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Subject Index to Volume 4B

Abbring, J., 1806

Abdel Rahman, Hesham M., 1290

Abowd, J. M., 1663t, 1683, 1788

Abowd, John, 805t, 813, 839, 983t, 1000t

Abstract tasks, 1077, 1158

Acemoglu, Daron, 814, 1130, 1131, 1149, 1150, 1287, 1292, 1635

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), 1574

ACS. See American Community Survey

ACT. See American College Test

Activation programmes (AP), 1180, 1185, 1223

examples of, 1220

increase in, 1196

literature on experiments with, 1220–1222

locking-in effect, 1221

participation in, 1220

Active labor market policy (ALMP), 1179, 1192, 1193

in Europe, 1177t

European v. non-European, 1182t

GDP to, 1181f

Add Health. See National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health

Addison, John T., 1645t

ADHD. See Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Adoption studies, 1514, 1516t, 1519–1521, 1522t

biological/adoptive parents and, information on both, 1521

bivariate regression approach, 1519, 1520

multivariate regression approach, 1520, 1521

reconciling with twin/IV literatures, 1527, 1528

screening, 1519

Advance information, 820

Advance notice period, 1209

Affirmative action, 1550, 1551

AFQT. See Armed Forces Qualifying Test

Age

Collaborative Perinatal Project and, 942, 946

consumption and, 782

Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Cohort and, 951, 952

father’s earnings and, 1492

firing costs and, 1790

heaping, 1367

income and, 799

mother’s, 946, 952

National Education Longitudinal Survey and, 963

National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and, 929

National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 and, 931

racial achievement gap and, 870

small for gestational, 1432

son’s earnings and, 1492

Age Discrimination in Employment Act, 1597t

Agency-theoretic models, 1771

Agglomeration economies, 1027, 1028, 1241

dartboard style methodology of, 1282

empirical estimates of, 1282–1286

estimates of magnitude of, 1284

explanations of, 1286–1296

hiring and, 1813, 1814

industrial coagglomeration and, 1291

spatial equilibrium with, 1273–1276

Aggregate matching function, 1191

Aghion, E. A., 1645t, 1750

Aghion, P., 1638

Agreeableness, 1560, 1561

Agüero, Jorge M., 1402t

Aguiar, Mark, 1579

Ahsan, A., 1645t

AIDS. See Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

Air pollution

childhood shocks and, 1367–1370

mobility and, 1367

Aizer, Anna, 1354t, 1369, 1458t, 1460t, 1461t, 1465, 1466

Akbulut, Mevlude, 1531

Akerlof, George, 1570–1572

Alaska Permanent Fund, 783n14

Albanesi, Stefania, 1564

Allen, S. G., 1663t, 1664t

AlmaLaurea, 1810, 1811

Almond, Douglas, 1343t, 1344t, 1361t, 1366, 1369, 1408t, 1410

ALMP. See Active labor market policy

Altonji, Joseph, 811t, 841n63, 842, 1532, 1544, 1570

Altruism, 1553, 1554, 1559

Alvarez, Fernando, 828

Alvarez, Javier, 810t, 817, 818

Ambition, 1559

Ambulatory care sensitive hospitalizations, 1465

American College Test (ACT), 863

American Community Survey (ACS), 1049, 1050

Americans with Disabilities Act, 1598t

Amin, M., 1645t

Anderson, Kathryn, 1443t

Anderson, Michael, 1434, 1436t

Andersson, Fredrik, 1289n45, 1813, 1814

Andreoni, James, 1553n12, 1636

Andrews, M. J., 1808

Anger, Silke, 1528

Anson, Elizabeth, 1422t

Antoninis, M., 1799, 1800

Antonovics, Kate, 1515t, 1552

Aos, Steve, 1437t

AP. See Activation programmes

Appalachian Regional Commission, 1296

Arai, Mahmood, 1000t

ARCH structures, 801, 815

identification of, 802, 803

Arcidiacono, Peter, 1552

Arkvik, Arild, 1494

Armed Forces Qualifying Test (AFQT), 859, 860, 929, 931

Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB), 929, 931

Arrow-Debreu markets, 828

Arzaghi, Mohammad, 1284, 1285

Asch, Bath, 1726t

Asgari, S., 1576

Ashworth, Karl, 986t

Asking language, 1555

Assortative mating, 872, 873, 1497, 1513, 1514

ASVAB. See Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery

ATE. See Average treatment effect

ATT. See Average treatment on treated effect

Attanasio, O. P., 828, 829

Attencion a Crisis, 1404t

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), 1393

Attitudes, intergenerational transmission of, 1532, 1533

Attrition, 790, 791, 816n43

At-will employment, 1606, 1607, 1633

defining feature of, 1608, 1609

exceptions to, 1609–1614

good-faith exception, 1609, 1612–1614

implied contract exception, 1609, 1611, 1612

public policy exception, 1609, 1610, 1611

Autor, D. H., 1070, 1075, 1077, 1117n60, 1147n71, 1641, 1646t, 1787, 1795, 1810

Average treatment effect (ATE), 1712

Average treatment on treated effect (ATT), 1712

Babcock, Linda, 1555, 1556, 1558

Baby boom, 1053

Baby college, 875t

Backes-Gellner, U., 1789

Bagues, M. F., 1810, 1811

Baiker, Katherine, 1723t

Bailey, Martha J., 1564

Baily, Martin, 1709

Baker, G., 1777, 1778

Baker, Kevin, 1400t

Baker, Michael, 807t, 809t, 814, 815, 817, 1384t, 1446t, 1451

Baldwin, Laura-Mae, 1465

Bandiera, Oriana, 1720t, 1721t, 1730, 1735, 1774

Banerjee, Abhijit V., 1358t, 1367

Banzhaf, Spencer, 1367

Barankay, Iwan, 1720t, 1721t, 1730, 1735, 1774

Barber, Brad M., 1548, 1549

Bargaining. See also Negotiation

collective, 1177t

wage, 991–995, 1022, 1023

Bargaining power, 1632, 1638, 1639

education and, 1504

union, 1683, 1684

wage posting and, 993

Barker, David, 1341

Barlow, Jane, 1424t

Barnett, Steven, 1436t, 1447t, 1448t

Barreca, Alan, 1353t

Barron, John M., 983t, 986t, 1805, 1806

Bartel, Ann, 1716t

Barth, Erling, 1011t

Bartling, B., 1809, 1810

Baten, Jörg, 1355t, 1367

Bauer, Charles, 1435t

Baum, Charles L., 1408t, 1410, 1411

Baumol, William, 1162

Bayer, P., 1797

Bayley Scale of Infant Development (BSID), 865, 870, 939, 942

Bebchuck, L. A., 1784

Becker, B., 1665t, 1719t, 1728

Becker marriage market, 846

Becker’s taste-based discrimination model, 1573

Behavioral problems, 1393, 1394

gender and, 1562, 1563

Behrman, Jere R., 1342t, 1366, 1513, 1515t

Belfield, Clive, 1436t

Bemmels, B., 1666t

Benefit pensions, defined, 777

Benjamin, Daniel J., 1576, 1577

Bennett, Forrest, 1435t

Bennett, Neil G., 1341, 1345t, 1356t

Berger, Lawrence M., 1383t

Berger, Mark C., 983t, 1806

Bergman, N. K., 1794

Berkowitz, Carol, 1431t

Berman, E., 1787

Bernbaum, Judy, 1435t

Bernhardt, D., 1802

Bertrand, M., 1784

Besanko, D., 1774

Besley, T., 1644, 1647t

Bettinger, Eric, 1568

Bhattacharya, Debopam, 1494

Bilateral monopoly, 990, 991

Bingley, Paul, 1406, 1407t, 1513, 1514, 1515t

Biomarkers, 1339, 1340

Bird, R. C., 1647t

Birth control pill, 1544n1, 1574

Birth weight, 1329

Collaborative Perinatal Project and, 947

Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Cohort, and, 952

education and, 1330, 1341, 1366

health and, 1392

health insurance and, 1453–1458t

income and, 1333, 1366

intergenerational correlation, 1531, 1532

interventions, 1333

parental investments and, 1330, 1331, 1332t

sibling, 1329

smoking and, 1369

twin, 1330

Bishop, J., 1805

Bitler, Marianne, 1426, 1427t

Björklund, Anders, 1495–1497, 1509–1511, 1516t, 1528, 1534

Black, Dan A., 983t, 1278, 1806

Black, Maureen M., 1431t

Black, Sandra E., 1000t, 1334t, 1338, 1347t, 1517t, 1524, 1528, 1532, 1662, 1667t, 1716t, 1728

Blackaby, D., 1559

Blanchard, O. J., 1636, 1648t

Blanchflower, David G., 1000t

Blanden, Jo, 1321t

Blank, Rebecca M., 1544, 1570

Blasi, Joseph, 1700, 1723t, 1731, 1732

Blatter, Marc, 983t

Blau, Francine D., 1010t, 1577, 1592

Bleakley, Hoyt, 1288, 1371, 1373t

Bloom, Nick, 1717t, 1728, 1742n22, 1743, 1748, 1753

Blow, Laura, 1400t

Blundell, Richard, 787–789, 822, 831, 832, 831t

Bodkin, R., 833

Bollinger, C. R., 1790, 1791

Bondy, Jessica, 1422t

Boning, Brent, 1724t, 1732

Booth, Alison, 1011t, 1559, 1566, 1567, 1573, 1574

Borghans, Lex, 1561, 1562, 1563, 1564

Borrowing, 780, 782. See also Natural borrowing constraint; Zero borrowing constraint

Boschini, Anne, 1577

Botero, J. C., 1643, 1648t

Bouchard, Thomas, Jr., 1560

Bound, J., 1787

Bowles, Hannah R., 1555, 1556

Boyle, Michael, 1424t

Bozzoli, Carlos, 1374t

BPP model, 787–789

Bradley, S., 1808

Brain and brawn model, 1564n28

Brain sparing mechanisms, 1341

Bratsberg, Bernt, 1495–1497

Brencic, V., 1808, 1811

Brenner, Mark D., 1008t

Bresnahan, Timothy, 1738, 1787

Brewer, Marilynn, 1293

British Household Panel Study, 989, 1529

British Workplace Employees Relations Survey (WERS), 1556, 1557, 1701

Bronars, S., 1668t, 1669t

Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne, 1416t, 1435t

Brown, C., 1670t

Brown, Donna, 983t

Brown, Eleanor, 1532

Browning, Martin, 810t, 817, 818, 833, 835

Brynjolfson, Erik, 1737

Bryson, Alex, 1732

BSID. See Bayley Scale of Infant Development

Buka, Stephen, 1354t, 1435t

Bull, C., 1795, 1796

Burdett, Kenneth, 1023, 1806, 1807

Burdett-Mortensen model, 1023t

Burgess, R., 1644, 1647t

Burgess, Simon, 1724t, 1733, 1790

Burguet, R., 1639

Burrell, Lori, 1420t

Busso, Matias, 1298, 1299

Buyer-seller contract, 1608

Buyouts, 1815

Byrns, Patricia, 1465

Caballero, R. J., 1649t

Cain, Kevin, 1465

Calvo-Armengol, A., 1797

Caminal, R., 1639

Campbell, C., 1010t

Campbell, David, 1709

Canadian Intergenerational Income Data (IID), 1493

Canonical model, 1045, 1095–1120

disadvantages of, 1119

earnings distribution through, 1108–1115

extension, 1111

inequality in, 1115–1117

interpretations of production function, 1104, 1105

shortcomings of, 1045

theory of, 1098–1107

Capelli, Peter, 1717t

Card, David, 805t, 813, 839, 1053, 1304n63, 1457t

Career Academics, 913t

Career concerns, 1779

CareerBuilder.com, 1811

Carlino, Gerald A., 1293, 1294

Carmichael, H. L., 1640

Carneiro, Pedro, 1442t, 1451, 1518t, 1525

Caroli, Eve, 1717t, 1754

Carolina Abecedarian Project, 875t, 878, 1434, 1435t, 1436t

Carter, Micahel R., 1402t

Cascio, Elizabeth U., 1449t, 1452

Case, Anne, 1321t, 1371, 1375t, 1376t, 1377t, 1380t, 1381t, 1392

Casella, A., 1798

Casey, Patrick H., 1431t, 1435t

Castilla, E. J., 1800

Causal effect, defined, 1617, 1618

Cawthon, Mary, 1465

CCB. See Children’s Cognitive Battery

CCDP. See Comprehensive Child Development Program

CCT. See Conditional Cash Transfer Programs

Census Integrated Public Use Micro Samples, 1163

Census of Populations, 1049, 1050

CEO. See Chief Executive Officer

CEX. See Consumer Expenditure Survey

CGS. See South African Child Support Grant

Chadwick, Laura, 1498

Chakravarty, S., 1642

Chamberlain, Gary, 808t, 817

Charles, Kerwin K., 1533, 1573

Chatterjee, Pinka, 1382t

Chatterjee, Satyajit, 1293, 1294

Chay, Kenneth, 1343t, 1351t, 1360t, 1367, 1368, 1369, 1371, 1396

Chevalier, Arnaud, 1517t, 1525

Chevalier, Judith, 1726t, 1735n20

Chicago

public schools data descriptions, 954–956

racial achievement gap in, 897, 898, 899–900t, 901, 902f, 903f

Chief Executive Officer (CEO)

dismissals, 1815

luck and, 1784

mobility of, 1803, 1804

pay structure, 1781–1784

pay structure dependencies, 1783

Child

abuse, 1395

human capital of, 1323, 1471, 1499, 1502

Intergenerational elasticity and state spending per, 1500, 1501

labor, 1607

mortality rates, 1337

mother’s reaction to, 946

Child care, 1433–1453. See also Foster care

evaluations of, 1435–1450t

Childhood, early, 1317–1321t. See also Infant

defined, 1370

environment, 1370, 1371, 1392–1396

intervention programs, 1419–1467

Childhood shocks

administrative data improvements, 1338, 1339

air pollution and, 1367–1370

biological, 1328

capacity formation and, 1324

child abuse and, 1395

conceptual framework of, 1322, 1323

Conditional Cash Transfer Programs and, 1403, 1404t

cost of, 1326

data constraints, 1336–1340

double-barreled, 1326

economic, 1367

environmental, 1359–1365t, 1390–1391t

fixed investments and, 1324, 1325

Food Stamp Program and, 1407–1409t

health and, 1371–1394

health and, physical/mental, 1372–1391t

health insurance and, 1453–1467

home environment, 1382–1391t, 1394, 1395

housing and, 1412–1414t

impact of, 1324

income and, 1399–1404t

income enhancement and, 1397–1405

inequality aversion and, 1328

infections, 1371

intervention programs, 1419–1467

leveraging existing datasets for, 1336–1338

long term consequences of, 1340–1396

magnitude of, 1323

maternal employment and, 1394, 1395

maternal health and, 1341–1355, 1342–1358t, 1366

maternal mental health and, 1394

methodological issues of, 1328–1333

near-cash programs and, 1405, 1406, 1410, 1411, 1418, 1419

neighborhood characteristics and, 1414–1417t

nutrition and, 1431t

overcrowding and, 1411

overlapping generations, 1326

policy responses, 1396–1467

power calculations, 1333–1336, 1334–1335t

preferences tensions and, 1328

prenatal environment and, 1341–1370

reinforcing, 1326, 1328–1330

remediation, 1324–1326

response to, 1370

responsive investments, 1326–1328

sibling effects and, 1328

substance abuse and, 1394

toxic exposure and, 1396

Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (CNLSY79), 893–907, 895t, 896t

