comment), 72
• ps command, 203–205
• public cloud computing, 20, 70–71
• Python, 80

R

• RAM, swap space, 29
• range expressions, 169
• reciprocal licensing, 32
• recursive acronyms, 10
• Red Hat Enterprise, 15
• Red Hat Linux, 47
• Red Hat systems, package management, 199–200
• redirection, 178
  • operators, 178–181
  • pipes/pipelines, 181–182
• redistribution, 35
• regular expressions, 168–170
  • bracket expressions, 169
  • escapes, 169
  • parentheses, 170
  • range expressions, 169
  • repetition, 169
  • repetition operators, 169
  • single characters, 169
  • start/end of line, 169
  • strings, 168
    • multiple, 169
  • text lines, 169
• release cycle, 17–18
  • distributions, 16
• remote login servers, 52
• removable disks, 133–134
• renaming, files, 157
• repetition operators, 169
• repositories, 81
  • package systems and, 198
• RFC (request for comment), 72
• rm command, 159, 311
• rmdir command, 162–163
• root account, 252, 263
  • administrative tasks, 263
  • commands
    • su, 264
    • sudo, 264
  • hash mark prompt, 265
  • permissions, 308
  • privileges, acquiring, 264–266
  • security, 266–267
  • super user, 263
• root filesystem, 152
• root user, 5
• route, 324, 328
• router, default, 320
• RPM (RPM Package Manager), 16
• rpm command, 199–200
• rpm package tool, 82
• -rwxr-xr-x permission, 306

S

• SaaS (software as a service), 22–23
• salted hash, 254
• Samba, 52
• /sbin, 149
• scripts, 81, 234
  • & (ampersand), 236
  • administrator scripts, 245
  • arguments, 237
  • commands, 235
    • cut, 236
    • find, 236
    • grep, 236
    • useradd, 237
  • exit value, 245–246
  • expressions, conditional, 241–242
  • functions, 244
  • hashbang, 234
  • hashpling, 234
  • parameters, 237
  • pound bang, 234
  • review question answers, 354–355
  • shebang, 234
  • starting, 234–235
  • startup scripts, 14
  • variables, 237, 238
    • assigning, 239–240
    • environment variables, 240–241
    • exit status, 241
    • $ip, 239
• searches, 61
  • commands
    • cat, 177–178
    • cut, 175
    • find, 172–173
    • grep, 170–172
    • sort, 176–177
    • wc, 174
  • productivity software, 66
  • review question answers, 351–352
• security
  • DoS (denial-of-service) attack, 77
  • review question answers, 356
  • servers, 77–78
• sed command, 237
• sendmail, 52
• server computers, 52–53, 75
• server programs, 10
  • programs, 72–75
  • protocols, 72–75
• servers
  • clients, 75
  • file servers, 75
  • installation, 76–77
  • launching, 76–77
  • security, 77–78
  • super servers, 77
  • web servers, 76
• SGID (set group ID), 313
• shareable files, 146
• shareware, 48
• shebang, 234
• Sheets (Calligra), 68
• shell, 3
  • Bash (Bourne Again Shell), 88
  • command completion, 97–98
  • command history, 98–99
  • default shell, 254
  • ksh, 88
  • permissions, setting, 309–310
  • scripts (See scripts)
  • starting, 88
  • tcsh, 88
  • zsh, 88
• shell quoting, 172
• SI units, 128
• site license, 30
• Slackware, 15
  • tarballs, 16
• sockets, 305, 337
• software, 12
  • alpha, 18
  • beta, 18
  • browsers
    • Chrome, 67
    • Firefox, 67
    • Konqueror, 67
    • Lynx, 67
    • Microsoft, 67–68
    • Opera, 67
    • Web, 67
  • copyright laws, 28–30
  • email
    • Evolution, 68
    • KMail, 68
    • Mutt, 68
    • Thunderbird, 68
  • freeware, 48
  • multimedia applications
    • Audacity, 69
    • Blender, 69
    • Castero, 69
    • GIMP, 70
    • ImageMagick, 70
    • Kdenlive, 70
    • OBS (Open Broadcaster Software), 70
  • office packages
    • Apache OpenOffice, 69
    • Calligra, 68–69
    • LibreOffice, 69
  • packages, 81
    • repositories, 81
  • productivity, 66
  • shareware, 48
• sort command, 176–177
• source code, 11
• SPARC (Scalable Processor Architecture), 122
• SSH (Secure Shell), 52
• Stage (Calligra), 68
• standard users, 263
• starting point directory, 172
• startup scripts, 14
• static files, 146
• sticky bits, permissions, 311–312
• strings, 168
  • grep command, 170–172
• SUID (set user ID), 313
• super servers, 77
• support tools, 47
• SUSE Enterprise, 15
• swap space, 29, 208
• switches, 94
• symbolic links, 158
  • sticky bits, 312
• Synaptic, 201
• syntax, commands, 93
• system accounts, 252
• system files, 144–146
• system host name, 320
• system log daemon, 210
• system messaging, 210
• system users, 263

