NOTES
Introduction
1. Richard M. Ryan and Edward L. Deci, Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Needs in Motivation, Development, and Wellness (New York: Guilford Press, 2017).
2. For more on the founding fathers of self-determination theory, see the bios for Edward L. Deci (http://www.sas.rochester.edu/psy/people/faculty/deci_edward/) and Richard M. Ryan (http://www.sas.rochester.edu/psy/people/faculty/ryan_richard/).
Chapter 1
1. My gratitude to Dr. Jacques Forest, professor and motivational psychologist for the School of Management Sciences at the University of Quebec at Montreal (ESG UQAM), for his contribution to this succinct overview of self-determination theory. Dr. Forest, Dr. Geneviève Mageau (professor at Université de Montréal), Dr. Joëlle Carpentier (professor at ESG UQAM), Jean-Paul Richard (former Olympic coach and now manager at Cirque du Soleil), and Sophie Gadoury (leadership program manager at Université de Montréal) are teaching people how to be more optimally functioning human beings through their collective company, reROOT. Visit www.reROOTinc.com for more information.
Chapter 2
1. Tom Rath and Jim Harter, The Economics of Wellbeing (Washington, DC: Gallup Consulting, 2010).
2. Hannele Huhtala and Marjo-Riitta Diehl, “A Review of Employee Well-Being and Innovativeness: An Opportunity for Mutual Benefit,” Creativity and Innovation Management 16, no. 3 (2007): 299–306, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14678691.2007.00442.x; and Peter Warr and Karina Nielsen, “Wellbeing and Work Performance,” in Handbook of Subjective Wellbeing, eds. E. Diener, S. Oishi, and L. Tay (Salt Lake City, UT: DEF Publishers, 2018), https://www.nobascholar.com/chapters/69.
3. Karen Jeffrey et al. Well-being at Work: A Review of the Literature (London: New Economics Foundation, 2014), https://b.3cdn.net/nefoundation/71c1bb59a2ce151df7_8am6bqr2q.pdf.
4. Marylène Gagné, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Work Engagement, Motivation, and Self-Determination Theory (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 20–22.
Chapter 3
1. Viktor Frankl, Man’s Search for Meaning (Boston: Beacon Press, 2006).
2. Frankl, 132.
Chapter 4
1. Ceylan Yeginsu, “U.K. Appoints a Minister for Loneliness,” New York Times, January 17, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/17/world/europe/uk-britain-loneliness.html.
2. Julianne Holt-Lunstad, Timothy B. Smith, and J. Bradley Layton, “Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review,” PLoS Medicine 7, no. 7 (2010): e1000316, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316; C. Wilson and B. Moulton, Knowledge Networks and Insight Policy Research, Loneliness among Older Adults: A National Survey of Adults 45+ (Washington, DC: AARP, 2010), https://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/loneliness_2010.pdf; and Jane E. Brody, “Shaking Off Loneliness,” Well (blog), New York Times, May 13, 2013, https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/13/shaking-off-loneliness.
3. Vivek Murthy, “Connecting at Work,” The Big Idea (special report), HBR.org, September 2017, https://hbr.org/cover-story/2017/09/work-and-the-loneliness-epidemic; and Hakan Ozcelik and Sigal Barsade, “Work Loneliness and Employee Performance,” Academy of Management Proceedings 2011, no. 1 (2011): 1–6, https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2011.65869714.
Chapter 5
1. Kirby L. J. Shannahan, Alan J. Bush, and Rachelle J. Shannahan, “Are Your Salespeople Coachable? How Salesperson Coachability, Trait Competitiveness, and Transformational Leadership Enhance Sales Performance,” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 41, no. 1 (2013): 40–54, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-012-0302-9; and Michael P. Ciutcha et al., “Betting on the Coachable Entrepreneur: Signaling and Social Exchange in Entrepreneurial Pitches,” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 42, no. 6 (2017): 860–885, https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258717725520.
2. Teresa Amabile and Steven Kramer, The Progress Principle: Using Small Wins to Ignite Joy, Engagement, and Creativity at Work (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2011).
3. Marie Kondo, The Life-Changing Magic of Tidying Up: The Japanese Art of Decluttering and Organizing (Berkeley: Ten Speed Press, 2014).
1. Edward Deci, email to author, August 8, 2016; and Edward L. Deci, Richard Koestner, and Richard M. Ryan, “A Meta-analytic Review of Experiments Examining the Effects of Extrinsic Rewards on Intrinsic Motivation,” Psychological Bulletin 125, no. 6 (1999): 627–668, https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.6.627.