data description, 952, 953

demographic variables and, 952

income and, 952

summary statistics, 953t

test scores and, 952

Children’s Cognitive Battery (CCB), 880

Children’s Sentinel Nutritional Assessment Program, 1431t

Choi, James J., 1576, 1577, 1743

Christensen, Kaare, 1513, 1514, 1515t

Christofides, Louis N., 1000t

Civil law, 1643

Civil Rights Acts of 1866, 1597t

Civil Rights Acts of 1964, 1597t

Civil Rights Acts of 1991, 1598t, 1790

Clark, K. B., 1662, 1671t, 1672t, 1673t

Clean Air Act of 1970, 1367, 1368

Cleveland, racial achievement gap in, 918, 919, 918f

Clotfelter, Charles, 1008t

CNLSY79. See Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979

Coates, J. M., 1569

Cochrane, J. H., 1624

Codifiable tasks, 1076

Cognitive skills. See also Tasks

intergenerational elasticity and, 1528, 1529

Cole, Nancy, 1397, 1399t

Cole, Robert E., 1421t, 1422t, 1425, 1426

Collaborative Perinatal Project (CPP), 865, 869t

age and, 942, 946

birth weight and, 947

data description, 942–947

demographic variables, 867

family structure and, 946

home environment variables, 867

income and, 946

mother’s age and, 946

mother’s reaction to child and, 946

multiple birth indicator and, 947

number of siblings and, 947

parents’ education and, 947

parents’ occupation and, 947

prematurity and, 947

prenatal environment controls, 867

race and, 946

racial achievement gaps in, 867f

sex and, 946

socioeconomic status variables, 868n22

summary statistics, 943–945t

Collective bargaining, European, 1177t

College and Beyond 1976, 858, 863, 864t

data description, 933–935

income and, 933

race and, 935

SAT score and, 935

sex and, 935

summary statistics, 934t

unemployment and, 935

College wages, 1050–1055

detrended changes in supply and, 1111f

by experience, 1112, 1113, 1113t

high school and, gap between, 1109t, 1110f, 1111

nominal hourly, 1244–1246, 1244f, 1245t, 1246t, 1247f

ratio to high school wage, 1112f

real hourly, 1249, 1250f

skill supply and, 1052, 1053

weekly, composition adjusted, 1051f

Colman, Sylvie, 1429t

Combes, Pierre Philippe, 1283

Comer School Development Program, 913t

Common law, 1685

The Common Law (Holmes), 1596

Commuting costs, 1029

Comparative advantage

schedule of, 1154

of skill groups, 1122, 1123

wage and, 1154–1157

Compensation policy, hiring, 1793

Competition. See also Imperfect competition; Perfect competition

decentralization and, 1756

gender and, 1549–1552, 1557, 1558, 1565–1567

incentives and, 1746

product market, 1745–1747, 1756

wages and, 1024, 1249, 1592

Complete reforms

defining, 1194

general equilibrium effects of, 1194–1196

partial equilibrium effects of, 1193, 1194

two-tier v., 1187t, 1200

Comprehensive Child Development Program (CCDP), 1420t

Computing progress, 1075, 1118, 1787

Conditional Cash Transfer Programs (CCT), 1397, 1403, 1404t, 1405

Conditional tax credits, 1218, 1397, 1398, 1523

Condliffe, Simon, 1392n15

Conduct disorders, 1393, 1394

Congestions costs, 1260n19

Conley, Dalton, 1335t, 1341, 1345t, 1356t

Connell, Frederick, 1465

Connolly, R., 1677t

Conover, Christopher J., 1466

Conscientiousness, 1560, 1561

Constant elasticity of substitution function, 1323

Consumer Expenditure Survey (CEX), 821n46

detachment problems of, 847

Consumer wages, 1059n15

Consumption, 776, 777

adjusting upwards, 783

age and, 782

announcing tax reforms and, 780

anticipated income changes and, 780

change in household, 780

closed form solution for, 784

Euler equation and, 785

excess sensitivity to, 777

excess smoothness of, 828, 829

extent of attenuation of, 830

future uncertainty and, 783, 784

impact of income changes on, 779–789

imputation procedure, 826

income data and, 818–839

income inequality and, gap between, 832

income shocks and, 781t, 782, 783t

individual behavior model of, 827

innovation and, 786n20

intergenerational transmission of, 1533

magnitude hypothesis, 783

mortgage payments and, 783

permanent shocks and, 782

related to permanent income, 818, 819

responding to news in income, 780

responding to signal, 827

size of income changes and, 782, 783

smoothing benefits, 833

transitory shocks and, 782, 783t

variance of, 793f

Consumption inequality, 846

change in, 823

growth of, 832

income inequality and, 846, 847

Contract

asymmetric information and, 1621, 1626–1629, 1636–1639

at-will employment implied exception of, 1609, 1611, 1612

authority and, 1621, 1628n44

basic reasons for, 1621

buyer-seller, 1608

cooperative investments, 1631

court overrule of, 1615

economics of, 1621–1633

enforcement of, 1601, 1602, 1615, 1621, 1622, 1624, 1625

implementing efficient, 1633–1641

implicit, 1622

incentive-compatible, 1627

incomplete wage, 1640

incompleteness, 1606

increasing employer, 987

indexed, 1633

insurance, 1622–1626

as legally binding, 1602

motivations for, 1633, 1642

nexus, 1602

optimal matching and, 1637

penalty clauses, 1604

reliance and, 1621, 1629–1633

renewals, 1197

reputational concerns and, 1608

risk and, 1621, 1634–1636

sales, 1605

self-investments, 1631

selling, 1635

severance payments undone via labor, 1634

signaling, 1638

sunk investment, 1629, 1630

tenure, 1627

termination, 1625

theory, 1595, 1772, 1773

Contract, permanent

employment protection and, 1201f, 1202f

temporary contracts converted to, 1201

wage premia on, 1202t

Contract, temporary, 1197

converted to permanent contracts, 1201

employment protection and, 1201f

Contract breach, 1601, 1602, 1625, 1629

court decisions and, 1603

defining, 1604

Contract damages

expectation, 1603, 1625, 1629, 1637

liquidated, 1604

measuring, 1629

reliance, 1603

restitution, 1603, 1629

Contribution pensions, defined, 777

Cook, John T., 1431t

Cook, Thomas, 1448t

Cooke, William, 1674t, 1718t

Corak, Miles, 1529

Corseuil, C. H., 1646t

Cortisol, 1339

Costa, Dora L., 1289, 1366

Costinot, Arnaud, 1121n65

Courts

contract breach and decisions of, 1603–1605

overrule of contract terms, 1615

selective nature of, 1685

Coutry, Pascal, 1726t

Coverdill, J. E., 1796

Cowan, K. N., 1649t

Cox, Donald, 1533

CPP. See Collaborative Perinatal Project

CPS. See Current Population Survey

Cramer’s rule, 1194

Crayen, Dorothee, 1355t, 1367

Credentialization process, 1572

Credit constraints

Intergenerational elasticity and, 1502, 1503

Intergenerational transmission of education and, 1504

location-based policies and, 1307, 1308

Criminal law, 1594

Crop loss shocks, 833

Croson, Rachel, 1546, 1563

Cross-country trends, 1161

Crossley, Thomas, 833, 835

Culture

decentralization and, 1756

intergenerational transmission of, 1532

Cunha, Flavio, 818, 823, 824, 824, 1318t, 1319t

Cunningham, E. J., 1806, 1807

Current Population Survey (CPS), 1661

March, 1048, 1162, 1163

March Annual Demographic Files of, 1049

May, 1049

May/Outgoing Rotation Groups, 1162

Currie, Janet, 1320t, 1328, 1333, 1337n9, 1342t, 1346t, 1360t, 1362t, 1363t, 1364t, 1366, 1368, 1369, 1372t, 1378t, 1387t, 1388t, 1392, 1393, 1395, 1396, 1397, 1399t, 1405, 1406, 1409t, 1410, 1411, 1412t, 1426, 1427t, 1439, 1440t, 1453, 1453t, 1456t, 1458t, 1462t, 1465, 1466

Cutler, David M., 1357t, 1367

Cutts, Diana B., 1431t

Dafny, Leemore, 1461t, 1465

Dahl, Gordon B., 1398, 1401t

Dale-Olsen, Harald, 1011t

Dallas

independent school district data descriptions, 956–958

racial achievement gap in, 897, 898, 899, 900t, 901, 902f, 903f, 904t

Daniela, Vuri, 1531

Darby, Michael, 1293

Dasgupta, N., 1576

Data use agreements, 1339

Datar, Ashlesha, 1329, 1330

Daughter’s earnings, 1497, 1498

Davis, Hilton, 1424t

Day Reconstruction Method (DRM), 1580

DC Comprehensive Assessment System (DC-CAS), 897

DC-CAS. See DC Comprehensive Assessment System

DD. See Difference in Differences

de Barros, P., 1646t

Dearden, Lorraine, 1320t

Deaton, Angus, 814, 815, 1374t

DeBrock, L., 1791

Decentralization, 1749–1756

benefits, 1750, 1751

competition and, 1756

complexity, 1752

costs of, 1751, 1752

by country, 1751f

culture and, 1756

heterogeneity and, 1753, 1754

human capital and, 1754

ICT and, 1752, 1753

influences on, 1752–1756, 1755f

measures of, 1749, 1750

theories, 1750–1752

trust and, 1756

Decker, Janet, 1462t

Deere, D., 1668t, 1669t

Delfgaauw, J., 1795

Deming, David, 1439, 1441t

Department of Education Student Mentoring Program, 916t

Deregulation, 1544n1

DeVaro, J., 1808, 1809

Developing countries, eradicating poverty in, 864, 865

Devereux, Paul J., 1334t, 1338, 1347t, 1517t, 1524, 1528, 1532

Di Tella, R., 1649t

Diamond, P. A., 1637

Dickens, Charles, 1592

Dickens, Richard, 983t

Dictator experiments, 1553, 1554

Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT), 1078, 1079

Difference in Differences (DD), 1712

Digital divide, 978

DiNardo, J., 1618, 1675t, 1683, 1735

Disability shocks, 833–835

Discrete-choice structural model of hiring, 1809

Dismissal

Chief Executive Officer, 1815

constructive, 1628

right of, 1628, 1629

Djankov, S., 1643, 1648t, 1650t

Doblhammer, Gabriele, 1359t, 1366

Dohmen, Thomas J., 1547, 1548, 1551, 1552

Donohue, J. J., 1646t

Dorn, David, 1147n71

DOT. See Dictionary of Occupational Titles

Doucouliagos, H., 1662

Downes, E. A., 1650t

Doyle, Joseph, Jr., 1338, 1386t

Dranove, D., 1774

Dreber, Anna, 1569

DRM. See Day Reconstruction Method

Dubay, Lisa, 1455t, 1465

Dube, Arindrajit, 983t, 1008t

Dubois, W. E. B., 925

Duflo, Esther, 1358t, 1367

Duggan, Anne, 1420t

DuMont, Kimberly, 1420t

Duncan, Greg, 1399t, 1416t, 1430t, 1532

Dunkelberg, W. C., 1805

Dunn, Thomas A., 1532

Dur, R., 1795

Duranton, Gilles, 1282, 1283

Dustmann, Christian, 1385t

Dwyer, Peggy D., 1548

Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort (ECLS-B), 865, 869t

data description, 935–941

demographic variables, 866

interviewers, 868n20

parent as teacher variable, 866, 867

racial achievement gap in, 866f

summary statistics, 936–938t

variables in, 866

Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K), 880–893, 886–887t, 888–889t, 891–892t, 940

age and, 951, 952

birth weight and, 952

data description, 947–952

general knowledge exam and, 951n62

math and, 951

mother’s age at first birth and, 952

number of children’s books and, 951

racial achievement gap and, 881, 882t

reading and, 951

restricted-use version, 897

socioeconomic composite measure, 951

summary statistics, 948–950t

Early Head Start, 875t, 878n36, 1437t, 1439

Early retirement (ER), 1185, 1223

Early Start, 1423t

Early Training Project, 875t, 878, 1434, 1436t

Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), 1218, 1398, 1523

Earning Supplement Project, 1217

Earnings. See also Income; Poverty

conditional variance of, 800–803

controversy over random walk in, 816

daughter’s, 1497, 1498

differences between skills, 1302

distribution through canonical model, 1108–1115

dynamics model, 792–794

education and, 1091

endogenous variability in, 789

family, 1498

father’s, 1491–1493, 1495

intergenerational correlations of, 1489–1507

mobility, 803, 813

son’s, 1492, 1495–1497

stochastic growth in, 797–799

as sum of random components, 790

unexplained growth of, 793

volatility, 843, 844

Earnings growth

autocovariance of, 796, 797, 798f, 799

random walk v. stochastic controversy, 816, 817

Easton, George, 1718t

Eberts, R., 1676t

ECI. See Employment conditional incentives

Eckel, Catherine C., 1546, 1553, 1576

Eckenrode, John, 1421t, 1425, 1426

ECLS-B. See Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort

ECLS-K. See Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Cohort

Economic geography, 1027–1029

Edlund, Lena, 1361t, 1369, 1408t

Educare, 875t

Education, 1527. See also Teachers

bargaining power and, 1504

birth weight and, 1330, 1341, 1366

Collaborative Perinatal Project and, 947

compulsory, 1524, 1525

earnings and, 1091

gender and achievement in, 1562

health and, 1526

higher, 1503

hiring and, 1816

hourly wage and, 1060f, 1061, 1062f, 1248t

IQ tests and, 1512

intergenerational elasticity and public, 1500

intergenerational transmissions of, 1501, 1503–1507, 1506–1507t, 1524, 1525

job vacancies and, 1806

of mother, 894, 897

occupations by, 1084–1085f, 1099t

real wages and, 1058t

reform and IGE, 1501, 1524

return to, 1503

substituting labor for, 1607

task measure by, 1101, 1102t

tasks by, 1080

Ehrenberg, R. G., 1676t

EITC. See Earned Income Tax Credit

Ejrnaes, Mette, 810t, 817, 818

Elias, Peter, 986t

ELL. See English Language Learner

Ellison, Glenn, 1282, 1286n41, 1291, 1726t, 1735n20

Elmeskov, Martin S., 1650t

Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1938 (ERISA), 1596

Employer collusion, 978–980

Employer Opportunity Pilot Project (EOPP), 1805

Employer size-wage effect (ESWE), 1017, 1018

predictions, 1018

Employment. See also Hiring; Jobs; Unemployment

childhood shocks and maternal, 1394, 1395

mandated, 1005

maximizing wage, 1025

minimum wage to maximize, 1025

responsiveness and two-tier reforms, 1207f

self, 791n29, 1529n60

smoothed changes in, 1071f

strictness of, 1180f

subsidies from entry jobs, 1200

wage and, one-to-one link between, 1005

Employment, at-will, 1606, 1607, 1633

defining feature of, 1608, 1609

exceptions to, 1609–1614

good-faith exception, 1609, 1612–1614

implied contract exception, 1609, 1611, 1612

public policy exception, 1609, 1610, 1611

Employment conditional incentives (ECI), 1181, 1185, 1196, 1223

costs of, 1218

reforms of, literature on, 1217–1220

Employment law, 1596–1616, 1597–1598t, 1605–1609, 1643–1644, 1661–1662. See also Employment protection; specific laws

adapting to environment, 1607

adoption pattern 1983-1994, 1613f

changes in, 1643

changes in, effects from, 1620

defining, 1599–1605

economics and, gap between, 1599

ensuring performance, 1615

mandatory rules of, 1603

for selected countries, 1644t

as separation cost, 1593

under state jurisdiction, 1661

as substitute for union protection, 1641

summary, 1645–1660t

three solitudes of, 1686

Employment protection, 1179, 1185, 1210t, 1223, 1634. See also Employment law

abandoning, 1599

administrative procedures, 1209

under dual regimes, 1212

in Europe, 1177t

European v. non-European, 1182t

Job flows in countries with strict, 1209, 1210

on labor markets, 1210t

legal minima, 1209

negative effect of, 1211

overestimating, 1212

permanent contracts and, 1201f, 1202f

reduced-form approach to, 1639

reforms, 1188t, 1200, 1203

reforms, literature on, 1209–1213

strictness of, 1180

tax component, 1209

temporary contracts and, 1201f

transfer component, 1209

as turnover cost, 1599, 1634, 1685

Employment relationship, 1605, 1606

economics of, 1616–1642

models, 1616–1621

Empowerment Zones Program, 1296–1299

Enforcement, contract, 1601, 1602, 1615, 1621, 1622, 1624, 1625. See also Courts

Engel, E. M., 1649t

English Language Learner (ELL), 897

Entitlement, 1555

Environment

childhood shocks, 1341–1370, 1359–1365t, 1382–1391t, 1394, 1395

Collaborative Perinatal Project and, 867

early childhood, 1370, 1371, 1392–1396

employment law adapting to, 1607

gender and, 1566–1568, 1575

home, 867, 1382–1391t, 1394, 1395

IQ tests and, 1512n40

prenatal, 867, 1341–1370

Ricardian trade model, 1122, 1123

substitutions across different skills, 1144–1146

EOPP. See Employer Opportunity Pilot Project

Equal pay legislation, 1027

Equilibrium, 1239, 1260. See also General equilibrium model; Partial equilibrium model; Spatial equilibrium model

housing market, 1260

income shocks and, 844–846

in local labor markets, 1254–1257

rat-race, 1779

Ricardian trade models and, 1123–1130, 1135f

wage dispersion, 1022, 1024

wage inequality and, 1127, 1128

ER. See Early retirement

Eriksson, Tor, 1495–1497

ERISA. See Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1938

Eslava, E. A., 1651t

ESWE. See Employer size-wage effect

Euler equation, 829

advantage of, 784

approximation of, 784–787

consumption and, 785

limited parameters of, 784

Europe

Active labor market policy, 1177t, 1182t

collective bargaining, 1177t

employment protection, 1177t, 1182t

reforms 1980-2007, 1185t

taxes on low wages in, 1177t

tracking reforms, 1185, 1186

unemployment benefits, 1177t, 1182t

European Community Household Panel, 1202

European labor market institutions

Anglo-Saxon, 1178

changes, 1179–1182

clusters, 1176–1179, 1177t

Continental, 1178

Mediterranean, 1178

European Union Survey of Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), 1201, 1202

