Index
2-D least squares method
3D-NRT
3D-STAP
A ABORT detector
ACE (adaptive coherence estimator)
ACE receiver
ACF (auto-correlation function)
acoustic gravity waves (AGW)
ACS (auto-correlation sequence)
modal decomposition
parameter estimation
sample ACS distribution
space-time
spatial
temporal
active radar systems
active signal sources
A/D samples
adaptive beamforming. See also beamforming
antenna element
array pattern characteristics
challenges
digital concepts
distribution of detections
essential concepts
experimental results
extended data analysis
interference
noise and
noise mitigation
operational issues
overview
performance analysis
performance prediction
popular techniques
post-Doppler techniques
practical application
problem formulation
range-dependent
resources
spatial processing
standard
subarrays
time-varying approaches
traditional
weight vectors
adaptive coherence estimator. See ACE
adaptive filter performance
adaptive filtering
adaptive matched filter. See AMF
adaptive processing
clutter mitigation
considerations
HFSW radar systems
noise and
performance and
RAP
SAP
STAP. See STAP
adaptive processors
adaptive subspace detector. See ASD
ADC (analog-to-digital converter)
ADC devices
additive noise
Aeolian noise
AEW (airborne early-warning) radars
AF (auto-ambiguity function)
AGC (automatic gain control)
AGW (acoustic gravity waves)
air detection tasks
air surveillance
air traffic control. See ATC
airborne early-warning (AEW) radars
airborne targets
Airy function
AIS (automated identification systems)
AM broadcasts
AM radio broadcast transmitters
ambient noise
ambient noise field
ambipolar diffusion
AMF (adaptive matched filter)
detection with
Iluka experiment
overview
performance of
AMF output
amplitude fading
amplitude heterogeneity
amplitude mismatch
amplitude modulated pulse waveforms
amplitude-modulation
analog beamforming
analog heterodyne receivers
analog-to-digital converter. See ADC
analytical ray-tracing (ART)
AN/FPS-95 system
AN/FPS-118 systems
anomalous propagation
antenna arrays
considerations
extensions to
imperfections
multi-channel
radiation pattern
reception channels
wide aperture
antenna radiation patterns
antennas
auxiliary
biconical
gains
log-periodic
loop
microwave
OTH radar
polarized
radiation patterns
receive system
reciprocal
site selection and
transmission loss
transmit
whip
AN/TPS-71
systems
aperture extrapolation (APEX)
APEX (aperture extrapolation)
Appleton, Edward V.
Appleton anomaly
AR model
clutter and
data extrapolation and
scalar
AR (auto-regressive) process
architectural characteristics
ARD data cube
ARD (azimuth-range-Doppler) map
ARD output data
ARD resolution cells
ARithmetically Oriented (ARO) processor
ARMA (auto-regressive moving-average) model
ARMA process
ARO (ARithmetically Oriented) processor
array beamforming
array calibration
array calibration errors
array manifold errors
array signal-processing models. See also HF channel simulator
array snapshot
array-processing models
ART (analytical ray-tracing)
ARTIST algorithm
ASD (adaptive subspace detector)
G-ASD detector
Iluka experiment
Jindalee experiment
overview
partially homogeneous case
temporal processing
ATC (air traffic control)
ATC radar
atmospheric noise
atmospheric refraction
attachment
aurora australis
aurora borealis
Australian HF radar programs
auto-ambiguity function (AF)
auto-correlation function (ACF)
auto-correlation sequence. See ACS
automated identification systems (AIS)
automatic gain control (AGC)
auto-regressive. See AR
auto-regressive moving-average (ARMA) model
auto-regressive (AR) process
azimuthal coverage
azimuth-range-Doppler. See ARD
B background noise
backscatter
clutter returns and
Earth surface backscatter
latitudes
sea clutter and
two-way paths
backscatter coefficient
backscatter sounder
backscatter sounding (BSS)
BAE SWR system
BANDEX (bandwidth extrapolation)
bandwidth
high
increased need for
narrow
operational considerations
TBP
waveforms
bandwidth extrapolation (BANDEX)
Barnett, M.A.
Barrick model
basic transmission loss (BTL)
batch schemes
BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation)
BBC broadcasts
BBC World Service
beam system
beamforming. See also adaptive beamforming
analog
array
conventional
digital
transmit
beampattern characteristics
beam-range-Doppler (BRD) data cube
bed-of-nails ambiguity function
bibliography
biconical antennas
binary tests
bistatic architecture
bistatic systems
blanketing
blind signal separation (BSS)
blind system identification (BSI)
blind waveform estimation
channel parameter estimation
localized scattering
MIMO experiment
motivating example
multipath model
overview
problem formulation
processing objectives
received signals
SIMO experiment
single-site geolocation
standard techniques
waveform estimation
boats
Boys, J.