2. Christopher P. Cerasoli, Jessica M. Nicklin, and Michael T. Ford, “Intrinsic Motivation and Extrinsic Incentives Jointly Predict Performance: A 40-Year Meta-analysis,” Psychological Bulletin 140, no. 4 (2014): 980–1008, https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035661.
3. David Harrison, Meghna Virick, and Sonja William, “Working without a Net: Time, Performance, and Turnover under Maximally Contingent Rewards,” Journal of Applied Psychology 81, no. 4 (1996): 331–345, https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.81.4.331.
4. Deci, Koestner, and Ryan, “A Meta-analytic Review,” 59.
5. David De Cremer, “Affective and Motivational Consequences of Leader Self-Sacrifice: The Moderating Effects of Autocratic Leadership,” Leadership Quarterly 17, no. 1 (2006): 79–93, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.10.005; and Drea Zigarmi and Taylor P. Roberts, “Leader Values as Predictors of Employee Affect and Work Passion Intentions,” Journal of Modern Economy and Management 1, no. 1 (2012): 1–32.
6. Miki Gandhi, translated by Mahadev Desai, An Autobiography or The Story of My Experiments with Truth: A Critical Edition (Yale University Press, 2018).
7. Edward L. Deci and Richard M. Ryan, “Facilitating Optimal Motivation and Psychological Well-Being Across Life Domains,” Canadian Psychology 49, no. 1 (2008): 14–23.
Chapter 7
1. Self-regulation is defined as mindfully managing feelings, thoughts, values, and purpose for immediate and sustained positive effort. When you have low-quality self-regulation, you experience suboptimal motivation; high-quality self-regulation results in optimal motivation.
2. Drea Zigarmi et al., The Leader within: Learning Enough about Yourself to Lead Others (Upper Saddle River, NJ: FT Press, 2004).
3. Milton Rokeach, Beliefs, Attitudes, and Values: A Theory of Organization and Change (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1968), 77.
4. Kirk Warren Brown and Richard M. Ryan, “The Benefits of Being Present: Mindfulness and Its Role in Psychological Well-Being,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84, no. 4 (2003): 822–848.
5. Abraham Maslow, Motivation and Personality (New York: Harper, 1954).
6. Edward L. Deci and Richard M. Ryan, “The Importance of Universal Psychological Needs for Understanding Motivation in the Workplace,” in The Oxford Handbook of Work Engagement, Motivation, and Self-Determination Theory, ed. Marylène Gagné (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 13–32.
Chapter 8
1. Richard M. Ryan et al., “All Goals Are Not Created Equal Organismic Perspective on the Nature of Goals and Their Regulation,” in The Psychology of Action: Linking Cognition and Motivation to Behavior, eds. P. M. Gollwitzer and John A. Bargh (New York, Guilford Press, 1996), 8.
2. Ellen Langer, “Mindfulness Isn’t Much Harder Than Mindlessness,” Managing Yourself (blog), HBR.org, January 13, 2016, https://hbr.org/2016/01/mindfulness-isnt-much-harder-than-mindlessness.
3. Jordan T. Quaglia et al., “Meta-analytic Evidence for Effects of Mindfulness Training on Dimensions of Self-Reported Dispositional Mindfulness,” Psychological Assessment 28, no. 7 (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pas0000268.
4. Arlen C. Moller et al., “Financial Motivation Undermines Maintenance in an Intensive Diet and Activity Intervention,” Journal of Obesity 2012, no. 5 (2012): 1–8.
Part Three
1. Katie Mettler, “Rip Currents Swept Away a Florida Family. Then Beachgoers Formed a Human Chain,” Morning Mix (blog), Washington Post, July 11, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/07/11/a-riptide-swept-away-a-florida-family-then-beachgoers-formed-a-human-chain.
2. Jessica Mae Simmons, “So what is on my mind tonight?” Facebook, July 9, 2017, https://www.facebook.com/Jessiemae1691/posts/1539400839423658.
Chapter 9
1. Byron Katie, Loving What Is: Four Questions That Can Change Your Life (New York: Harmony Books, 2002).
2. The Work of Byron Katie, www.thework.com.
Chapter 10
1. Richard M. Ryan and Edward L. Deci, “Self-Determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development, and Well-Being,” American Psychologist 55, no. 1 (2000): 68.
2. Ryan and Deci, 68.
3. Tim Kasser, The High Price of Materialism (Chester, NJ: Bradford Book Company, 2003); and Kelly Kennedy, “Firms Bet Money Will Prod Employees to Health,” USA Today, November 25, 2011.