“Eurosclerosis,” 1176

Eurostat data, 1086n43

EU-SILC. See European Union Survey of Income and Living Conditions

Eva, Österbacka, 1495–1497

Evans, William N., 1343t, 1369

Ex-ante responses to risk, 775, 777

examples of, 774

Exchange rate fluctuations, 1006

Executive search firm, 1795, 1796

advantages of, 1796

Expectation damages, 1603, 1625, 1629, 1637

Expected wages, 1009

Experience

college wage by, 1112, 1113, 1113t

openness to, 1560, 1561

real wages and, 1058t

Experience Corps, 913t

Ex-post responses to risk, 774–777

Extroversion, 1560, 1561

FACES. See Family and Child Experiences Study

Factor-augmenting technology, 1045

Fair division rule, 1640

Fair Labor Standards Act, 1597t, 1607

Fair Standards Act of 1938, 1596

Falch, Torberg, 1002t

Falk, Armin, 1547, 1548, 1551, 1552

Fallick, B., 1800, 1803

Family and Child Experiences Study (FACES), 939

Family and Medical Leave Act, 1596, 1598t

Family Credit (FC), 1217

Family earnings, 1498

Family Investment, 1217

Family Tradition, 1217

Farber, Henry, 807t, 813, 814, 1801

Farre, Lidia, 1575

Father’s earnings

age and, 1492

measurement error, 1491, 1493, 1495

FC. See Family Credit

FDPIR. See Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations

Fehr, E., 1809, 1810

Feldmann, H., 1651t

Fergusson, David M., 1423t

Fernandez, Raquel, 1532, 1533, 1574, 1575, 1800

Fernie, Sue, 1721t

Fertif, Angela, 1321t, 1411, 1414t, 1418

Field, Erica, 1366, 1367

Fields, G., 1808, 1809

Fiess, N. M., 1687

Figlio, David, 1428t, 1432

Figueras, Alexandra, 1447t

Finlay, W., 1796

Firing costs, 1634

age and, 1790

Firing tax, 1194

entering negatively into outsider wages, 1198

entering positively into insider wages, 1198

exogenous, 1192

increase in, 1195, 1196

removing, 1197

wages and, 1195

Firm location, 979

hiring and, 1813, 1814

Firpo, Sergio, 1157n79

Fixed wages, 1637

Fleischman, C. A., 1800, 1803

Flexicurity, 1178

Fogli, Alessandra, 1532, 1533, 1574, 1575, 1575

Fondazione Rodolfo Debenedetti, 1185, 1222, 1223

Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations (FDPIR), 898

Food spending, 819, 820

Food Stamp Program (FSP), 898, 1405, 1406

childhood shocks and, 1407–1409t

introduction of, 1406

Fortin, Nicole, 1157n79, 1559, 1572, 1573, 1574

Fortune v. National Cash Register Co., 1597t, 1614

Foster, Andrew, 1721t

Foster, James, 1443t

Foster care

childhood shocks and, 1395

incarceration and, 1338

Fragile Families Study, 1411, 1418

Frank, Deborah, 1431t

Frank, J., 1559

Frank, Richard, 1389t, 1394

Free lunch eligibility, 897, 898

Free rider problem, 1733

Freedman, R. B., 1811, 1813, 1814

Freeman, B., 1652t

Freeman, Eric, 983t

Freeman, Richard, 1053, 1722t, 1723t, 1730–1732

Frictions

imperfect competition and, 976–978

measuring, 1019–1021

Fried, J. M., 1784

Friedman, Thomas, 782, 791, 833n55, 1608

Frisvold, David, 1441t, 1443t, 1451

Fryer, Roland G., 1568

FSP. See Food Stamp Program

Fuddy, Loretta, 1420t

Fugazza, M., 1687

Fujita, Masahisa, 1290

Fuller, L. L., 1629

Fundamental Problem of Causal Inference (Holland, P.W.), 1618

Funk, Patricia, 1554

Gabaix, X., 1784

Gafni, Amiram, 1424t

Gahvari, Firouz, 1405

Gain-sharing, 1732

Galano, Joseph, 1420t

Galinsky, Adam, 1576

Gant, Jon, 1737

Garces, Eliana, 1440t

Garibaldi, M., 1652t

Garicano, Luis, 1753, 1814

Garrett, Mario D., 1000t

Gathmann, Christina, 1554

Gayer, Ted, 1445t, 1452

Gayle, G., 1784

Geel, R., 1789

Gelfand, Michele, 1555, 1558

Genakos, Christos, 1748

Gender. See also own-gender effect

agreeableness and, 1560, 1561

altruism and, 1553, 1554, 1559

ambition and, 1559

behavioral problems and, 1562, 1563

birth control pill and, 1544n1

changes in differentials, 1161, 1162

Collaborative Perinatal Project and, 946

College and Beyond 1976 and, 935

college attendance and, 1563

competition and, 1549–1552, 1557, 1558, 1565–1567

conscientiousness and, 1560, 1561

declining significance of, 1572

delaying gratification and, 1562

deregulation and, 1544n1

dictator experiments and, 1553, 1554

educational achievement and, 1562

entitlement and, 1555

environment and, 1566–1568, 1575

extroversion and, 1560, 1561

globalization and, 1544n1

greed and, 1559

household tasks and, 1572

household technologies and, 1544n1

income and, 1026, 1027

intergenerational correlation and, 1496t, 1575

intergenerational elasticity and, 1496t, 1497

interpersonal skills and, 1561, 1562

labor market outcomes and, 1556–1560

leadership and, 1559

math and, 1558n19

medical progress and, 1564

nature v. nurture and, 1564–1570

negotiation and, 995, 1554–1556, 1558

neuroticism and, 1560, 1561

occupation and, 1082, 1083f, 1571

openness to experience and, 1560, 1561

overconfidence and, 1548–1550

personality and, 1559, 1560–1564

personality and, source of, 1564–1570

political gap in, 1554

preferences, 1544, 1576, 1577

preferences, source of, 1564–1570

psychological attributes, 1544, 1546–1570

public good experiments, 1553, 1554

redistribution and, 1553, 1554

risk and, 1545, 1546–1549, 1564, 1576

social preferences and, 1552–1554

socialization and, 1566, 1568

spatial abilities and, 1567

stereotyping, 1576

tasks by, 1080

technological progress and, 1544n1

ultimatum experiments, 1553, 1554

well-being and, 1545, 1577–1580

Gender identity, 1545, 1570–1577

birth control pill and, 1574

driving psychological attributes, 1576, 1577

empirical determinants of, 1574–1576

labor market choices and, 1572–1574

schooling environment and, 1575

theoretical foundations of, 1570–1572

General equilibrium model, 777, 1240, 1256

complete reforms and, 1194–1196

oligopsony, 1026

reforms and, 1212

shocks and, 1240, 1241

Genetics. See also Siblings; Twins

assortative mating, 872, 873, 1497, 1513, 1514

component of IQ tests, 1512n40

inconsistency of, 874

intergenerational elasticity and, 1507, 1509–1511

racial achievement gap and, 871–873

Geppert, Joni, 1431t

German Socio-economic Panel (GSOEP), 1493, 1528

Gertler, P., 834, 835

Gettman, Hilary, 1555

Geweke, John, 808t, 817

Gibat, Robert, 1708

Gibat’s Law, 1708

Gibbons, Robert, 807t, 813, 814, 1733, 1777, 1778, 1801, 1814

Gibson, Diane, 1429t

Gilkeson, James H., 1548

Ginja, Rita, 1442t, 1451

Giuliano, L., 1812

Glaeser, Edward, 1254, 1260, 1278n34, 1282, 1283, 1286n41, 1291, 1301, 1306

Glennie, Elizabeth, 1008t

Glewwe, Paul, 1727t, 1734

Globalization, 1544n1

Gneezy, Uri, 1546, 1549, 1551, 1552, 1563, 1565–1567

Gobillon, Laurent, 1283

Goldberger, Arthur S., 1515t

Goldin, Claudia, 1564, 1571, 1572, 1574, 1577

Goldman, Julie, 1435t

Golsteyn, Bart, 1563, 1564

Gormley, William, Jr., 1445t, 1446t, 1452

Gorter, C., 1807

Gottlieb, Joshua, 1278n34, 1306

Gottschalk, Peter, 806t, 813, 814

Goux, Dominique, 1411, 1416t

Governance, 1747–1749

Grant, Hildegard, 1423t

Gratification, delaying, 1562

Grawe, Nathan D., 1493, 1494

Great Expectations (Dickens), 1592

Great Recession of 2008-9, 1175, 1207, 1215

Greed, 1559

Greene, Rose, 1420t

Greenstone, Michael, 1284, 1289, 1299, 1300, 1306, 1360t, 1367, 1368, 1396

Greenwald, B. C., 1786

Gregg, Paul, 983t, 1321t

Gregory, Jesse, 1298, 1299

Griffith, Rachel, 1718t, 1722t

Griliches, Z., 1787

Grogger, Jeffrey, 1456t, 1465

Gronqvist, Erik, 1528, 1529

Grossman, Philip J., 1546, 1553, 1576

Grossman, S. J., 1632, 1638

Grosso, Jean-Luc, 1645t

Grout, P., 1629, 1630, 1631, 1640

Grubb, David, 1652t

Gruber, J., 834, 835, 1337n9, 1446t, 1451, 1453, 1453t, 1461t, 1465

GSOEP. See German Socio-economic Panel

Gueorguieva, Ralitza, 1428t, 1432

Guerrieri, V., 1639

Guiso, Luigi, 845n64, 1000t

Gupta, Nabanita Datta, 1551

Gurnell, M., 1569

Guryan, Jonathan, 1351t, 1371, 1573

Guvenen, Fatih, 812t, 816, 826, 827, 844

Hackman, James, 823, 824

Hadass, Y. S., 1811

Haider, Stephen, 810t, 1493

Hall, Peter, 1008t

Hall, R. E., 819, 820, 1637

Hallock, Kevin, 1304n63

Haltiwanger, J., 1788, 1813, 1814

Hamersma, Sarah, 1428t, 1432

Hamilton, Barton H., 1724t, 1732

Hammurabi’s code, 1593, 1599, 1600

Hanaki, N., 1798

Hanks, Carole, 1422t

Hanratty, Maria J., 1453, 1455t

Happiness, 1577, 1578

Harding, Kathryn, 1420t

Harkness, Joseph, 1413t, 1418

Harlem Children’s Zone (HCZ), 920–923

eligibility, 920

racial achievement gap in, 921f, 923f

results from, 924, 925

Harlem Gems, 875t

Harrison, A., 1687

Hart, O. D., 1631, 1632, 1638, 1640, 1686

Hashimoto, M., 1640

Hause, John, 804t

Haute Ecole de Commerce (HEC), 1558

Havnes, Tarjei, 1450t, 1452, 1453

Hayashi, F., 836

Hayes, R. M., 1784, 1792

HCZ. See Harlem Children’s Zone

Head Start, 875t, 1328, 1336, 1434, 1437t, 1439

eligibility criteria, 877n34

evaluations of, 877, 1440–1443t

Impact Study, 939, 940

launch of, 1451

long term effects of, 1337

reauthorization of, 877, 878

siblings and, 1439

Health, 860–863. See also Mental health

birth season and, 1366

birth weight and, 1392

childhood shocks and, 1371–1394, 1372–1391t

education and, 1526

health insurance and birth, 1453–1458t

intergenerational correlation of, 1531, 1532

measurement problems, 1392

National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and, 930

racial achievement gap and, 862t, 863

Health and Retirement Survey (HRS), 1493

Health insurance. See also Medicaid

birth weight and, 1453–1458t

childhood shocks and, 1453–1467

crowdout, 1466

health at birth and, 1453–1458t

later child outcomes and, 1459–1464t

public, 1466

Healthy Start, 1420t

HEC. See Haute Ecole de Commerce

Heckman, James, 818, 824, 1318t, 1319t, 1438t, 1563, 1564, 1653t

Hederos Eriksson, Karin, 1528

Heineck, Guido, 1528

Hellerstein, Judith, 1529

Helpman, Elhanhan, 1748

Henderson, Charles R., 1421t, 1422t, 1425, 1426

Henderson, J. Vernon, 1283–1285

Henderson, Rebecca, 1293

Hendricks, W., 1791

Hermalin, B., 1638

Herren, Tim, 1431t

Herrmann, Mariesa, 1564n29

Heterogeneous Income Profiles (HIP), 814n39, 815, 816

Hidden asset accumulation, 828, 829

High school wages, 1050–1055

college and, gap between, 1109t, 1110f, 1111

detrended changes in supply and, 1111f

hourly nominal, 1243, 1244f, 1245, 1245t, 1247f

ratio to college wage, 1112f

real hourly, 1249, 1250f

weekly, composition adjusted, 1051f

High/Scope, 877, 1436t, 1438t

Higman, Susan, 1420t

Hildreth, Andrew K. G., 1000t

Hill, Jennifer, 1383t

HIP. See Heterogeneous Income Profiles

Hirano, Keisuke, 808t, 817

Hiring, 1784–1816. See also Job seeking

agglomeration economies and, 1813, 1814

beliefs and, 1791–1793

black-box models of, 1784–1786

compensation policy, 1793

complementarities, 1786–1788

discrete-choice structural model of, 1809

education and, 1816

employer-to-employer transitions and, 1800–1805

firm location and, 1813, 1814

firm-level strategies, 1786–1814

illegal practices, 1602

index of aggregate activity of, 1014

inducing self-selection and, 1793–1795

intermediaries, 1795, 1796

on Internet, 1810–1812

method choice of, 1809, 1810

neighborhood effects, 1797

organizational demography of, 1812, 1813

preferences and, 1791–1793

problems, 1784

referral based, 1798, 1799

risk and, 1771, 1789–1791

social networks and, 1796–1800

thick labor markets and, 1813, 1814

Hiring costs, 980–984, 1004, 1016–1017

average, 983, 984, 1016

estimates of, 983t

evidence on, 982

marginal, 980, 981

marginal, relationship between average and, 983, 984

theory of, 980–982

Hiring raids, 1800–1805

conditions for, 1801

symmetric v. asymmetric learning and, 1801, 1802

Hiring search, 1805–1810

screening, 1806

Hirsch, B. T., 1677t

Hirsch, Boris, 1011t

Hispanic Paradox, 856n2

Hitt, Lorin, 1737

Hoffman, Moshe, 1567, 1569

Hoffmann, Florian, 1567

Holdup problem, 1198, 1630, 1631, 1632, 1639–1641

Holland, P.W., 1617–1619

Holmberg, John, 1422t

Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 1596

Holmlund, Helena, 1515t, 1516t, 1518t, 1527

Holmstrom, B., 1775, 1776, 1779, 1784

Holzer, Harry J., 986t, 1805

HOME. See Home Observation for Measurement of Environment

Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME), 893

Home visiting programs, 1420–1424t, 1425, 1426

Hopenhayn, H., 1635

Hornbeck, Rick, 1284, 1289, 1306

Horwood, L. John, 1423t

Hotchkiss, J. L., 1790, 1791

HotJobs.com, 1811

Hourly wages, 1246t, 1248t

college nominal, 1244–1246, 1244f, 1245t, 1246t, 1247f

college real, 1249, 1250f

education and, 1060f, 1061, 1062f, 1248t