BPL (broadband over power lines)
Bragg lines
Bragg wave trains
Bragg-wave clutter returns
BRD (beam-range-Doppler) data cube
BRD map
Breit, G.
British Broadcasting Corporation. See BBC
British Chain Home radar system
broadband antenna elements
broadband over power lines (BPL)
broadcast stations
broadcasting
Brunt-Vaisala frequency
BSI (blind system identification)
BSS (backscatter sounding)
BSS (blind signal separation)
BTL (basic transmission loss)
BTL curves
C C band
carrier frequency
CCIR (International Radio Consultative Committee)
CCIR reports
CD mode wavefronts
CD model
CD (coherently distributed) signal
CD signals
CD targets
cell under test (CUT)
CFAR (constant false-alarm rate)
cell averaging
detection/ false-alarm probabilities
GOCA method
GOOS scheme
HFSW radar
IDC and
ordered statistics
performance metrics
SOCA method
target echoes and
CFAR algorithm
CFAR processing
CH (Chain Home) radar system
Chain Home (CH) radar system
channel diversity
channel estimation
channel occupancy
channel occupancy noise
channel scattering function. See CSF
channels. See also HF channels
clear
forbidden
occupied
reference
Ricean
scattering. See CSF
Chapman, Sydney
Chapman formula
charge transfer reactions
chirp deramping
chordal mode
civil applications
clairvoyant signal-copy weights
clean-up algorithms
climatological ionospheric models
closed-form least squares technique
clutter. See also interference; noise
backscatter and
causes of
coherent signals and
cold. See cold clutter
considerations
Doppler-spread
ground
hot. See hot clutter
ionospheric. See ionospheric clutter
meteor
overview
range ambiguities
RCS
SCR
sea. See sea clutter
sidelobes
surface
clutter echoes
clutter mitigation
clutter models
clutter patches
clutter power
clutter RCS
clutter returns
backscatter and
Bragg-wave
considerations
dominant
HF signal environment
ionospheric clutter
overview
sea clutter. See sea clutter
terrain clutter
time-domain
unrejected
clutter-only snapshots
CMEs (coronal mass ejections)
Coast Guard
Cobra Mist system
coded orthogonal frequency division multiplex (COFDM) signals
COFDM (coded orthogonal frequency division multiplex) signals
coherence loss
coherence ratio
coherent interference
coherent processing interval. See CPI
coherent signals
coherently distributed. See CD
cold clutter
considerations
mitigation techniques
STAP and
cold clutter data model
cold-clutter processing
collisional ionization
communication systems
compensation waves
composite signal data model
composite wavefields
compound-Gaussian model
coning effect
constant false-alarm rate. See CFAR
contamination
continuous wave (CW) signals
continuous waveforms
conventional tapered beamformer (CTB)
Cook, James
coordinate registration (CR)
coronal holes
coronal mass ejections (CMEs)
cosine-Tukey amplitude-taper
coupling losses
CPI (coherent processing interval)
air-mode
considerations
DATEX method and
intra-CPI performance
lightning bursts
maximum length
real-data collection
sweeps
CPI data
CR (coordinate registration)
crinkled wavefronts
critical angle
critical frequencies
cross-rejection situation
CSF (channel scattering function)
fine structure observations
nominal mode parameters
overview
CSF data
CTB (conventional tapered beamformer)
Curtin-Laverton OIS ionogram
CUT (cell under test)
CW (continuous wave) signals
CW spurs
D DAB (Digital Audio Broadcasts)
dark noise
DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)
data
ARD
conditioning
CPI
CSF
GPS
PDAF
primary
training
data association
data covariance matrix
data extrapolation (DATEX)
DATEX (data extrapolation)
Daventry Experiment
daylight fadeout
DDC (digital downconverters)
DDRx (direct digital receivers)
DDRx technology
de Forest, Lee
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
defense applications
degrees of freedom (DOF)
Dellinger, J.H.