T

• tables of equivalents, 66
• Tanenbaum, Andrew, 46
• tar program, 183–184
  • commands, 184
  • qualifiers, 184–185
• tarballs, 16, 183–184
• tcsh shell, 88
• terminal
  • launching, 88–91
  • tabs, 91
  • text-mode interfaces, 6
  • VTs (virtual terminals), 91
• terminal program, shell, starting, 88
• terminals, 61
• test keyword, 242
• test packets, networks, 330–331
• text
  • extracting from files, 175
  • sorting, 176
• text files, 216
  • editors
    • emacs, 218, 219
    • Geany, 219
    • gedit, 219
    • Kate, 219
    • KWrite, 219
    • nano, 218, 219–224
    • selecting, 218–219
    • vi, 218, 224–229
  • review question answers, 353–354
  • role of, 216–218
  • Unicode, 216
  • vim, 225–226
• text-mode user interfaces, 5
  • # (hash mark) prompt, 5
  • $ (dollar sign) prompt, 5
  • display size, 6
  • login, 91–92
  • ls command, 6
  • programs, running, 94–95
  • root user, 5
  • terminal, 6
• Thunderbird, 68
• time servers, 52
• TiVo, 50
• Tomato, 19
• tools, package
  • apt-get, 82
  • dpkg, 81
  • rpm, 82
  • yum, 82
• top command, 205–207
• Torvalds, Linux, 3, 45–46
• trademarks, 30

U

• Ubuntu, 15
• UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface), 128
• UID (user identification), 253, 300
  • cross installation, 303
• umask, 310
• Unicode, 216
• Unix, 46
  • forks, 9
  • Linux comparison, 9–11
  • open source code projects
    • desktop environments, 10
    • GNU Project, 10
    • Linux Kernel, 10
    • server programs, 10
    • user productivity programs, 10
    • Xorg-X11, 10
  • tools, 14
• Unix Epoch time, 254
• unprivileged accounts, 263
• unprivileged users, 263
• unshareable files, 146
• USB (Universal Serial Bus), 126
  • devices, 137–138
• user accounts, 252
  • review question answers, 357–358
  • root, 263
  • standard users, 263
  • system users, 263
  • unprivileged accounts, 263
  • unprivileged users, 263
• user files, 144–146
• user groups, 274
• user interfaces, 4
  • text-mode, 5–6
• user productivity programs, 10
• user types, 263–264
• useradd command, 280–282
• userdel command, 291
• usernames, 253
• Users and Groups account tool (Mint), 256–257
• /usr, 149
• /usr/bin, 149
• /usr/local/bin, 149
• /usr/local/sbin, 149
• /usr/sbin, 149
• UTF (Unicode Transformation Format), 217
• utility programs, 4

V

• variable files, 146
• variables, 237, 238
  • assigning, 239–240
  • environment variables, 240–241
  • exit status, 241
  • $ip, 239
• /var/log directory, log files, 209–210
• VGA (Video Graphics Array), 136
• vi text editor, 218
  • case, 228
  • modes, 224
    • colon commands, 225
    • Command Mode, 225
    • edit, 225
    • entry, 225
    • Ex Mode, 225
    • Insert Mode, 225
    • normal, 225
  • open text, 228
  • saving changes, 229
  • searches, 228
  • text editing procedures, 226–229
  • undo, 228
• vim text editor, 225–226
• virtual networks, local loopback interface, 327
• virtualized environment, 364
• VMS (Virtual Memory System), 45
• VNC (Virtual Network Computing), 52
• VTs (virtual terminals), 91, 261

W

• wc command, 174
• Web, 67
• web browser. See browsers
• web servers, 76
  • Apache HTTPD, 76
  • NGINX, 76
• whatis utility, 100
• whereis command, 110
• while loop, 244
• who command, 261–263
• who utility, modifying accounts, 283
• whoami, 260, 267
• widget sets, 59
• Wi-Fi drivers, 329
• wildcards, files, 160
• window controls, 8
• Windows, Linux comparison, 12–13
• wireless networks, 321
  • Wi-Fi drivers, 329
• Words (Calligra), 68
• workstations, 51
• Writer (Apache OpenOffice), 69
• Writer (LibreOffice), 69

X–Y–Z

• X Window System, 3, 10
• x86 CPUs, 121
• x86-64 CPUs, 121
• xargs command, 182–183
• Xfce, 7, 10, 59
• Xorg-X11, 10
• xz, 187
•  
• yum package tool, 82
•  
• zsh shell, 88