high school nominal, 1243, 1244f, 1245, 1245t, 1247f

high school real, 1249, 1250f

by metropolitan area, 1245t

occupations and, 1098t

percentiles, 1066, 1067f

percentiles relative to median, 1068, 1069f

Houseman, S., 1795

Housing

assistance, 1411, 1418

childhood shocks and, 1412–1414t

demand, 1259

market equilibrium, 1260

risk, 1307, 1308

Housing supply, 1259

elasticity, 1263, 1264

Houston Parent-Child Development Centers, 875t, 879

Howes, Candace, 1008t

Hoynes, Hilary W., 1406, 1407t, 1410, 1430t, 1433

HRM. See Human Resource Management

HRS. See Health and Retirement Survey

Hryshko, Dmytro, 811t, 816, 817, 823

Hsin, Amy, 1330

Hubbard, T. N., 1814

Huffman, David, 1547, 1548

Huggett, Mark, 843, 844

Hulten, Charles, 1709

Human capital, 843, 844

decentralization and, 1754

labor mobility and subsidies to, 1303

specific, 977

spillovers, 1291–1296

theory, 1788

training and, 1029, 1030

Human capital, child’s, 1323, 1471, 1499

government investment in, 1499

optimal investment in, 1502

Human Resource Management (HRM), 1698

best practices, 1740

by country, 1703f

design perspective, 1711, 1738, 1739, 1743

determinants, 1744–1756

expectations of, 1710–1712

firm distribution by country, 1705, 1706f

general practices studies, 1716–1719t, 1728, 1730

identification problem, 1712–1715

international comparisons, 1702, 1704–1706

measurement period, 1734

multinationals and, 1749f

practices, 1699–1707

on productivity, 1710–1738

regulations and, 1744f

studies, 1715, 1716–1727t

technology perspective, 1738, 1739, 1740–1743

trends, 1703t

Hunt, Robert M., 1293, 1294

Huntington, Lee, 1420t

Hurst, Erik, 1533, 1579

Huselid, Mark, 1718t, 1719t, 1728

Hustedt, Jason T., 1447t

Hyson, Rosemary, 1333, 1342t

Ichino, Andrea, 1564, 1564n29

Ichniowski, Casey, 1716t, 1719t, 1724t, 1732, 1737, 1787

ICT. See Information and communication technologies

IGE. See Intergenerational elasticity

IID. See Canadian Intergenerational Income Data

Ilias, Nauman, 1727t, 1734

Illinois Standards Achievement Test (ISAT), 897, 954, 956

Imperfect competition, 974, 1741. See also Perfect competition

amount of, 980–990

applications of, 1022–1030

complications, 1021

frictions and, 976–978

idiosyncrasies and, 976–978

sources of, 976–980

value-added from, 1021

Important life events, self-reported, 975t

Incarceration, 860–863

foster care and, 1338

National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and, 929

National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 and, 931

racial achievement gap and, 862t, 863

Incentives, 1698, 1740, 1772–1784. See also Employment conditional incentives

changing behavior, 1773, 1774

competition in form of, 1746

contract compatible, 1627

by country, 1705, 1706f

direct, 1699–1701

distortions, 1726, 1727t, 1733–1735

imperfect measurement and, 1777

incidence of, 1700f

increases in, 1701t

indirect, 1699, 1707

insurance v., 1744, 1745

non-linear, 1777

objective v. subjective measures and, 1777, 1778

over time, 1700, 1701

provision methods, 1774–1779

risk v., 1779–1781

studies for group, 1723–1726t, 1731–1733

studies for individual, 1720–1723t, 1730–1731

trends in, 1702f

Income. See also Earnings; Life-cycle-permanent income hypothesis; Permanent income hypothesis income process; Poverty

age and, 799

allowing endogenous fluctuations in, 840

assessing risk and, 839

birth weight and, 1333, 1366

changes on consumption, 779–789

childhood shocks and, 1399–1404t

Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and, 952

Collaborative Perinatal Project and, 946

College and Beyond 1976 and, 933

consumption and anticipated changes in, 780

consumption and permanent, 818, 819

consumption and size of change, 782, 783

Consumption responding to news to, 780

convergence, 1248, 1249

current v. lifetime, 799

data and consumption, 818–839

enhancement, 1397–1405

estimating alternative processes of, 796–800

expected lifetime, 1622

gender and, 1026, 1027

heteroskedastic innovations to, 817

increase in replacement, 1195

intergenerational elasticity and, 1522–1527

maintenance programs, 844

measured lifetime variability of, 823, 824

modeling, 789–818

National Education Longitudinal Survey and, 963

National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and, 929

produced in US by square mile, 1243f

proportionality hypothesis, 818, 819

quasi-experimental approach to, 832–835

racial inequality and, 864

regional differences in, 1302, 1303

specifications, 791–818

studies, 804–812t

subjective expectations of, 835–839

taxes based on nominal, 1301

time varying impacts on, 796

transitory/permanent process of, 790n27

variance, 793f

Income growth, 786

of particular individual, 797

Income inequality

consumption and, gap between, 832

consumption inequality and, 846, 847

permanent income shocks and, 824, 825

permanent rise in, 777, 778

permanent v. transitory, 822, 823

transitory rise in, 778

Income shocks

asymmetry of responses to, 801n35

consumption and, 781t

consumption and permanent, 782

consumption and transitory, 782, 783t

crop losses, 833

disability, 833–835

distinguishing between types of, 833

endogenous responses to shocks and, distinction between, 813

equilibrium and, 844–846

identifying, 835

illness, 833–835

insurable v. uninsurable, 847

insurance and, 847

intergenerational elasticity and, 1522, 1523

job opportunities, 842

persistent, 828

productivity, 842, 845

responses to shocks and, distinguishing between, 840

unemployment, 833, 835

weather, 833, 835

Income shocks, permanent, 815

anticipated, 825

identification of variance of, 793, 794

income inequality and, 824, 825

Natural borrowing constraint and, 788f

in 1980s, 825

transitory and, distinction between, 791

Zero borrowing constraint and, 788f

Income shocks, transitory

estimating, 794, 795

identifying properties of, 794, 795

measurement error, 794, 795, 796, 821

Natural borrowing constraint and, 788f

permanent and, distinction between, 791

variance of, 794

Zero borrowing constraint and, 788f

Industry cluttering, 1284

Infant. See also Child

attention, 870n23

habituation, 870n23

Infant cognitive achievement, 865

generalizability of, 870n23

Infant Health and Development Program, 875t, 878, 879, 1435t

Infections, 1371

Information and communication technologies (ICT), 1737, 1738

decentralization and, 1752, 1753

Information set, 789

given insurance and identifying, 820–827

identifying insurance for given, 818–820, 823–827

Information-based tasks, 1148

Informativeness Principle, 1775, 1784

Innovation, 1253, 1254

consumption and, 786n20

distribution, 1254

patents to measure, 1293, 1294

Insider wages, 1198, 1199

firing taxes entering positively into, 1198

outsider and, difference between, 1198, 1199

Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), 1222, 1223

Insurance, 776, 818. See also Health insurance; Self-insurance models; Unemployment insurance

against “bad initial conditions,” 844

contract, 1622–1626

differing degree of, 828

extent of partial, 830

identifying for given information set, 818–820

identifying information set for given configuration of, 820–827

incentive pay v., 1744, 1745

income shocks and, 847

information v., 827–831

location-based policies and missing, 1307, 1308

measurements of partial, 831t

minimum wage as imperfect, 1608

model of full, 827

moral hazard of partial, 828

no interest in, 845

perfect model of, 1624

thick labor markets and, 1287, 1288

via wages, 1628

Intelligence, multiple dimensions of, 872n28

IQ tests, 878, 879, 942

education and, 1512

environmental component of, 1512n40

genetic component of, 1512n40

intergenerational elasticity and, 1528, 1529

sibling correlations and, 1528

Intergenerational correlation

of birth weight, 1531, 1532

by country, 1496t

of earnings, 1489–1507

function, 1490

gender and, 1496t, 1575

of health, 1531, 1532

persistent transitory shocks, 1491

zero, 1488

Intergenerational elasticity (IGE), 1490

adoption studies, 1516t

attenuation biases, 1493

of attitudes, 1532, 1533

causal effects of, 1507–1528, 1515–1518t

cognitive skills and, 1528, 1529

consumption and, 1533

by country, 1495–1501, 1496t, 1498–1501

credit constraints and, 1502, 1503

of culture, 1532

decompositions, 1511, 1512

early estimates of, 1491

educational reforms and, 1501, 1524

gender and, 1496t, 1497

genetics and, 1507

income and, 1522–1527

income shocks and, 1522, 1523

instrumental variable studies, 1517, 1518t, 1522–1527

IQ tests and, 1528, 1529

job loss and, 1523, 1524

lifecycle bias, 1492–1494

in low per-child spending states v. high per-child spending states, 1500, 1501

of marriage preference, 1532, 1533

natural experiments, 1522–1527

neighborhood correlations and, 1508, 1509

over time, 1495–1501, 1498–1501

probability limit of, 1492

public education and, 1500

regression analysis using adoptees and, 1514, 1519–1521, 1522t

rich-poor gap in political participation and, 1500

self-employment and, 1529n60

sibling correlations and, 1508

sibling structural analysis and, 1509–1511

sibling/twin differences and, 1512–1514

sibling/twin studies, 1515t

of social behavior, 1532, 1533

wealth and, 1533

welfare and, 1530, 1531

Intergenerational mobility

jobs and, 1529, 1530

occupations and, 1529, 1530

optimal amount of, 1488

transition matrices, 1494, 1495, 1504

Intergenerational transmission of education, 1501, 1503, 1524, 1525

by country, 1505–1507, 1506–1507t

credit constraints and, 1504

estimation issues, 1504

evidence, 1505

measurement issues, 1503

over time, 1505, 1507

school system features and, 1505

school tracking and, 1505

Internal Revenue Service, 1605

Internet

hiring on, 1810–1812

job seeking on, 977, 978

Interpersonal skills, 1561, 1562

Intertemporal consumption theory, 776, 777

IRT. See Item Response Theory

ISAT. See Illinois Standards Achievement Test

Italian Survey of Household Income and Wealth (SHIW), 836, 838, 839

response rates, 838

Item Response Theory (IRT), 907, 940

IZA. See Institute for the Study of Labor

Jackson, M. O., 1797

Jacob, Brian A., 1413t, 1418, 1563

Jacobs, Ken, 1008t

Jacobsen, Karl, 1494

Jacobson, Mireille, 1723t

Jaffe, Adam B., 1293

Jamieson, Ellen, 1424t

Janssen, M. C. W., 1794

Jäntti, Markus, 1495–1497, 1509–1511, 1528, 1534

Jarrell, Sherry, 1718t

Jensen, Vibeke M., 1513, 1514, 1515t

Jenter, D., 1794

Jermann, Urban, 828

Job creation

condition, 1199

MP Model and, 1227–1229

in two-tier regimes, 1229, 1230

Job destruction, 1198

conditions, 1199

gross, 1192, 1195

MP Model and, 1227–1229

for temporary jobs, 1229, 1230

in two-tier regimes, 1229, 1230

Job displacement, 799, 989, 1814, 1815

cost of, 990

father, 1523

Job First, 1217

Job flows

in countries with strict employment protection, 1209, 1210

gross, 1190–1192

two-tier reforms and, 1199, 1200

Job loss. See also Dismissal; Firing costs; Firing tax

costs of, 989, 990

intergenerational elasticity and, 1523, 1524

job offer arrival rate to, 1019, 1020

rate, 1031

Job offer arrival rate, 976

job loss to, 1019, 1020

Job polarization, 1070–1095

cross-national evidence on, 1085–1087

industrial composition explaining, 1087–1090

pattern of, 1083

routinization hypothesis, 1070, 1075–1078, 1142

sources of, 1075–1078

Job Seekers’ Allowance, 988

Job seeking, 984–989. See also Hiring; Unemployment

assistance programs, 987

costs of, 1785

emotional costs of, 988

estimates of time spent, 986t, 987

evidence, 986–989

hyperbolic discounting in, 988

inactive, 989

on Internet, 977, 978

misrepresentation and, 1784, 1785, 1793

on-the-job, 997

return on extra, 989

scale effect in, 1288

theory, 984–986

time cost of, 988

Job vacancies

as accidents, 976n2

duration, 1805, 1807

duration hazard rate, 1806, 1807

education and, 1806

filling rate, 1191

literature on, 1805, 1806

matching workers to, 1191

value function of, 981

withdrawing, 1808

young, 1807

Jobs. See also Occupations; Skills; Tasks

admissible scope of, 1606

evaluating asset value of, 1227

growth by occupation, 1071

inefficient quits, 1640

intergenerational mobility, 1529, 1530

job destruction for temporary, 1229, 1230

local, 1241, 1242

offer matching, 997

percent change by occupation, 1073f

reform increasing replacement rates to unemployed coming from continuing, 1199, 1200