Dellinger effect
deviative absorption
DFT (discrete Fourier transform)
diagonal loading
differential bistatic range
diffuse scattering process
diffusion
Digital Audio Broadcasts (DAB)
digital beamforming
digital downconverters (DDC)
digital filtering
Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM)
Digital Video Broadcasts Terrestrial (DVB-T)
DIR (dwell illumination region)
direct digital receivers. See DDRx
directional interference
direction-of-arrival. See DOA
Direction-of-Arrival by Signal Elimination (DOSE) algorithm
direct-wave interference (DWI)
discrete Fourier transform (DFT)
discrete targets
discrete-target echo
discrete-target model
dissociative recombination
distinct modes
distributed signal mode
disturbance vector
disturbances
D-layer
DOA (direction-of-arrival)
DOA estimation
DOF (degrees of freedom)
Doppler ambiguities
Doppler bins
Doppler broadening
Doppler clutter
Doppler frequencies
Doppler frequency shift
Doppler frequency spread
Doppler processing
HFSW radar
maneuvering targets
moving target indicator
overview
post-Doppler techniques
practical examples
spectral analysis
Doppler resolution
Doppler shifts
Doppler spectrum
characteristics
clutter
contamination
scattered echo
sea echo
Doppler spreads. See also SDC
Doppler-frequency resolution
Doppler-spread clutter
Doppler-time signature
DOSE (Direction-of-Arrival by Signal Elimination) algorithm
D-region
D-region ionization
DRM (Digital Radio Mondiale)
“ducting,”
DVB-T (Digital Video Broadcasts Terrestrial)
dwell illumination region (DIR)
DWI (direct-wave interference)
E early-warning wide-area surveillance
Earth surface backscatter. See ESB
ECA (Extensive Cancelation Algorithm)
Eccles, W.H.
echoes. See target echoes
Eckersley’s method
E-E mode
EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone)
E-F mode
eigenstructure
eigenvectors
EKF (extended Kalman filter)
E-layer
electrical storms
electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
electromagnetic drift
electromagnetic (EM) environment
electromagnetic interference (EMI)
electromagnetic noise
electromagnetic theory
electron density
Electronic Warfare (EW)
ELEFANT radar
elevation pattern control
ELF (extremely low frequency)
EM (electromagnetic) environment
EMC (electromagnetic compatibility)
EMI (electromagnetic interference)
emission masks
emissions, out-of-band
empirical models
empirical receiver-operating (ROC) curves
environmental noise
equatorial anomaly
equilibrium
E-region ionization
ESB (Earth surface backscatter)
ESB paths
escape rays
EW (Electronic Warfare)
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
extended Kalman filter (EKF)
Extensive Cancelation Algorithm (ECA)
external calibration sources
external interference
external noise
external signals
extraordinary wave
extraterrestrial noise. See galactic noise
extremely low frequency (ELF)
F F1-layer
F2-layer
factorization theorem
fading
amplitude
frequency-selective
spatially homogeneous
spatially stationary
stationary
fading-rates
false detection
Faraday rotation
fast fourier transform. See FFT
fast-time samples
fast-time STAP
FDTD (finite-difference time-domain)
F-E mode
FFT (fast fourier transform)
FFT algorithm
FFT frequency bins
fine structure
finite conductivity
finite-difference time-domain (FDTD)
FIR-MIMO model
FIR-MIMO system
FIR-SIMO model
FIR-SIMO system
first-order mode
fixed elevation
fixed frequency
flat-fading
F-layer
flutter fading
flyback time
FM radio
FMCW (frequency-modulated continuous waveform)
FMCW signal
FMCW sweeps
FMS (frequency management system)
fountain effect
Fourier surfaces
framing schemes
free electrons
free-electron density
F-region ionization
frequencies. See also specific frequencies
changes to
critical
fading. See fading
fixed
management of
selection
frequency agile
frequency channels
frequency dispersion
frequency management system (FMS)
frequency range
frequency-law
frequency-modulated continuous waveform. See FMCW
frequency-selective fading
frequency-time characteristic
fringe patterns
Fuller, L.F.
G G-ACE detector
gain
galactic noise
Galilei, Galileo
GAM (generalized array manifolds)
G-ASD detector
Gauss, Carl
Gaussian auto-correlation function
Gaussian distribution
Gaussian disturbance
Gaussian noise
Gaussian scattering assumption
Gaussian speckle
GEEBUNG project
GEMS algorithm
generalized array manifolds (GAM)
generalized eigenvalue problem (GEP)
generalized estimation of multipath signals (GEMS) algorithm
Generalized Inner Product (GIP)
generalized likelihood-ratio test. See GLRT
generalized multi-hypothesis tests (GMHT)
generalized subspace detector (GSD)
generalized Watterson model (GWM)
geolocation method
geomagnetic storms
GEP (generalized eigenvalue problem)
Gething, P.