4. Helga Dittmar, Rod Bond, Megan Hurst, and Tim Kasser, “The Relationship between Materialism and Personal Well-Being: A Meta-analysis,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 107, no. 5 (2014): 879–924; and Tim Kasser et al., “Changes in Materialism, Changes in Psychological Well-Being: Evidence from Three Longitudinal Studies and an Intervention Experiment,” Motivation and Emotion 38, no. 1 (2014): 1–22.
5. Kasser, The High Price of Materialism, 61–72.
6. Anias Thibault Landry et al., “Why Individuals Want Money Is What Matters: Using Self-Determination Theory to Explain the Differential Relationship between Motives for Making Money and Employee Psychological Health,” Motivation and Emotion 40, no. 2 (2016), https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-015-9532-8; Anias Thibault Landry, Ying Zhang, and Jacques Forest, “Applying Self-Determination Theory to Understand the Motivational Impact of Cash Rewards: New Evidence from Lab Experiments” (in submission, European Journal of Social Psychology, 2018); Anias Thibault et al., “Revisiting the Use of Cash Rewards in the Workplace: Evidence of Their Differential Impact on Employees’ Experience in Three Studies Using Self-Determination Theory” (in submission, Work and Occupations: An International Sociological Journal, 2018); and Marylène Gagné and Jacques Forest, “The Study of Compensation Systems through the Lens of Self-Determination Theory: Reconciling 35 Years of Debate,” Canadian Psychology 49, no. 3 (2008): 225–232.
7. Mark H. White and Kennon M. Sheldon, “The Contract Year Syndrome in the NBA and MLB: A Classic Undermining Pattern,” Motivation and Emotion 38, no. 2 (2014): 196–205.
8. Joseph E. Stiglitz, The Price of Inequality: How Today’s Divided Society Endangers Our Future (New York: W. W. Norton, 2012): 146–186.
9. Daniel Kahneman and Angus Deaton, “High Income Improves Evaluation of Life but Not Emotional Well-Being,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, no. 38 (2010): 16489–16493, doi:10.1073/pnas.1011492107.
10. Matthew D. Lieberman, Social: Why Our Brains Are Wired to Connect (New York: Broadway Books, 2013).
11. Online Etymology Dictionary, s.v., “happy,” accessed October 17, 2018, https://www.etymonline.com/classic/search?q=happy.
12. Robert J. Vallerand et al., “Les Passions de l’Âme: On Obsessive and Harmonious Passion,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85, no. 4 (2003): 756–767.
Chapter 11
1. Susan Fowler et al., “A Business Case for Optimal Motivation” (white paper), The Ken Blanchard Companies, 2016, https://resources.www.kenblanchard.comwhitepapers/a-business-case-for-optimal-motivation.
2. Heidi Grant, “The Neuroscience of Better Feedback” (webinar), NeuroLeadership Institute, July 19, 2017, https://neuroleadership.com/portfolio-items/improve-feedback-july2017/.
3. Grant, “Neuroscience.”
4. Grant, “Neuroscience.”
5. Pascal-Emmanuel Gobry, “The Real Reason Wells Fargo Employees Resorted to Fraud,” The Week, October 3, 2016, http://theweek.com/articles/652186/real-reason-wells-fargo-employees-resorted-fraud.
6. Kevin Wack, “Wells Fargo’s Latest Troubles Suggest Tougher Stance by OCC,” Bankshot (blog), American Banker, December 6, 2018, https://www.americanbanker.com/opinion/wells-fargos-latest-troubles-suggest-tougher-stance-by-OCC.
7. Alexandre J. S. Morin et al., “Longitudinal Associations between Employees’ Beliefs about the Quality of the Change Management Process, Affective Commitment to Change and Psychological Empowerment,” Human Relations 69, no. 3 (2016): 839–867; Drea Zigarmi, Susan Fowler, and Dobie Houson, “Developing Self Leaders—A Competitive Advantage for Organizations” (white paper), The Ken Blanchard Companies, 2017, https://resources.kenblanchard.com/whitepapers/developing-self-leaders and Chia-huei Wu and Sharon Parker, “Thinking and Acting in Anticipation: A Review of Research on Proactive Behavior,” Advances in Psychological Science 21, no. 4 (2012): 679–700.
Chapter 12
1. Kenneth H. Blanchard et al., Leading at a Higher Level: Blanchard on Leadership and Creating High Performing Organizations, 3rd ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Financial Times Press, 2018); Pat Zigarmi and Judd Hockstra, Leading People through Change Workshop, The Ken Blanchard Companies.