reforms increasing employment subsidies for entry, 1200

retention, 1814, 1815

shares by occupation, change in, 1072f

shares in occupations, 1097t, 1103t

Job-to-job transition rate, 1019

Johnson, Rucker, 1348t

Jones, Derek, 1725t, 1732

Jovanovich, B., 1785

Joyce, Theodore, 1426, 1427, 1429t, 1455t, 1459t, 1465

Jung, Kwanghee, 1447t, 1448t

Kaestner, Robert, 1455t, 1459t, 1465

Kahn, Charles, 1722t

Kahn, L. B., 1803

Kahn, Larry M., 1010t, 1577, 1592, 1654t

Kahn, Matthew, 1289

Kahneman, Daniel, 1580, 1580n43

Kaiser, Karen, 1317t

Kalil, Ariel, 1532

Kaplan, D., 1654t

Kaplan, Greg, 787–789, 788f

Kaplan, S. N., 1815

Katic, Pamela, 1011t

Kato, Takao, 1725t, 1732

Katz, Lawrence F., 1117n60, 1415t, 1417t, 1564, 1574, 1577, 1787, 1814

Kaufmann, K., 836, 837, 837t

Kay, Libby, 1435t

Keane, Michael, 808t, 817

Kearney, Melissa S., 1117n60

Kelly, Elaine, 1354t, 1366

Kenney, Genevieve, 1455t, 1465

Kermack, W. O., 1340

Kerr, William, 1282, 1291, 1646t

Khurana, R., 1796

Kilburn, Rebecca, 1329, 1330

KIPP. See Knowledge is Power Program

Kitzman, Harriet, 1421t, 1422t, 1425, 1426

Kleiner, Morris, 1722t, 1730, 1731

Kline, Patrick, 1298, 1299, 1304, 1305

Kling, Jeffrey R., 1415t, 1416t, 1417t

Knez, Marc, 1725t

Knittel, Christopher R., 1365t

Knopf, J. D., 1647t

Knowledge is Power Program (KIPP), 924, 925

Koch, Thomas G., 1464t, 1466

Koenker, R., 1791

Kolesnikova, N., 1278

Konig, Pierre, 1379t, 1394

Kowaleski-Jones, Lori, 1430t

Kramarz, Francis, 983t, 1530

Kranton, Rachel, 1570–1572

Kray, Laura J., 1576

Kremer, Michael, 1727t, 1734

Kretschmer, Tobias, 1748

Krueger, Alan B., 986t, 1580, 1580n43, 1787

Krueger, Dirk, 828

Krugman, Paul, 1289, 1290

Kruse, Douglas, 1700, 1723t, 1731, 1732

Kugler, Adriana D., 1531, 1639, 1646t, 1654t, 1655t, 1799

Kuhn, P., 1810, 1812

Kuziemko, Ilyana, 1577

KV model, 831, 832

La Porta, R., 1643, 1648t

Labini, M. S., 1810, 1811

Labor. See also Active labor market policy

child, 1607

spatial equilibrium model with homogenous, 1256–1265

spatial equilibrium model with multiple types of, 1279, 1280

spatial equilibrium model with one type of, 1278, 1279

spatial equilibrium with heterogeneous, 1265–1272

specialized and thick labor market, 1289

substituted for education, 1607

wage and low-skill, 995, 996

Labor demand, 1259

curve model, 998, 999, 1025

shock to, 1256, 1260–1263, 1267–1269

Labor market. See also Local labor markets

choices influenced by gender identity, 1572–1574

city, 1028, 1029f

gender and outcomes in, 1556–1560

imperfections, 1160

regulation, 1024–1026

structural modeling of, 1021n22

trends, 1048–1095

village, 1028, 1029f

Labor market, thick, 1286–1290

hiring and, 1813, 1814

as insurance, 1287, 1288

for intermediate inputs, 1290, 1291

productivity benefit of, 1289

specialized labor and thick, 1289

Labor market institutions, 1192, 1193

collusions, 978–980

defined, 1182, 1183

evolution of, 1182t

example of, 1183

indicators, 1179

in MP Model, 1224–1227

reforms and, 1176–1190

role of, 1160, 1161

Labor market institutions, European

Anglo-Saxon, 1178

changes, 1179–1182

clusters, 1176–1179, 1177t

Continental, 1178

Mediterranean, 1178

Labor markets, employment protection on, 1210t

Labor mobility, 1262

human capital subsidies and, 1303

Labor supply, 839–846, 992

elasticity, 1263, 1264

estimation problems, 1003

identifying, 1006

local, 1258

locational preferences and, 1258

model, 1003

rent-splitting and, 1002–1006

responses, 1497

shock, 1256, 1264, 1265

short-run v. long-run, 1003

wages and, 1004, 1005

Ladd, Helen, 1008t

Lahey, Joanna N., 1366

Lai, Lei, 1555, 1556

Laibson, David, 1743

Lakhani, Hyder, 1010t

Lalive, Rafael, 1578

Land prices, 1249

Landier, A., 1784

Lane, Julia, 1289n45, 1788, 1790, 1813, 1814

Language Essentials for Teachers of Reading and Spelling (LETRS), 913t

Larkin, Ian, 1727t, 1734, 1735, 1777

Laroche, P., 1662

Larson, Eric H., 1465

Laschever, Sarah, 1558

LATE. See Local average treatment effects

Lavy, Victor, 1557, 1558, 1722t, 1725t, 1731

Law. See also Courts; Employment law; Employment protection; Rule systems; specific laws

civil, 1643

common, 1685

criminal, 1594

private, 1594

Lawler, Edward, 1700

Lazear, E. P., 1634, 1637, 1655t, 1723t, 1730, 1771, 1773, 1774, 1778, 1779, 1788–1791, 1793–1794, 1801

Leadership, 1559

Learnfare, 913t

Lee, Bong, 1431t, 1433

Lee, D.S., 1343t, 1369, 1618, 1675t, 1678t, 1683, 1735

Lee, Eunju, 1420t

Lefebvre, Pierre, 1444t, 1451, 1452

Leisure, value of, 992

Lemieux, Thomas, 1000t, 1053, 1117n60, 1157n79, 1699, 1700, 1701

Leonard, J., 1812

Leonard, Kenneth, 1565, 1566

LETRS. See Language Essentials for Teachers of Reading and Spelling

Levenson, Suzette, 1431t

Levine, D. I., 1812

Levine, Phillip B., 1397, 1463t, 1466, 1530

Levitt, Steve, 1568

Levy, Frank, 1070, 1075, 1077

Liability rule, 1600

Lieb, Roxanne, 1437t

Liebman, Jeffrey B., 1415t, 1417t

Lien, Diana S., 1343t, 1369

Life

academic achievement explaining outcomes in, 858

expectancy uncertainty component, 787

important events in, 975t

Life-cycle-permanent income hypothesis, 778, 779–784

testing implications of, 818

Lillard, Lee, 804t

Lin, Jeffrey, 1288

Lin, Ming-Jen, 1355t

Lin, Wanchuan, 1462t

Lindahl, Mikael, 1515t, 1516t, 1518t, 1527

Lindeboom, Maarten, 1353t, 1356t, 1367

Lindquist, Matthew J., 1509–1511

Link, Charles, 1392n15

Liquidated damages, 1604

Lise, Jeremy, 845

List, John A., 1548, 1565–1567

Literacy, 865

Liu, Jin-Tan, 1355t

Living wage, 1008

LMP model, 840–843, 845

estimating, 842, 843

Local average treatment effects (LATE), 1526

Local development policy, 1280

Local jobs, 1241, 1242

Local labor markets, 1242–1254

equilibrium in, 1254–1257

productivity differences across, 1281–1296

Location-based policy

credit constraints and, 1307, 1308

defined, 1296

efficiency considerations, 1304–1308

equity considerations, 1297–1303

examples, 1296

implications of, 1296–1308

missing insurance and, 1307, 1308

subsidy incidence, 1297–1300

unemployment and, 1307, 1308

Location-based subsidies, 1242

Lochner, Lance, 1398, 1401t

Loehlin, John C., 1560

Long, Bridget T., 1568

Lopez-de Silanes, F., 1643, 1648t

Lopoo, Leonard M., 1500, 1501

Loughran, David, 1329, 1330

Loureiro, Maria L., 1531

Lovell, Knox, 1679t

Low, H., 812t, 840–843, 843

Lowenfels, Ann, 1420t

Lubotsky, Darren, 1392

Lucas, Robert, E., Jr., 1291, 1292

Luckey, Dennis, 1422t

Ludwig, Jens, 1337, 1440t

Lumeng, Julie C., 1443t, 1451

Lynch, L. M., 1662, 1667t, 1716t, 1728

MacCulloch, R., 1649t

MacDuffie, John, 1719t

Machin, Stephen, 983t, 1679t

Mackey-Bilaver, Lee, 1431t, 1433

Mackin, Christopher, 1723t, 1731, 1732

MacLeod, W. B., 1629, 1632, 1640, 1642, 1656t, 1699, 1700, 1701

MacMillian, Harriet, 1424t

MacMillian, Lindsey, 1321t

Macours, Karen, 1404t

MaCurdy, Thomas, 805t, 813

Madrian, Brigitte, 1743

Maestripieri, Dario, 1569

Magnuson, Katherine, 1445t, 1525

Malcomson, J. M., 1629, 1632

Malmendier, Ulrike, 1742

Maloney, W. F., 1687

Management

behavioral explanations of, 1742

favoritism, 1774

overconfidence, 1742

people, 1729t, 1743

quality theories, 1740–1742

visionary, 1792

Mandated wages, 1005

rise in, 993f

Manivong, Phongsack, 1362t, 1363t, 1368, 1369, 1378t, 1393

Mann, Horace, 880

Manning, Alan, 983t, 1011t, 1556, 1557, 1560, 1807, 1808

Manski, C. F., 835

Manual tasks, 1077

nonroutine physical, 1164

routine, 1080, 1164

Mare, David, 1283

Markowitz, Sarah, 1382t

Marriage, intergenerational transmission of preference in, 1532, 1533

Marschke, Gerald, 1726t

Marshall, Alfred, 1028

Martin, Anne, 1435t

Martin, Camilia, 1435t

Martin, Christopher, 1011t

Martin, Joanne, 1420t

Martin, Nick, 1379t, 1394

Mas, A., 1285, 1286, 1678t, 1683, 1726t

Maskin, E., 1637

Master-servant law, 1606, 1609

Mastery Learning, 912, 914t, 917

Matched employer-employee data, 799

Math, 865, 895t, 896t

data description, 939–941

Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Cohort and, 951

gender and, 1558n19

interventions and impact on, 922n52

racial achievement gap and, 881t, 885, 886t, 898, 899t, 904t, 909t

specific skills, 891t, 905, 906t

teacher quality and, 886t, 904t

tests in New York City, 897

Matouschek, N., 1639

Matsudaira, Jordan, 1003–1005, 1002t, 1033

Maurin, Eric, 1411, 1416t, 1517t, 1525

Mayer, Susan E., 1500, 1501, 1532

Mayfield, Jim, 1437t

Mazumder, Bhashkar, 1343t, 1351t, 1371, 1491, 1494

McCormick, Marie C., 1435t

McCrary, J., 1618

McFarlane, Elizabeth, 1420t

McGraw-Hill, 897

McIntosh, Emma, 1424t

McKay, Stephen, 986t

McKendrick, A. G., 1340

McKinlay, P. L., 1340

McKinsey, K. L., 1788

McKnight, Abigail, 986t

McLeod, Jane, 1317t

McNally, Sandra, 1517t, 1525

McNeil, I. R., 1604, 1605

MCSUI. See Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality

Meara, Ellen, 1389t, 1394

Meckling, Jensen, 1602

Medicaid, 1426. See also Health insurance

reducing quality of care, 1466

Medoff, J. L., 1670t

Meghir, Costas, 801, 802, 809t, 812t, 814, 815, 840–843, 845, 1518t, 1525

Meijers, Huub, 1563, 1564

Meitzen, Mark E., 1010t

Melitz, Marc, 1286, 1748

Mellow, Wesley, 986t

Mental health

childhood shocks and, 1372–1391t

maternal, 1394

screening, 1393, 1394

Meritor savings bank v. Vinson, 1598t

Merrigan, Philip, 1444t, 1451, 1452

Metcalf, David, 1721t

Meyers, Alan F., 1431t

Micco, A., 1649t

Michaud, Marie-Laure, 983t

Miles, T. J., 1656t, 1661

Milgrom, P., 1626, 1736, 1775, 1776, 1802

Miller, Douglas L., 1337, 1365t, 1440t

Miller, Grant, 1357t, 1367

Miller, Marna, 1437t

Miller, R. A., 1784

Milligan, Kevin, 1384t, 1398, 1401t, 1405, 1446t, 1451

Milwaukee Project, 876t, 878, 879

Mincerian wage equation, 1546

Minimum Distance procedure, 795

Minimum wage, 1593

binding, 1025

Hammurabi and, 1600

heterogeneity, 1026

as imperfect insurance, 1608

to maximize employment, 1025

optimal design of, 1622, 1623

perfect competition and, 1024

training and, 1030

Minton, B. A., 1815

Mishel, Lawrence, 1682t

Mishkin, F. S., 819, 820

Mitchell, M. W., 1680t

Mitchell-Herzfeld, Susan, 1420t

Mitford v. Lasala, 1612, 1614

Mobility, 839–846. See also Labor mobility; Upward mobility, degree of

air pollution and, 1367–1370

of CEOs, 1803, 1804

costs and skills, 1279

driving worker, 1258

earnings, 803, 813

intergenerational, 1488, 1494, 1495, 1504, 1529, 1530

labor, 1262

private costs, 1308

skills and costs of, 1279

social costs, 1308

Model servers, 1339

Moffitt, Robert, 806t, 813, 814

Mogstad, Magne, 1450t, 1452, 1453

Mohrman, Susan, 1700

Mondino, G., 1657t

Monopsony model, 992, 1004, 1005, 1013, 1024, 1028

partial equilibrium, 1025, 1026

textbook model of, 993f

undocumented workers and, 1030

Monster.com, 1811

Montenegro, C., 1657t, 1660t

Montgomery, J.D., 1771, 1797, 1798

Montoya, S., 1657t

Moon, Seong, 1438t

Moore, J., 1631, 1640

Moore, J. H., 1638

Moore, P., 1800

Moretti, Enrico, 1059n15, 1277, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1289, 1294, 1299, 1300, 1302, 1304n63, 1306, 1333, 1346t, 1366, 1409t, 1410, 1458t, 1466, 1564, 1564n29, 1726t

Morrill, Melinda, 1529

Morris, Pamela, 1399t

Morse, Steven, 1428t

Mortensen, Dale T., 1023, 1190

Mortgage, 783

Mosca, M., 1799

Mother

age at first birth and, 952

childhood shocks and employment of, 1394, 1395

childhood shocks and health of, 1342–1358t, 1366

childhood shocks and mental health of, 1394

childhood shocks health of, 1341–1355

Collaborative Perinatal Project and, 946

Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Cohort and, 952

guilt, 1572, 1573

racial achievement gap and education of, 894, 897

reaction to child, 946

Mother-child home program, 876t

Moving to Opportunity (MTO), 924, 1418, 1419, 1514

long-term outcomes of, 1419

MP Model, 1190

gross job flows in, 1190–1192

job creation and, 1227–1229

job destruction and, 1227–1229

labor market institutions in, 1224–1227

two-tier reforms and, 1196–1198

MTO. See Moving to Opportunity

Mueller, Andreas, 986t

Mueller, Gerrit, 1560, 1561

Muhlemann, Samuel, 983t

Mullainathan, S., 1784

Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality (MCSUI), 1808

Mundlak, Yair, 1741

Mure, J., 1789

Murname, Richard J., 1070, 1075, 1077

Murphy, K. J., 1777, 1778, 1803, 1804

NAEP. See National Assessment of Educational Progress

Nakamura, A. O., 1811

Nakamura, E., 1811

Nakavachara, V., 1656t

Nash bargaining rule, 1191, 1193, 1224, 1226, 1630, 1783

National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 917, 1466

data description, 954

proficiency levels, 918f, 919f

selection for, 917n48

test scores and, 954

National Child Development Study (NCDS), 1495

National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS), 907, 909–911t, 1563

age and, 963

data description, 963–966

income and, 963

parent’s education and, 963

primary outcomes in, 907

school ID and, 966

socioeconomic status and, 966

summary statistics for, 964, 965t

National Guard Youth Challenge Program, 914t

National Labor Relations Act of 1935, 1596

National Labor Relations Board, 1601

National Longitudinal Survey, 1493

National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health (Add Health), 907n46