GFB (go-fast boats)
GIP (Generalized Inner Product)
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
Global Nearest Neighbor (GNN)
GLRT (generalized likelihood-ratio test)
GLRT detection schemes
alternative binary tests
background
disturbance process
joint data-set detection
measurement models
multi-hypothesis tests
one- and two-step
overview
practical applications
problem description
processing schemes
spatial processing
temporal processing
traditional hypothesis tests
useful signals
GLRT expressions
GMHT (generalized multi-hypothesis tests)
GNN (Global Nearest Neighbor)
GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System)
GOCA (greatest-of-cell-averaging) CFAR method
go-fast boats (GFB)
GOOS (greatest-of ordered statistics) 2D-CFAR scheme
GPS data
grating lobes
greatest-of ordered statistics (GOOS) 2D-CFAR scheme
greatest-of-cell-averaging (GOCA) CFAR method
gross registered tonnage (GRT)
gross structure
ground range
ground-plane effect
ground-proximity effect
ground-wave OTH radar systems. See HFSW radar systems
ground-wave propagation
overview
plane surface
ranges
spherical surface
surface roughness
theory of
groundwave radar. See HFSW
group refractive index
GRT (gross registered tonnage)
GRWAVE model
GRWAVE program
GSD (generalized subspace detector)
guard cells
GWM (generalized Watterson model)
H harmonic second-order scatter
Heaviside, Oliver
Hermitian matrix
Hertz, Heinrich
heterodyne receivers
heterogeneities
HF antenna radiation patterns
HF applications
HF band
considerations
early experiments
jamming
man-made emissions
spectral occupancy
HF channel simulator
generalized Watterson model
overview
parameter-estimation techniques
point/extended sources
real-data application
HF channels. See also channels
fluctuations
multi-sensor
wave interference model and
HF electromagnetic (EM) environment
HF post-war systems
HF radar equation
HF signal environment. See also HF signals
air/surface tasks
bandwidth
carrier frequency
clutter returns
coherent processing interval
detection methods
interference. See interference
noise. See noise
operational considerations
overview
pulse repetition frequency
signal/data-processing steps
standard routines
target echoes
tracking methods
HF signal refraction
HF signal-copy methods
HF signals. See also signals
absorption
considerations
environment. See HF signal environment
fading. See fading
gain
measurements on
vs. microwave signals
multipath model
processing
propagation of
radio refractive index
reflection
surveillance systems and
types of
HF single-site location (SSL)
HF skywave propagation channel
HF-OTH PCL system
HF-SSL systems
HFSW (high-frequency surface-wave) radar
HFSW radar concept
HFSW radar equation
HFSW radar systems, OTH radar systems. See also surface wave entries
adaptive processing and
architecture
bistatic
civil uses
clutter and
DDRx and
Doppler processing and
environmental factors
estimating ocean surface
example systems
frequency selection
general characteristics
high-power
interference
ionospheric clutter
low-power
maritime surveillance
military uses
monostatic
noise
operational considerations
vs. OTH radar
overview
performance
polarization filtering
practical applications
practical implementation of
principle of operation
propagation mechanism
radar configuration
radar cross section
receive system
remote sensing
signal- and -data-processing
single-site
site selection
vs. skywave OTH radar
subsystems
transmit system
two-site
high rays
high-angle ray
higher order modes
higher order statistics (HOS)
high-frequency surface-wave. See HFSW
high-pass filter (HPF)
historical perspective
homogeneous Gaussian case
homogeneous Gaussian disturbance
HOS (higher order statistics)
hot clutter
considerations
mitigation techniques
rejection
SHCR
hot clutter data model
HPF (high-pass filter)
hybrid modes
hypothesis acceptance test
hypothesis tests
I ID mode wavefronts
ID model
ID multipath signals
ID signal mode
ID signal model
ID signals
ID (incoherently distributed) source
ID targets
IDC (ionospheric distortion correction)
IF (intermediate frequency)
IF filters
IF passband
IGY (International Geophysical Year)
IID (independent and identically distributed)
IID Gaussian disturbance
Iluka experiment
Iluka HFSW radar
Iluka OTH radar
Iluka radar systems
IMD (intermodulation distortion) products
I-MIMO (instantaneous multiple-input multiple-output) system
IMM (interactive multiple model) framework
impulse response
impulsive noise
impulsive noise excision (INE)
IMS (integrated maritime surveillance) system
incoherent signals
incoherently distributed. See ID
independent and identically distributed. See IID
INE (impulsive noise excision)
INR (interference-to-noise ratios)