National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), 1494, 1495

National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79), 858, 859t, 861, 862t, 1525

age and, 929

data description, 926–930

family income and, 929

incarceration and, 929

parent occupation and, 930

physical health and, 930

race and, 930

reading materials and, 929

sex and, 930

summary statistics, 927, 928t

unemployment and, 930

wage and, 930

National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97), 858, 860, 861t, 862t

age and, 931

data description, 931–933

incarceration and, 931

race and, 931

sex and, 931

summary statistics, 932t

unemployment and, 933

wage and, 933

National Resident Matching Program (NMRP), 979

National School Lunch Program (NSLP), 1432

Natural borrowing constraint (NBC), 787

permanent shock and, 788f

transitory shock and, 788f

Nature v. nurture

adoption studies and, 1519

gender and, 1564–1570

Navarro, Salvador, 823, 824

Naylor, Robin, 1495–1497

NBC. See Natural borrowing constraint

NCDS. See National Child Development Study

Near-cash programs, 1405, 1406, 1410, 1411, 1418, 1419

findings summary, 1419

Neely, Andrew, 1718t, 1722t

Negotiation. See also Bargaining

gender and, 995, 1554–1556, 1558

Neidell, Matthew, 1360t, 1396

Neighborhood characteristics

childhood shocks and, 1414–1417t

hiring and, 1797

intergenerational elasticity and, 1508, 1509

NELS. See National Education Longitudinal Survey

Neumark, David, 1717t

Neuroticism, 1560, 1561

New Hope, 1217

New York City

elementary school skills in, 905t

math tests, 897

middle school skills in, 906t

public schools data descriptions, 958–961

racial achievement gap in, 897, 898, 899, 900t, 901–903, 902f, 903f, 904t, 905–906t

reading tests, 897

voucher program, 914t

Newman, Sandra J., 1413t, 1418

Ng, Serena, 1533

Nickell, S., 1657t

Nickell, William, 1187

Nickerson, Jack A., 1724t, 1732

Nicoletti, G., 1658t

Nicolini, J., 1635

Niederle, Muriel, 1549–1551, 1552, 1558n19, 1561

Nijkamp, P., 1807

Nilsen, Oivind A., 1494

Nilsson, Peter, 1349t, 1391t, 1396

NLSY. See National Longitudinal Survey of Youth

NLSY79. See National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979

NLSY97. See National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997

NMRP, National Resident Matching Program

Nolen, Patrick, 1566, 1567

Nominal wage, 1243–1249

college hourly, 1244–1246, 1244f, 1245t, 1246t, 1247f

cost-of-living adjusted, 1249, 1250

differences in perfect competition, 1249

high school hourly, 1243, 1244f, 1245, 1245t, 1247f

productivity and, 1251

skills gap in, 1272

Nonroutine tasks, 1079

cognitive, 1163, 1164

manual physical, 1164

Nordlund, Daniel, 1465

Nores, Milagros, 1436t

Norris, J. B., 1811

Norton, Douglas M., 1357t, 1367

NSLP. See National School Lunch Program

Nuren, Astri, 1577

Nurse Family Partnership, 876t, 878, 1421t, 1422t

Nursing Child Assessment Teaching Scale (NCATS), 867, 941

Nutrition, 1431t

Oaxaca, Ronald, 1011t

Oaxaca decomposition, 1620

Obama, Barack, 856

Occupational Employment Statistics (OES), 1164

Occupational Information Network (O*NET), 1078, 1079, 1163, 1164

Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSHA), 1596, 1597t

Occupations. See also Jobs; Skills; Tasks

change in job shares by, 1072f, 1103t

changes linked to tasks, 1078–1081

changes within industries, 1103t

cleaning, 1074

clerks, 1087f, 1088, 1089f

craft/trade, 1087f, 1088, 1089f

education and, 1084, 1085f, 1099t

elementary, 1087f, 1088, 1089f

food preparation, 1074

full-time wage and, 1098t

gender and, 1082f, 1571

hourly wage and, 1098t

intergenerational mobility, 1529, 1530

job growth by, 1071

job shares in, 1097t

officials/managers, 1087f, 1088–1017f

operators/assemblers, 1087f, 1088, 1089f

percent change in jobs by, 1073f

professionals, 1087f

protective, 1074

structural change in, 1070–1075

task measures for, 1100t

tasks content of, 1075, 1078

technicians, 1087f

testosterone and, 1569

wage determination and, 1090–1095, 1092–1093t

weekly wage and, 1098t

Occupations, high skill, 1073, 1086, 1089

Occupations, low skill

decline in, 1090

growth of, 1073, 1086

Occupations, middle skill, 1074, 1075, 1076

decline of, 1073, 1083, 1086

growth of, 1074

Occupations, service, 1087f, 1088, 1089f

growth of, 1072n27, 1074, 1081

importance of, 1162

Ockert, Bjorn, 1528, 1529

Odean, Terrance, 1548, 1549

O’Donoghue, Ted, 1743

OECD. See Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

OES. See Occupational Employment Statistics

Offshoring, 1076n33, 1080, 1094, 1095, 1104t, 1147, 1148, 1164

information-based tasks, 1148

of routine tasks, 1077

wage structures and, 1148

Oi, Walter, 983t

Okun’s betas, 1206f

Okun’s law, 1206

“Old boy” network, 1797

Olds, David L., 1421t, 1422t, 1425, 1426

Olivetti, Claudia, 1532, 1533, 1564, 1574, 1575

Olson, C., 1665t

O’Neill, Donal, 1494, 1495

O*NET. See Occupational Information Network

Oportunidades, 1403t

Ordinance of Labourers, 1607

Oreopoulos, Philip, 1350t, 1414t, 1419, 1517t, 1523, 1524, 1525, 1567

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 1658t, 1659t

Organization for Strategic Labor Market Research, 1806

Organizational change, 1159, 1160

Organogram, 1750

Ornati, O., 1795, 1796

Örs, Evren, 1558

OSHA. See Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970

Oster, S., 1802

Osterman, Paul, 1719t

Oswald, Andrew J., 1000t

Ottaviano, Gianmarco I. P., 1286

Outgoing Rotation Group samples, 1049

Outsider wages, 1198, 1199

derivation of, 1230–1232

firing taxes entering negatively into, 1198

insider and, difference between, 1198, 1199

Outsourcing. See Offshoring

Overconfidence

gender and, 1548, 1549, 1550

management, 1742

Overcrowding, 1411

The Overeducated American (Freeman), 1053

Overman, Henry G., 1282, 1291

Owan, Hideo, 1724t, 1732

Ownership, 1747–1749

family, 1747, 1748

Own-gender effect, 1528

Oyer, Paul, 1727t, 1734, 1777, 1792, 1794, 1812, 1813

Paarsch, Harry J., 1557n17

Pacchetto Treu, 1196, 1197, 1198

Page, Marianne E., 1430t, 1433, 1508, 1509, 1517t, 1523, 1524, 1525

Pagés, C., 1645t, 1653t, 1657t, 1660t

Palme, Mårtin, 1361t, 1369, 1408t

Palomino, Frederic, 1558

Pan, Jessica, 1573

Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), 821n46, 1336, 1493

Parent, Daniel, 1699, 1700, 1701

Parents as Teachers Program, 879

Parey, Matthias, 1518t, 1525

Park, Rhokuen, 1700

Parsons, Donald O., 1010t

Partial equilibrium model, 1239

complete reforms and, 1193, 1194

monopsony model, 1025, 1026

Paserman, Daniele, 1557

Pastore, F., 1799

Patents, 1253, 1293

change over time in number filed per city, 1255f

distribution by city, 1253

to measure innovation, 1293, 1294

Paula Martins, Ana, 842

Pauli, Wolfgang, 1595

Pavoni, N., 828, 829

Paxson, Christina, 814, 815, 835, 1321t, 1371, 1375t, 1376t, 1377t, 1380t, 1381t, 1392

Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT), 893, 894, 895t, 896t

Peabody Individual Assessment Test-Revised (PIAT-R), 880

Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-3 (PPVT-3), 880, 939

Pekkarinen, Thomas, 1562

Pencavel, J., 1815

Pennucci, Annie, 1437t

Pensions, 777

People management, 1729t, 1743

People skills, 1561, 1562

Pepper, John V., 1530n62

Perdue, William R., Jr., 1629

Perfect competition, 1022, 1028, 1607. See also Imperfect competition

minimum wage and, 1024

nominal wage differences in, 1249

Performance management, 1729t

Permanent contract

employment protection and, 1201f, 1202f

temporary contracts converted to, 1201

wage premia on, 1202t

Permanent income hypothesis income process, 782, 791, 819

beyond, 784–789

Permanent income shocks, 815

anticipated, 825

identification of variance of, 793, 794

income inequality and, 824, 825

Natural borrowing constraint and, 788f

in 1980s, 825

transitory and, distinction between, 791

Zero borrowing constraint and, 788f

Permanent transitory decomposition, 813

Perri, Fabrizio, 828

Perry Preschool, 876t, 877, 1434, 1436t, 1438t, 1560n20

long-term return on investment of, 879n37

Personal Consumption Expenditure Deflator, 1055, 1163

Personal identifiers, 1338

Personality traits. See also specific personality traits

Big Five model, 1560, 1561

gender and, 1559, 1560–1564

gender and source of, 1564–1570

risk and, 1563, 1564

Persson, Matz, 1577

Petrongolo, Barbara, 1288

Peyrache, Eloic, 1558

Pfeiffer, Katherine M., 1335t, 1345t

Phibbs, Ciaran, 1002t

PIAT. See Peabody Individual Achievement Test

PIAT-R. See Peabody Individual Assessment Test-Revised

Pinto, Rodgrigo, 1438t

Piraino, Patrizio, 1529

Pischke, Jorn-Steffen, 814

Pissarides, Christopher, 1190, 1288, 1635, 1636

Pistaferri, Luigi, 787–789, 801–802, 809t, 812t, 814, 815, 831–832, 836–837, 837t, 840–843, 845n64, 1000t

Plug, Erik, 1515t, 1516t, 1518t, 1527, 1560, 1561

PNSS. See Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance System

Politeness theory, 1555

Political gender gap, 1554

Pollution theory of discrimination, 1571, 1572

Portrait, France, 1353t, 1356t, 1367

Posner, Richard, 1598

Postel-Vinay, Fabien, 843, 846

Postel-Vinay, Gilles, 1358t, 1367

Potential-outcomes framework, 1617

Poulsen, Anders, 1551

Poverty. See also Earnings; Income

in developing countries, 864, 865

regional differences in, 1302, 1303

welfare trap and trap in, distinguishing between, 1530

PPVT-3. See Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-3

Pre-CTOPPP. See Preschool Comprehensive Test of Phonological and Print Processing

Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance System (PNSS), 1429t

Pregnancy Risk Monitoring System, 1426, 1427t

PreLAS 2000, 939

Pre-market skills, 858

Prenatal/early infancy project, 876t

Prendergast, Canice, 1745, 1780, 1792, 1793

Prennushi, Giovanni, 1719t

Preschool Comprehensive Test of Phonological and Print Processing (Pre-CTOPPP), 939

Preston, Ian, 787–789, 822, 831–832

Pries, M., 1639

Primary Test of Cognitive Skills (PTCS), 880

Primiceri, G. E., 824–826

Private law, 1594

Procedural costs, 1209

Procrastination, 1742, 1743

Productivity, 1251–1253, 1699–1710. See also Total factor productivity

advantages of, 1241

benefits from increase in, 1263, 1264

benefits from thick labor market, 1289

determinants of local labor markets, 1281–1296

differences, 1238

dispersion, 1708–1710

econometrically estimating, 1710

HRM on, 1710–1738

identification problem, 1712–1715

of incumbent plants in counties with new plant opening, 1285f

nominal wages and, 1251

permanent advantage in, 1741

problems with measuring, 1709

profits v., 1711

risk, 840

shocks, 842, 845

sources of match-specific, 1786–1793

spillover, 1284, 1289, 1306, 1307

unions enhancing, 1641, 1662, 1663–1682t

wages and, 1637

Profile heterogeneity model, 814

Profits, 1004

maximizing steady-state, 1016

as measure of rents, 999

productivity v., 1711

unions and, 1683

Progresa program, 1403t

Project CRISS, 914t

Promotions

by country, 1705, 1706f

tournaments, 1778, 1779

wage changes and, 1779

wages and, 1802

Pronzato, Chiara, 1515t, 1527

Property-rights approach, 1632

Propper, Carol, 1724t, 1733

PSID. See Panel Study of Income Dynamics

Public good experiments, 1553, 1554

Puga, Diego, 1291

Pugh v. See’s Candies, 1612

PYCS. See Primary Test of Cognitive Skills

Pyman, A., 1811

Quantum Opportunity Program, 915t

Quintana-Domeque, Climent, 1374t

Raaum, Oddbjørn, 1495–1497

Rabin, Matthew, 1743

Racial achievement gap, 857, 864t

age and, 870

beyond including fixed school effects, 885

changes in differentials and, 1161, 1162

charter schools and, 924

in Chicago, 897, 898, 899, 900t, 901, 902f, 903f

in Cleveland, 918, 919, 918f

community-centered approach, 920, 924

in CPP, 867f

in Dallas, 897, 898, 899, 900t, 901, 902f, 903f, 904t

data description, 926–966

debate, 919, 920

development rates and, 870

in ECLS-B, 866f

English and, 909, 910t

before entering school, 865–874

genetic models and, 871–873

by grade, 902f, 903f

Harlem Children’s Zone and, 921f, 923f

health and, 862t, 863

in high school, 907–911

history and, 910t

incarceration and, 862t, 863

interventions before entering school, 874–880, 875–876t

in kindergarten through 12th grade, 880–907

losing ground, 885, 890

losing ground, sensitivity analysis, 888, 889t

maternal achievement and, 894, 897

math and, 881t, 885, 886t, 898, 899t, 904t, 909t

mental function composite score and, 869t

money spent on closing, 917

in New York City, 897, 898, 899, 900t, 901–903, 902f, 903f, 904t, 905–906t

parental test scores and, 873, 874

reading and, 882t, 884, 885, 887t, 894, 898, 900t, 904t

school-age interventions, 912–925, 913–916t

school-centered approach, 920

science and, 911t

teacher quality and, 885, 886, 887t, 901, 904t

unemployment and, 859t, 861t

using district administrative files, 897–907

wage and, 859t, 860, 861t

in Washington DC, 897, 898, 899, 900t, 901, 902f, 903f, 918f

Racial equality, progress towards, 865

Racial inequality

debate over causes, 857

declining significance of, 858–865

experiments, 857

income and, 864

Racine, Andrew D., 1426, 1427, 1429t, 1459t

Rajan, Raghuram, 1750

Ramalho, R., 1650t

Ramezzana, P., 1639

Rankin, Peter J., 1466

Ransom, Michael, 1011t

Rasul, Imran, 1720t, 1721t, 1730, 1735, 1774

Rat-race equilibrium, 1779

Ratto, Marisa, 1724t, 1733

Reading, 895t, 896t

data description, 939–941

Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Cohort and, 951

National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and, 929

racial achievement gap and, 882t, 884, 885, 887t, 894, 898, 900t, 904t

specific skills, 892t, 905, 906t

teacher quality and, 887t, 904t

tests in New York City, 897

Real wage, 1249–1251, 1262

calculating, 1249

changes in composition-adjusted weekly, 1057f, 1058t

education and, 1058t

experience and, 1058t

hourly college, 1249, 1250f

hourly high school, 1249, 1250f

by skill group, 1055–1061

weekly, 1056f

Rebitzer, J. B., 1803

Redistribution, 1553, 1554

Reforms, 1188–1190, 1189t

addressing more than one topic, 1223

average wage and, 1196

comparative statics results of, 1195t

decreasing wedge, 1186f

defined, 1184, 1185

discrete, 1184, 1187

dualism, 1200–1203

employment conditional incentives, 1217–1220

employment protection, 1188t, 1203

in Europe 1980-2007, 1185t

financial market, 1188–1190, 1189t

general equilibrium effect of, 1212

honeymoon effect, 1203–1207, 1204f, 1211

IGE and education, 1501, 1524

increasing employment protection for incumbents, 1200

increasing employment subsidies for entry jobs, 1200

increasing replacement rates to unemployed coming from continuing jobs, 1199, 1200