instantaneous multiple-input multiple-output (I-MIMO) system
instantaneous performance analysis
integrated maritime surveillance system (IMS)
interactive multiple model (IMM) framework
interference. See also clutter; noise
causes of
coherent
considerations
disturbed ionospheric paths
external
HF applications
HFSW radar
intentional
man-made
non-interferenece
overview
removing
RFI. See RFI
spatial processing
transient disturbance mitigation
unintentional
interference cancelation analysis
interference wavefronts
interference-to-noise ratios (INR)
interferometry
intermediate frequency. See IF
intermodulation distortion (IMD) products
internal calibration sources
internal noise
internal signals
International Geophysical Year (IGY)
International Radio Consultative Committee. See CCIR
International Reference Ionosphere (IRI)
International Telecommunications Union. See ITU
interpolating parabola
intra-CPI performance analysis
ionization
collisional
D-region
enhanced
E-region
F-region
loss processes
photoionization
ionization height profile
ionosondes
ionosphere
active
altitude region in
considerations
described
discovery of
disturbances/storms
formation/structure
historical overview
layer formation
models
post-war years
production processes
quiet
solar activity
studying
variability of
ionospheric clutter
clutter returns
considerations
conventional processing
diffuse
Doppler characteristics
frequency dependence
HFSW
mitigation
overview
path typologies
polarimetric properties
range occupancy
spatial properties
specular
ionospheric distortion correction (IDC)
ionospheric index
ionospheric layers
ionospheric mode identification
ionospheric mode structure
ionospheric modes
ionospheric propagation-path assessments
ionospheric reflections
ionospheric storms
ionospheric studies
IQML (Iterative Quadratic Maximum Likelihood) technique
IRI (International Reference Ionosphere)
Iterative Quadratic Maximum Likelihood (IQML) technique
ITU (International Telecommunications Union)
ITU letter-band designations
ITU masks
J jamming signal
JDS (joint-data set) techniques
JFAS. See Jindalee Facility Alice Springs
Jindalee experiment
Jindalee Facility Alice Springs (JFAS)
Jindalee Operational Radar Network (JORN)
Jindalee OTH antennas
Jindalee OTH radar
Jindalee project
Joint Probabilistic Data Association (JPDA)
joint-data set (JDS) techniques
JORN (Jindalee Operational Radar Network)
JPDA (Joint Probabilistic Data Association)
K K band
Ka band
Kalman filter (KF)
Kelly’s GLRT
Kennelly, Arthur
KF (Kalman filter)
known reference points (KRPs)
Kronecker delta function
Kronecker product
KRPs (known reference points)
Ku band
L L band
LCMV (linearly constrained minimum variance) optimization
Least Squares (LS)
LF band
LFMCW (linear frequency-modulated continuous waveform)
LFMCW spectrum
lightning strikes
likelihood-ratio test (LRT)
linear constraints
linear flyback waveforms
linear frequency-modulated continuous waveform. See LFMCW
linearly constrained minimum variance (LCMV) optimization
line-of-sight. See LOS
LNA (low-noise amplifier)
LO (local oscillator)
LO signals
loaded sample-matrix inverse. See LSMI
local oscillator. See LO
localized training
log-periodic antennas
log-periodic dipole array. See LPDA
LOS (line-of-sight)
LOS path
LOS surveillance radar systems
loss processes
low frequency band
low rays
low-noise amplifier (LNA)
low-pass filter (LPF)
LPDA (log-periodic dipole array)
LPDA elements
LPF (low-pass filter)
LRT (likelihood-ratio test)
LS (Least Squares)
LSMI (loaded sample-matrix inverse) technique
LSMI weights
LSMI-MVDR beamforming
M MADRE radar system
magnetic field
magnetic latitudes
magnetic storms
magnetized plasma
magneto-ionic components
magneto-ionic splitting
magneto-plasma
magnetosphere
magnitude-squared coherence. See MSC
main waves
main-beam cancelation (MBC)
mainlobe detection
manifold
manifold-based methods
man-made emissions
man-made interference
Marconi, Guglielmo
maritime surveillance
Martyns’s theorem
matched filter (MF)
matched useful signal
matched-field (MF) MUSIC
matrix inverse technique
Maunder minimum
maximum likelihood. See ML
maximum useable frequency (MUF)
Maxwell, James Clerk
MBC (main-beam cancelation)
M-dimensional signal vector
mean plane wavefront
medium frequency (MF) band
meteors
echoes
shower
sporadic
Method of Direction Estimation (MODE)
method-of-moments (MOM)
MF (matched filter)
MF (medium frequency) band
MF implementation
MF (matched-field) MUSIC
MFA (model-fitting accuracy) metric
MF-MUSIC
MF-MUSIC algorithm
MHT (multiple-hypothesis tracker)
microwave frequencies
considerations
coverage limitations
vs. HF signals
straight-line propagation
super-refraction of
microwave radar systems
accuracy
antenna gains
integration time
minimum/maximum range