incremental, 1184, 1186–1188

institutes and, 1176–1190

issues checklist, 1208

Italy, 1196, 1197

labor market, 1188–1190, 1189t

labor reallocation and, 1190–1208

learning from, 1208–1222

measurement problem, 1210

nature of, 1207

by orientation, 1189

packaging, 1186, 1187t

phasing in, complete, 1184

phasing in, long, 1208

phasing in, partial, 1184

phasing in, timing of, 1184

product market, 1188–1190, 1189t

regulatory intensity of, 1187

scope of, 1185t, 1189

size of, 1185t, 1187, 1188

structural, 1185t, 1188

summary, 1207, 1208

target share, 1186

taxonomy of, 1185t

tracking European, 1185, 1186

transitional dynamics, 1203–1207

treatment group, 1187

unemployment benefit, 1187, 1188t

wedge and, 1183f

Reforms, complete

defining, 1194

general equilibrium effects of, 1194–1196

partial equilibrium effects of, 1193, 1194

two-tier v., 1187t, 1200

Reforms, two-tier, 1186–1188

comparative statics results of, 1199t

complete v., 1187t, 1200

defined, 1184

determinants of, 1175, 1176

employment responsiveness and, 1207f

engineering, 1175

job flows and, 1199, 1200

MP Model and, 1196–1198

Okun’s betas and, 1206f

from rigid regime, 1204

two-tier wage structures and, 1201, 1202

of unemployment benefits, 1215

Rege, Mari, 1523

Regression discontinuity, 1618

Reich, Michael, 983t, 1008t

Reingold, David, 1411, 1414t, 1418

Reliance damages, 1603

Rents, 974

distribution of, 1031

industry profits as measure of, 999

responsiveness of wages to, 998

size of, 980–990, 1031

size of, from search model, 1031, 1032

Rent-sharing

estimates of, 998–1002, 1000t

unions and, 1002

Rent-splitting

degree of, 1019

estimates of, 997–1021

labor supply curve elasticity and, 1002–1006

Research privacy protection, 1339

Restart experiments, 1221

Restitution, 1603, 1629

Restricted Income Profiles (RIP), 816

Retirement, 781n11, 785. See also Early retirement

Reyes, Jessica Wolpaw, 1390t, 1396

Ricardian trade models, 1047, 1120–1154

comparative statics, 1132–1140, 1133f

comparative statics, basic, 1133–1138

environment, 1122, 1123

equilibrium allocation, changes in, 1135f

equilibrium without machines, 1123–1130

features, 1121

special cases, 1130–1132

wage effects and, 1138–1140

Ridder, Elizabeth, 1423t

Ridder, G., 1806

Rietveld, P., 1807

Rigby v. Ferodo, 1633

Right-to-manage model, 998, 999

RIP. See Restricted Income Profiles

Risk, 774n1

background, 775

contracts and, 1621, 1634–1636

employment, 840

estimating, 800

ex-ante responses to, 774, 775, 777

ex-post responses to, 774–777

gender and, 1545, 1546–1549, 1564, 1576

great shift, 777n6

hiring and, 1789–1791

housing, 1307, 1308

importance of measuring, 776

incentives v., 1779–1781

income and assessing, 839

measurement, 801

mortality, 774n1

option value, 1790

personality traits and, 1563, 1564

policy implications of, 776

predictive power of preferences of, 1546n3

primitive, 789, 790

productivity, 840

sharing, 825

testosterone and, 1569

types, 774n1

uncertainty and, technical difference between, 775n3

uninsurable lifetime income, 827

using choices to learn about, 818–839

varying over life cycle, 1547

wage, 1307, 1308

as year-to-year volatility, 789

Risk aversion

increasing, 784

individual, 1547

Roback, Jennifer, 1254

Robert-Nicoud, F., 1639

Roberts, John, 1736

Robin, Jean-Marc, 845

Robles, Omar, 1366, 1367

Rockoff, Jonah, 1564n29

Rodrigues, Christopher, 1399t

Rodriguez, Monica, 1420t

Røed, Knut, 1495–1497

Rogerson, R., 1639

Rogerson, W. P., 1629

Role models, 1568

Rooney, Patrick M., 1532

Roos, Leslie, 1350t, 1362t, 1363t, 1368, 1369, 1378t, 1393

Rose, Nancy L., 1000t

Rosen, Sherwin, 1254, 1778, 1779

Rosenblatt, Robert, 1465

Rosen-Roback framework, 1254–1256, 1258

key insight, 1255

restrictions of, 1256

Rosenthal, Stuart, 1282

Rosenzweig, Mark, 1342t, 1366, 1513, 1515t, 1721t

Ross, S., 1797

Rotemberg, Julio R., 1287

Roth, Jeffrey, 1428t, 1432

Routine tasks, 1076, 1078. See also Nonroutine tasks

cognitive, 1080, 1164

manual, 1080, 1164

market price of, 1155

offshoring of, 1077

Royalty, Anne Beeson, 1010t

Royer, Heather, 1352t

Ruback, R. S., 1680t, 1683

Ruhm, Christopher J., 1383t, 1445t

Rule systems, 1600, 1601

Runaway and Homeless Youth Act, 898

Rush, David, 1337, 1338

Rustichini, Aldo, 1549, 1551, 1552, 1569

Saavedra, J., 1660t

Sacerdote, Bruce, 1516t

Sadun, Raffaella, 1717t, 1748, 1753

Saidi, Farzad, 1556, 1557

Salganik, Mikhail, 1435t

Salinger, M., 1681t

Salm, Martin, 1376t, 1392, 1393

Saloner, Garth, 1287, 1797

Salop, J., 1793

Salop, S., 1793

Salter, W. G., 1708

Salvanes, Kjell G., 1334t, 1338, 1347t, 1517t, 1524, 1528, 1532

Sanbonmatsu, Lisa, 1416t

Sanders, Nicholas, 1365t

Sandusky, K., 1788

Sanz-de-Galdeano, Anna, 1531

Sapienza, Paola, 1569

SAT. See Scholastic Aptitude Test

Savelyev, Peter, 1438t

Säve-Söderbergh, Jenny, 1559

Savings, 782n13, 784, 828

lack of precautionary motive for, 784

precautionary, 787, 800, 845

Scarpetta, S., 1658t, 1660t

Scarring effects, 799, 800

Schady, Norbert, 1404t

Schaefer, S., 1774, 1784, 1792, 1794, 1812, 1813

Schanzenbach, Diane, 1406, 1407t, 1410, 1463t, 1466

Schellenbach, Cynthia J., 1420t

Schenker, Samuel, 983t

Schennach, Susanne, 1319t

Schivardi, Fabiano, 845n64, 1000t

Schkade, David, 1580n43

Schmidt, K. M., 1809, 1810

Schnabel, Claus, 1011t

Schnberg, 1385t

Schoeni, Robert F., 1348t

Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT), 863, 864

College and Beyond 1976 and, 935

Scholder, Kessler, 1724t, 1733

Schonberg, U., 1802, 1803

Schrank, Tomas, 1011t

Schunk, Daniel, 1376t, 1392, 1393

Schupp, Juergen, 1547

Schwab, S. J., 1646t

Schwartz, J., 1676t

Schwarz, Norbet, 1580n43

Schweinhart, Lawrence, 1436t

Scoones, D., 1802

Scorse, J., 1687

Scott, David, 1435t

Seattle Social Development Project, 915t

SEED charter schools, 924

Self Sufficiency Project (SSP), 1217, 1220

Self-affirmation essay writing, 912, 915t, 917

Self-employment, 791n29

intergenerational elasticity and, 1529n60

Self-insurance models, 785, 828

Seniority scales, 1012

SER. See Social Security Administration’s Summary Earnings Records

Severance payments, 1209, 1622, 1623, 1635

undone via labor contract, 1634

SF-12. See Short Form Health Survey, 12-Item

SGA. See Small for gestational age

Shannon, Harry, 1424t

Shapiro, C., 1628

Shavell, S., 1629

Shaw, Kathryn, 1716t, 1719t, 1724t, 1732, 1737, 1811, 1813, 1814

Shearer, Bruce, 1557n17, 1723t, 1731, 1774

Shen, K., 1812

Sherman, D., 1676t

Shimer, R., 1635

SHIW. See Italian Survey of Household Income and Wealth

Shleifer, A., 1643, 1648t

Shocks. See also Childhood shocks; Income shocks

labor demand, 1256, 1260–1263, 1267–1269

labor supply, 1256, 1264, 1265

productivity, 842, 845

skill-specific, 1241, 1270–1272

Shore-Sheppard, Laura, 1457t

Short Form Health Survey, 12-Item (SF-12), 861

Sia, Calvin, 1420t

Siblings. See also Twins

allocating resources between, 1329

birth weight, 1329

childhood shocks and, 1328

Head Start and, 1439

studies, 1508–1514, 1515t, 1528

welfare and, 1397

Sickles, Robin, 1679t

Sidora-Arcoleo, Kimberly, 1422t

Silva, Emilson, 1722t

Silva v. University of New Hampshire, 1609

Simester, Duncan, 1725t

Simon, C. J., 1799

Simon, H. A., 1605, 1606, 1608, 1626

Sims, David, 1011t

Siow, Aloysious, 842

Situational ambiguity, 1555

Skalicky, Anne, 1431t

Skans, Oskar N., 1530

Skill bias, 1044, 1097, 1149. See also Technical change

technical change and medium, 1138

Skills. See also Occupations

allocated to tasks, 1123, 1124, 1158

college wages and supply of, 1052, 1053

comparative advantage of, 1122, 1123

demand for, 1044, 1097

determination of threshold high, 1132f

dimensions of, 1788

earnings differences between, 1302

elasticity of substitution between, 1099, 1102

external benefits from, 1292

imperfect substitutions in, 1105

inequality within groups, 1115–1117

intergenerational elasticity and cognitive, 1528, 1529

law of one price for, 1124–1126

math, 891t, 905, 906t

mobility costs and, 1279

no arbitrage across, 1126, 1127

nominal wage gap, 1272

nominal/real differences across, 1301

people, 1561, 1562

pre-market, 858

premium, 1106

real wages by groups of, 1055–1061

replacing, 1107

specific shocks, 1241, 1270–1272

specific weights on, 1788, 1789

supply of, 1044, 1097

tasks and, distinction between, 1045, 1120

types, 1047, 1050, 1097, 1265

utility gap, 1272

wages and, 1154

wages of males with low, 1057

Skills, substitution across different, 1144–1147

comparative statics, 1146, 1147

environment, 1144–1146

interpretation, 1146, 1147

Skuterud, M., 1810

Slesnick, Daniel T., 1302, 1303

Sloan, Frank A., 1466

Small, Deborah A., 1555, 1558

Small for gestational age (SGA), 1432

Smith, Adam, 1242, 1745–1747

Smith, Alison, 986t

Smith, Anthony, 811t, 826, 827

Smith, Gillian C., 1377t

Smith, James, 1377t, 1379t, 1392

Smoking, 1368

birth weight and, 1369

SNAP. See Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program

Social assistance. See also Welfare; specific programs

unemployment benefits and, 1216f

Social behavior. See also Behavioral problems; Culture

intergenerational transmission of, 1532, 1533

“Social Europe,” 1176

Social identity model, 1545

Social networks, 1796–1800

“Social Policy Reform Inventory,” 1185

Social preferences, 1552–1554

Social Security Act, 1597t

Social Security Administration’s Summary Earnings Records (SER), 1491

Social security system, 787

Socialization, gender and, 1566, 1568

Solon, Gary, 809t, 810t, 815, 817, 1488, 1493, 1498–1500, 1508–1509, 1533–1534

Son’s earnings

age and, 1492

estimating, 1495–1497

measurement error, 1495

South African Child Support Grant (CSG), 1402t

SPAK, 1218, 1219

evaluation of, 1219

Spatial abilities, 1567

Spatial equilibrium model, 1240, 1242

with agglomeration economies, 1273–1276

assumptions, 1257–1260, 1266–1267, 1278n34

conclusions of, 1278n34

empirical evidence, 1278–1281

with heterogeneous labor, 1265–1272

with homogenous labor, 1257–1265

with multiple types of labor, 1279, 1280

with one type of labor, 1278, 1279

residents v. movers and, 1280, 1281

with tradable/non-tradable industries, 1276–1278

variations of, 1257

Spence, M., 1786

Spetz, Joanne, 1002t

Spillovers, 1439

human capital, 1291–1296

internalizing, 1285, 1286, 1304–1307

knowledge, 1291–1296

magnitude, 1293n50

paper trail, 1293

productivity, 1284, 1289, 1306, 1307

Sprenger, C., 1636

SSP. See Self Sufficiency Project

Stabile, Mark, 1350t, 1362t, 1363t, 1368, 1369, 1372t, 1378t, 1392, 1393, 1398, 1401t, 1405

Stabilization policies, 776, 777, 784

Staiger, Douglas, 1002t, 1033, 1034

Standard Certificate of Live Birth, 1369

Stanford-Binet IQ scores. See IQ tests

Stanley, M., 1774

Stayn, Heidi, 1558

Stein, Zena, 1337, 1338

Steinberg, Richard, 1532

STEP. See Summer Training and Education Program

Stereotype

gender, 1576

threat, 917

Stevens, Anne H., 1430t, 1433, 1517t, 1523, 1524, 1525

Stevens, D., 1790

Stevenson, Amanda, 1422t

Stevenson, Betsey, 1577, 1578, 1579, 1810

Stewart-Brown, Sarah, 1424t

Stiglitz, J. E., 1628

Stimulus policies, 776

Stock-flow matching, 988, 989

Stock-stock matching, 988

Stone, Arthur A., 1580n43

Stone, J. A., 1676t, 1680t

Stott, D., 1808

Strahan, Phillip E., 1000t

Strange, William, 1282

Strickland, Joshua A., 1576, 1577

Stroud, Laura, 1354t, 1369

Strully, Kate, 1345t

Student maturity, 1776

Stutzer, Alois, 1578

Subsidies

centrally financed, 1297–1299

from entry jobs, 1200

labor mobility and human capital, 1303

locally financed, 1299, 1300

location-based, 1242

wage, 1218, 1219

Substance abuse, 1394

Success for All, 912, 915t, 917

evaluating impacts of, 917

Sullivan, D., 1687

Summer Training and Education Program (STEP), 915t

Sunde, Uwe, 1547, 1548

Sunk investment, 1629, 1630

Super-additivities, 1736

Superior information, 790, 820, 821, 824

extent of, 830

test, 832

Supplemental Feeding Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), 1426–1433