vs. OTH radars
propagation factor
propagation losses
resolution
slant range
space required for
target RCS behavior
transmit power
Mie scattering region
military applications
Millington’s method
MIMO experiment
MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) system
minimum variance distortionless response. See MVDR
mini-radar system
mixed-layer modes
mixed-path propagation
mixer
ML (maximum likelihood) estimate
ML estimator
MM-UPDAF algorithm
modal decomposition
MODE (Method of Direction Estimation)
mode wavefields
model-fitting accuracy (MFA) metric
MOM (method-of-moments)
monostatic systems
motivating example
moving target indicator (MTI)
MQP (multi-segment quasi-parabolic)
MQP model
MSC (magnitude squared coherence)
MSC distributions
MSC values
MTI (moving target indicator)
MUF (maximum useable frequency)
multi-channel arrays
multi-channel data model
multi-channel model parameters
multi-hypothesis tests
multipath model
multipath propagation
multiple model unified probabilistic data association filter. See MM-UPDAF
MUtiple SIgnal Classification. See MUSIC entries
multiple-hypothesis tracker (MHT)
multiple-input multiple-output. See MIMO
multi-segment quasi-parabolic. See MQP multi-static systems
MUSIC (MUltiple SIgnal Classification)
MUSIC algorithm
ML estimator and
space-time
MUSIC spectrum
MUSIC-like estimators
MVDR (minimum variance distortionless response)
MVDR filter solution
MVDR spectrum
MVDR spectrum estimator
N Nakagumi-Rice distribution
NCM (number of complex multiplications)
near vertical incidence (NVI)
NEC (numerical electromagnetic code)
neutral winds
NHD (non-homogeneity detection)
nighttime frequencies
NMF (normalized matched filter)
noise. See also clutter; interference
additive
Aeolian
ambient
atmospheric
background
considerations
dark
electromagnetic
environmental
external
galactic
Gaussian
HFSW radar
impulsive
internal
man-made
natural sources of
overview
phase
removing
spatially-structured
target echoes. See target echoes
thermal
transient disturbance mitigation
white
noise mitigation
noise power spectral density
noiseless case
noise-limited environment
non-deviative absorption
non-homogeneity detection (NHD)
non-interference
nonlinear mixing
normalized matched filter (NMF)
northern lights
Nostradamus radar system
NRT (numerical ray tracing)
NRT routines
number of complex multiplications (NCM)
numerical electromagnetic code (NEC)
numerical ray tracing. See NRT
NVI (near vertical incidence)
NVI paths
O oblique incidence. See OI
oblique propagation
ocean
clutter. See sea clutter
echoes and
estimating surface
wave principles
ocean surface
ocean surface height
ocean-going boats/ships
oceanographic studies
OI (oblique incidence) ionogram
OI sounders
one-ray model
optical scattering region
optimum filter performance
optimum filtering
ordinary wave
orthogonal waveforms
oscillator
OTH radar equation
OTH radar outputs
OTH radar resolution cells
OTH radar systems. See also radar systems
accuracy
advantages of
antenna gains
architectural characteristics
in Australia
background
capabilities/limitations
vs. CH radar systems
characteristics. See system characteristics
configuration options
coverage
defense applications
design of
estimating ocean surface
evolution of
general characteristics
ground-wave. See HFSW radar systems
HF signal environment
vs. HFSW radar
historical perspective
integration time
introduction to
jamming signals
line-of-sight
vs. microwave radars
minimum/maximum range
monostatic
motivation for
nominal system capabilities
overview
potential of
practical applications
principles
propagation factor
propagation losses
propagation medium
remote-sensing applications
resolution
signal processing
site selection
skywave. See skywave OTH radar systems
slant range
space required for
target RCS behavior
transmit power
two-site
OTH radar tasks
OTH-B systems
out-of-band emissions
over-nulling
over-the-horizon. See OTH entries
P parallel propagation
parameter estimation
matched-field MUSIC algorithm
polynominal rooting method
standard identification procedures
temporal statistics
wave-interference model
parametric spatial spectrum model
partially correlated distributed (PCD) signal
passband-independent calibration errors
passive bistatic radar (PBR)
passive coherent location (PCL)
passive covert radar (PCR)
passive mode
passive radar background
passive radar systems
passive signal sources
path loss
path-loss descriptor
PBR (passive bistatic radar)
PCA (polar cap absorption) event
PCD (partially correlated distributed) signal
PCL (passive coherent location)
PCR (passive covert radar)
PDAF (Probabilistic Data Association Filter)
PDF (probability density function)
peak estimation
peak-power rating
PEC (perfect electric conductor)
PEC ground-plane
Pedersen ray
perfect electric conductor. See PEC
performance
adaptive beamforming
adaptive filter
adaptive matched filter
adaptive processing
HFSW radar systems
intra-CPI
SNR analysis
statistical analysis
performance analysis
periodogram
PHaRLAP toolbox
phase changes
phase noise
phase refractive index
phase velocity
phase-fronts
Phillips model
photoionization
Pierson-Moskowitz model
plage regions
plane wave model
Plank’s constant
plasma
plasma clouds
plasma frequency
plasma transport mechanisms
PMHT (Probabilistic Multiple Hypothesis Tracker)
point scatterer model
point spread function (PSF)
point target echoes
point targets
point-to-point communication
point-to-point links
polar cap absorption (PCA) event
polarization
polarization diversity
polarization mismatch
pole-zero (rational) model
polynomial rooting method
post-Doppler RD-SAP method
power spectral density (PSD)
power-selected training (PST)
Poynting vector
PRF (pulse repetition frequency)
PRF waveforms
PRI (pulse repetition interval)
primary data
Probabilistic Data Association Filter (PDAF)
Probabilistic Multiple Hypothesis Tracker (PMHT)
probability density function (PDF)
propagation losses
propagation medium
propagation path reciprocity
propagation-path assessments
protons
PSD (power spectral density)
PSF (point spread function)
PST (power-selected training)
pulse compression
pulse repetition frequency. See PRF
pulse repetition interval (PRI)
pulse waveforms
pulse-shaping techniques
Q QP (quasi-parabolic) ionospheric model
quasi uni-modal propagation (QUMP)
quasi-equilibrium
quasi-monostatic systems
quasi-noise subspace
quasi-parabolic (QP) ionospheric model
quasi-periodic polarization fading
QUMP (quasi uni-modal propagation)
R radar clutter. See clutter
radar cross section. See RCS
radar dwell time
radar echoes. See also clutter returns; target echoes
radar surface clutter
radar systems. See also specific systems
active
passive
surveillance
radar waveforms. See waveforms
radiation patterns
radio broadcasting
radio frequency interference. See RFI
radio refractive index
radio sounding
radio spectrum
radio waves
range ambiguities
range errors
range processing
range sidelobes
range-dependent spatial adaptive processing (RD-SAP) algorithm
range-dependent (RD)-STAP
range-Doppler displays
Range-Doppler map
range-folded clutter
range-only adaptive processing (RAP)
RAP (range-only adaptive processing)
rational (pole-zero) model
ray tracing
Rayleigh density
Rayleigh distribution
Rayleigh region
Rayleigh-resonance region
ray-path calculations
rays
escape
high
low
number of
ray-tracing diagrams
RCS (radar cross section)
carrier frequency and
clutter
considerations
experimental measurements
fast- and slow-moving targets
HFSW radar
interactions
target echoes and
target RCS behavior
RCS nulls
RD (range-dependent)-STAP
RD-SAP (range-dependent spatial adaptive processing) algorithm
real height
real-data collection
real-time ionospheric model (RTIM)
receive antenna
receive systems
antenna element
array design
direct digital receivers
heterodyne receivers
overview
receiver mismatch errors
receiver-range-time (RRT) display
reciprocity principle
recognized maritime picture (RMP)
recombination
reference beams
reference cells
reference channel
reflectrix
relative loss
remote-sensing applications
residue series formula
resolution
resolution cells
resonance
resonant antenna elements
resonant elements
resonant waves
retardation
RF amplifier
RFI (radio frequency interference)
RFI snapshots
RFI spatial non-stationarity
RIB (rigid inflatable boats)
Ricean channel
rigid inflatable boats (RIB)
RISP gains
RMP (recognized maritime picture)
ROC curves
ROTHR systems
round-the-world propagation
RRT (receiver-range-time) display
RTIM (real-time ionospheric model)
Russian Woodpecker system
S S band
sample covariance matrix
sample matrix inverse. See SMI
sample support
sample-starved techniques
SAP (spatial adaptive processing)
SC (stochastic constraints) method
scallop losses
Schwabe, Heinrich
scintillation
SCR (signal-to-clutter ratio)
SCR expression
SCR values
scroll displays
SC-SAP method
SC-STAP (stochastically-constrained STAP)
SCV (sub-clutter visibility)
SCV degradation
SDC (spread-Doppler clutter)
SDR (signal-to-disturbance ratio)
array beamforming and
CFAR and
optimum filters and and
target echoes and
SDR loss factor
SDS (single-data set) algorithms
sea clutter. See also clutter; ocean
backscatter and
first- and second-order echoes
impact on HFSW radar
multi-channel data model
ocean wave principles
overview
resonant echoes
sea echo Doppler spectrum
sea echoes
secant law
SECAR (Surface-wave Extended Coastal Area Radar)
SECAR transmit antenna
secondary sample vectors