selected studies, 1427–1431t

Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program (SNAP), 1405, 1406

Supplemental Reading Instruction, 916t

Sure Start program, 1453

Susser, Mervyn, 1337, 1338

Svenson, Ola, 1742

Swaffield, Joanna, 1560

Sweetman, Olive, 1494, 1495

Syracuse University Family Development, 876t

Syverson, Chad, 1708, 1710, 1741

TAKS. See Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills

Talent Development High School, 916t

Tameny v. Atlantic Richfield Co., 1597t, 1610, 1611

TANF. See Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Program

Tasks, 1045

abstract, 1077, 1079

automation, 1077

codifiable, 1076

content of occupations, 1075, 1078

demand, 1087

determination of threshold high skill, 1132f

by education, 1080

evolution of, 1081–1085

by gender, 1080

information-based, 1148

intensity, 1080

linking occupational changes to job, 1078–1081

machine displacement of, 1140–1144

measures, 1079, 1163, 1164

measures by education, 1101, 1102t

measures for occupations, 1100t

skills allocated to, 1123, 1124, 1158

skills and, distinction between, 1045, 1120

unitary elasticity of substitution between, 1125

wages and, 1154

Tasks, manual, 1077

nonroutine physical, 1164

routine, 1080, 1164

Tasks, nonroutine, 1079

cognitive, 1163, 1164

manual physical, 1164

Tasks, routine, 1076, 1078

cognitive, 1080, 1164

manual, 1080, 1164

market price of, 1155

offshoring of, 1077

Taste shifters, 785, 787

Tate, Geoffrey, 1742

Tatelbaum, Robert C., 1421t, 1425, 1426

Taxes. See also Conditional tax credits

based on nominal income, 1301

consumption and reforms of, 780

employment protection component of, 1209

firing, 1192, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1197, 1198

law, 1605

on low wage in Europe, 1177t

re-employment financing unemployment benefits, 1635

wedge on low wage, 1179

Taylor, L., 1278

Teachers. See also Tenure

parents as, 866, 867, 876t, 941

racial achievement gap and, 885, 886, 887t, 901, 904t

reading and, 887t, 904t

Teaching

loop, 941

to test, 1776

Technical change, 1046, 1102, 1104, 1105, 1107, 1117, 1118, 1134, 1787, 1788

directed, 1148–1154

direction of, 1119

example, 1152–1154

medium skill biased, 1138

pace, 1117, 1118, 1119

on wage levels, 1138–1140

Tedeschi, P., 1795, 1796

Teixeira, Paulino, 1645t

Tekin, Erdal, 1388t, 1395

Telle, Kjetil, 1523

TEMA-3. See Test of Early Mathematics Ability-3

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Program (TANF), 898

Temporary contract, 1197

converted to permanent contracts, 1201

employment protection and, 1201f

Temporary Work Agency, 1197, 1795

Tennessee Valley Authority, 1296

Tenure, 1777

contract, 1627

return to, 841n63

wage elasticity to, 1012

ter Weel, Bas, 1561, 1562

Tervio, M., 1784

Test of Early Mathematics Ability-3 (TEMA-3), 939

Testosterone, 1568, 1569

career choices and, 1569

risk and, 1569

Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS), 897, 958

Theory of the Consumption Function (Friedman), 833n55

Thomas, B. Helen, 1424t

Thomas, Duncan, 1320t, 1328, 1439, 1440t

Thompson, Leigh, 1576

The three year old journey, 876t

Time homogeneity, 1618

Tinbergen’s race, 1106, 1107, 1108

Tirole, J., 1634, 1636, 1750

Tominey, Emma, 1349t, 1368, 1724t, 1733

Topa, G., 1797

Topel, Robert, 806t

Torero, M., 1366, 1367, 1660t

Tort claim, 1610

Total factor productivity (TFP), 1251, 1708

changes over time, 1252f

higher, 1709

Total Suspended Particles (TSP), 1368

Tousaint v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield, 1611n29

Townsend, R. M., 1624

Toxic exposure, 1396

Toxic stress, 870

Training

human capital accumulation and, 1029, 1030

minimum wage and, 1030

paying for, 1030

Trajtenberg, Manuel, 1293

Tranaes, T., 1801

Transaction costs theory, 1642

Transitory income shocks

estimating, 794, 795

identifying properties of, 794, 795

measurement error, 794, 795, 796, 821

Natural borrowing constraint and, 788f

permanent and, distinction between, 791

variance of, 794

Zero borrowing constraint and, 788f

Treatment-on-the-treated effect (TTE), 790n26

Trial Urban District Assessment, 918

Trust, 1756

TSP. See Total Suspended Particles

TTE. See Treatment-on-the-treated effect

Tulsa Pre-K Program, 876t, 878, 879

Turnover cost, employment protection as, 1599, 1634, 1685

Turon, Hélène, 843, 846

Tutt, Robin, 1422t

Twins. See also Siblings

birth weight, 1330

fixed effect model, 1527

reconciling with adoptee/IV literatures, f1527, 1528

studies, 1512–1514, 1515t, 1531–1532

Two-tier reforms, 1186–1188, 1188

comparative statics results of, 1199t

complete v., 1187t, 1200

defined, 1184

determinants of, 1175, 1176

employment responsiveness and, 1207f

engineering, 1175

job flows and, 1199, 1200

MP Model and, 1196–1198

Okun’s betas and, 1206f

from rigid regime, 1204

two-tier wage structures and, 1201, 1202

of unemployment benefits, 1215

UB. See Unemployment benefits

UI. See Unemployment insurance

Ultimatum experiments, 1553, 1554

Uncertainty

volatility, 815

wage variability and, 824

Unemployment, 860. See also Employment; Job seeking

assistance, 1213

benefit sanctions on outflows from, 1222

College and Beyond 1976 and, 935

duration and duration of benefits, 1214

evolution of, 1192

hazard rate, 1214

income shocks, 833, 835

location-based policies and, 1307, 1308

National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and, 930

National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 and, 933

racial achievement gap and, 859t, 861t

rate, 1176

value of, 985

Unemployment benefits (UB), 1179, 1185, 1192, 1194, 1195, 1223

eligibility conditions, 1213

entitlement conditions, 1213

in Europe, 1177t

European v. non-European, 1182t

generosity of, 1180, 1214, 1216

macro literature, 1213, 1214

micro literature on, 1214

pricing out and, 1214

reforms, 1187, 1188t

reforms, literature on, 1213–1216

reforms, two-tier, 1215

replacement rates, 1213

social assistance and, 1216f

tracking, 1197

unemployment duration and duration of, 1215

Unemployment insurance (UI), 833

benefits from, 833

financed out of re-employment tax, 1635

as imperfect insurance, 1608

welfare effects of, 834

Unions, 1662, 1683, 1684, 1686, 1735

bargaining power, 1683, 1684

committing to binding agreements, 1662

decline in, 1683

employment law as substitute for protection from, 1641

enhancing productivity, 1641, 1662, 1663–1682t

monopoly model, 1637

profit and, 1683

rent-sharing and, 1002

retaliation, 1640

workplace organization and, 1662

Unit homogeneity, 1618

Upward, R., 1808

Upward mobility, degree of, 1494

Urukagina’s code, 1599

Vaage, Kjell, 1494

Vakis, Renos, 1404t

van de Gaer, Dirk, 1494, 1495

Van Den Berg, Gerald J., 1353t, 1356t, 1367

Van den Steen, E., 1791

van Ours, Jan, 1573, 1574, 1806

Van Reenen, John, 1000t, 1717t, 1728, 1742n22, 1743, 1748, 1753, 1754

van Rens, T., 824–826

Vandegrift, Donald, 1552, 1552n11

Vaupel, James W., 1359t, 1366

Velez, Melissa, 1335t, 1345t

Vella, Francis, 1574, 1575

Ventura, Gustavo, 843, 844

Verstraete, Matthieu, 1444t, 1451, 1452

Vesterlund, Lise, 1549–1551, 1552, 1553n12, 1558n19

Vidangos, Ivan, 811t

Vietnam War, 1053

Vigdor, Jacob, 1008t

Villeval, Marie-Claire, 1551

Violante, Giovanni, 787–789, 788f

Viscusi, W. Kip, 1010t

Vital Statistics Natality, 1338, 1410

Vives, Xavier, 1746

Vlachos, Jonas, 1528, 1529

Vogel, Jonathan, 1121n65

von Hinke, Vanessa, 1724t, 1733

von Wachter, T., 1624, 1687

Voos, Paula, 1682t

Voth, Joachim, 1355t, 1367

Votruba, Mark, 1523

Vujic, Suncica, 1379t, 1394

Wages

changes in structure of, 1118

comparative advantage and, 1154–1157

competition and, 1592

compression, 1030

consumer, 1059n15

convexification, 1059

defining variable of, 1009

discrimination, 995

efficiency, 1799

elasticity to tenure, 1012

employment and, one-to-one link between, 1004, 1005

employment maximizing, 1025

endogenizing, 843, 844

enforceable, 1632

equilibrium dispersion, 1022, 1024

European taxes on low, 1177t

expected, 1009

fairness notions, 994

fixed, 1637

imperfections, 994

incomplete contracting of, 1640

in-kind benefits and, 1058

instability, 778, 778n7

insurance via, 1628

labor demand shock and, 1260–1263, 1267–1269

labor supply and, 1003, 1004

labor supply shock on, 1264, 1265

law of one, 1022–1024

law of one, failure of, 1024

living, 1008

low skill male, 1057

in low-skill labor, 995, 996

mandated, 1005

mandated, rise in, 993f

marginal product and, relationship between, 1016

market tightness on, 1195

mass points of, 1023, 1023t

matching effects and, 841n61

models to determine, 990–997

National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and, 930

National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 and, 933

occupations and full-time, 1098t

offer distributions, 1014

offshoring and, 1148

paid to skill group v. task, 1154

period-to-period variability of, 841n62

permanent contracts and premia of, 1202t

polarization, 1046, 1069, 1070, 1070n24, 1142

producer, 1059n15

productivity and, 1637

promotions and, 1802

promotions and changes in, 1779

racial achievement gap and, 859t, 860, 861t

reforms and average, 1196

renegotiations of, 843, 1640

reservation, 1032

responsiveness to rents, 998

Ricardian trade models and effects of, 1138–1140

rigidity of, 994

risk, 1307, 1308

seniority scales, 1012

stochastic process of, 842, 843

stock-based, 1794

structural interpretation of, 813, 814

as “take-it-or-leave-it” offer, 995, 1002

technical change on levels of, 1138–1140

temporary v. permanent premia, 1003

uncertainty and variability in, 824

worker set, 1637, 1638

Wage bargaining, 991–995, 1022–1023

individualistic, 995

models, 991, 992

Wage determination, 996, 997

occupations and, 1090–1095, 1092–1093t

Wage elasticity to separation, 1007–1018

correctly-signed, 1008

experimental evidence, 1007, 1008

non-experimental studies of, 1009–1012, 1010–1011t

quasi-experimental estimates of, 1002, 1007, 1002t, 1008t

recruitment elasticity and, 1012–1015, 1034–1035

wrongly-signed, 1008

Wage inequality, 777

cost-of-living-adjusted, 1059n15

equilibrium and, 1127, 1128

increase in, 1059n15

overall, 1061–1070

Wage posting, 991–994, 995

bargaining power and, 993

directed search models, 994

random matching in, 994

Wage subsidies, 1218

costs of, 1219

criticism of, 1219

windfall beneficiaries and, 1219

Wages, college, 1050–1055

detrended changes in supply and, 1111f

by experience, 1112, 1113, 1113t

high school and, gap between, 1109t, 1110f, 1111

nominal hourly, 1244–1246, 1244f, 1245t, 1246t, 1247f

ratio to high school wage, 1112f

real hourly, 1249, 1250f

skill supply and, 1052, 1053

weekly, composition adjusted, 1051f

Wages, high school, 1050–1055

college and, gap between, 1109t, 1110f, 1111

detrended changes in supply and, 1111f

hourly nominal, 1243, 1244f, 1245, 1245t, 1247f

ratio to college wage, 1112f

real hourly, 1249, 1250f

weekly, composition adjusted, 1051f

Wages, hourly, 1246t, 1248t

college nominal, 1244–1246, 1244f, 1245t, 1246t, 1247f

college real, 1249, 1250f

education and, 1060f, 1061, 1062f, 1248t

high school nominal, 1243, 1244f, 1245, 1245t, 1247f

high school real, 1249, 1250f

by metropolitan area, 1245t

occupations and, 1098t

percentiles, 1066, 1067f

percentiles relative to median, 1068, 1069f

Wages, insider, 1198, 1199

firing taxes entering positively into, 1198

outsider and, difference between, 1198, 1199

Wages, minimum, 1593

binding, 1025

Hammurabi and, 1600

heterogeneity, 1026

as imperfect insurance, 1608

to maximize employment, 1025

optimal design of, 1622, 1623

perfect competition and, 1024

training and, 1030

Wages, nominal, 1243–1249

college hourly, 1244–1246, 1244f, 1245t, 1246t, 1247f

cost-of-living adjusted, 1249, 1250

differences in perfect competition, 1249

high school hourly, 1243, 1244f, 1245, 1245t, 1247f

productivity and, 1251

skills gap in, 1272

Wages, outsider, 1198, 1199

derivation of, 1230–1232

firing taxes entering negatively into, 1198

insider and, difference between, 1198, 1199

Wages, real, 1249–1251, 1262

calculating, 1249

changes in composition-adjusted weekly, 1057f, 1058t

education and, 1058t

experience and, 1058t

hourly college, 1249, 1250f

hourly high school, 1249, 1250f

by skill group, 1055–1061

weekly, 1056f

Wages, weekly

occupations and, 1098t

percentiles, 1064f, 1065f

Wagner, Gert G., 1547

Waldfogel, Jane, 1383t, 1445t

Waldkirch, Andreas, 1533

Waldman, M., 1801, 1802

Walker, Ian, 1400t, 1406, 1407t

Walker, Reed, 1364t, 1368

Walker, Robert, 986t

Walld, Randy, 1350t

Walsh, Christine A., 1424t

Walsh, Randall, 1367, 1552

Ward, Michael, 806t

Warner, J. T., 1799

Warren, Ronald, Jr., 1679t

Washington DC

district data descriptions, 961–963

racial achievement gap in, 897, 898, 899, 900t, 901, 902f, 903f, 918f

Watts, Timothy, 1358t, 1367

Wealth, intergenerational transmission of, 1533

Weather shocks, 833, 835

Webbinnk, Dinand, 1379t, 1394

Weber, Max, 1750

Wechsler Intelligence Scale, 878, 942

Wedge

decreasing, 1184, 1186f

defined, 1183, 1184

increasing, 1184

on low wage, 1179, 1181, 1181f, 1182t

reforms and, 1183f

tax on low wage, 1179

Weekly wage

occupations and, 1098t

percentiles, 1064f, 1065f

Weinberg, Bruce A., 1561, 1562

Weinberg, N., 1800

Welch, Finis R., 1564n28

Welfare, 1238, 1397

aggregate, 1306, 1307

cost-of-living adjusted, 1301

exposure to, 1531

incidence of enrollment in, 1530n62

intensity of enrollment in, 1530n62, 1531

intergenerational elasticity and, 1530, 1531

local, 1304, 1305

siblings and, 1397

trap, 1530

Welfare Milk Program, 1406

Welfare Restructuring, 1217

Wells, William, 1652t

WERS. See British Workplace Employees Relations Survey

WFTC. See Working Families’ Tax Credit

Wheeler, Christopher, 1288, 1813

Whistleblower Protection Act of 1989, 1598t

WIC. See Supplemental Feeding Program for Women, Infants, and Children

Wickens, M. R., 1010t

Widom, Cathy, 1387t, 1395

Wilhelm, Mark O., 1532

William Lester, T., 1008t

Williams, Nicholas, 841n63

Williamson, O. E., 1642, 1686

Willis, Robert, 804t

Wilson, William Julius, 857

Windfall beneficiaries, 1217

wage subsidies and, 1219

Windfall problem, 1217

Windham, Amy, 1420t

Wisconsin Longitudinal Survey (WLS), 1520

WLS. See Wisconsin Longitudinal Survey

Wolfers, Justin, 1577, 1578, 1579, 1648t

Wollard, Ingrd, 1402t

Wolpin, K. I., 835

Wong, Vivian C., 1448t

Wood, H. G., 1606

Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery achievement test, 878–880

Woods, Elizabeth, 1435t

Woolley v. Hoffmann-La Roch, 1597t, 1611

Worker ability, heterogeneous, 1032–1034

Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act, 1598t

Worker quality cut-off level, 1005

Worker-employer matching, 841

Workforce Investment Act of 1991, 1809

Working Families’ Tax Credit (WFTC), 1217, 1398

World Economic Forum’s Gender Gap Index, 1568

Wulf, Julie, 1750

Yale experiment, 876t

Yaron, Amir, 843, 844

Yavas, Abdullah, 1552, 1552n11

Yavitz, Adam, 1438t

Yeaple, Stephen, 1748

Yelowitz, Aaron, 1411, 1412t

Yestrumskas, Alexandra H., 1561

Youngs, Rachel, 986t

Yu, Jennifer, 1435t

Yunzal-Butler, Cristina, 1426, 1427, 1429t

Zabojnik, J., 1803, 1804

Zaldivar, Nievves, 1431t

ZBC. See Zero borrowing constraint

Zero borrowing constraint (ZBC), 787, 789

permanent shock and, 788f

transitory shock and, 788f

Zhu, Yu, 1400t

Ziliak, James, 1722t

Zilibotti, Fabrizio, 1130, 1131, 1150

Zimmerman, David J., 1397, 1530

Zimmerman, M. B., 1680t, 1683

Zingales, Luigi, 1569

Zucker, Lynne G., 1293

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Table of Contents for
Subject index to volume 4b