second-order mode
SEE-ELEFANT radar
self-rejection case
sensitivity against noise (SNR)
SFDR (spurious-free dynamic range)
SFN (static single-frequency networks)
SHCR (signal-to-hot clutter plus noise ratio)
sheared-ridge ambiguity function
ships
short waves
short-wave broadcasting
shortwave fadeout (SWF)
SID (Sudden Ionospheric Disturbance)
sidelobes
backscatter and
clutter
considerations
detection
jamming and
range
signal classes
signal DOA
signal environment. See HF signal environment
signal modes
estimating DOAs of
fine structure
gross structure
signal of interest (SOI)
signal representation
signal vector
signal-processing output
signals. See also HF signals
CD
coherent
CW
external
ID
ID multipath
incoherent
internal
jamming
LO
real vs. virtual height
scintillation
unwanted
useful
signal-to-clutter ratio. See SCR
signal-to-disturbance ratio. See SDR
signal-to-hot clutter plus noise ratio (SHCR)
signal-to-interference plus noise ratio. See SINR
signal-to-noise ratio. See SNR
signature vector
SIMO experiment
SIMO (single-input multiple-output) system
simulated performance prediction
single-data set (SDS) algorithms
single-hop propagation
single-input multiple-output. See SIMO
single-site systems. See monostatic systems
singular value decomposition (SVD)
SINR (signal-to-interference plus noise ratio)
SINR improvement factor
SIRP (spherically invariant random process)
SIRP disturbance power
site selection
skip-distance
skip-ray
skip-zone
skip-zone range cells
skywave OTH radar systems. See also OTH radar systems
coverage
estimating ocean surface
general characteristics
introduction to
operational concept
overview
practical applications
principles
propagation medium
remote-sensing applications
vs. surface-wave radar
uses for
skywave propagation
described
ionosphere. See ionosphere
ionospheric modes
oblique propagation
over one-way path
overview
spatial variability
vs. surface wave propagation
temporal variability
skywaves, discovery of
slant range
slow-time samples
slow-time STAP
smallest-of-cell-averaging (SOCA) method
SMI adaptive filter
SMI (sample matrix inverse) technique
SMI-LCMV technique
SMI-MVDR adaptive filter
SMI-MVDR beamforming
SMI-MVDR technique
Snell’s law
SNR (sensitivity against noise)
SNR (signal-to-noise ratio)
carrier frequency and
considerations
frequency channel evaluation
lightning bursts and
SNR gain
SNR loss
SNR performance analysis
SOCA (smallest-of-cell-averaging) method
SOI (signal of interest)
solar activity
coronal holes
coronal mass ejections
disturbances in
effect on ionosphere
measuring
sunspots
solar flares
solar proton events
solar radiation flux
solar-controlled layers
solid-state devices
Sommerfeld, A.
Sommerfeld-Norton attenuation factor
Sommerfeld-Norton curve
Sommerfeld-Norton flat-earth theory
sonar technology
sounder systems
source complexity
source-based methods
space weather forecast center
space-time ACS model
space-time adaptive processing. See STAP
space-time covariance matrix
space-time data vector
space-time Fourier transform
space-time MUSIC spectra
space-time MUSIC technique
space-time separability
space-time statistics
space-wave propagation
spatial ACS model
spatial adaptive processing (SAP)
spatial correlation coefficient
spatial covariance model
spatial homogeneity assumption
spatial processing
spatial processing problem
spatial signatures
spatial smoothing
spatial spectrum
spatial stationarity
spatial statistics
spatial structure
spatial variability
spatial-only processing
speckle
spectral analysis
spectral density
spectral heterogeneity
spectral leakage effect
spectral mismatch
spectral spreading
spectrum monitor
specular reflection
spherically invariant random process. See SIRP
sporadic-E
sporadic-E ionization
spread-Doppler clutter (SDC)
spread-F
spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR)
SRI (Stanford Research Institute)
Stanford Research Institute (SRI)
STAP (space-time adaptive processing)
3D-STAP
architectures
cold clutter and
data models
fast-time
mitigation techniques
operational schemes
overview
post-Doppler implementation
RD-STAP
SC-STAP
simulation results
slow-time
time-invariant
TV-STAP
unconstrained
static single-frequency networks (SFN)
stationary processes
statistical performance analysis
statistical signal models
auto-correlation functions
background/scope
diffuse scattering process
extensions
ionospheric structure
mathematical representation
overview
stationary processes
temporal statistics
Steel-Yard system
steering vector
stochastic constraints (SC) method
stochastically-constrained STAP (SC-STAP)
storms
stretch processing
sub-clutter visibility (SCV)
submodes
Sudden Ionospheric Disturbance (SID)
Sugar Tree system
sun-followers
sunspot groups
sunspot number
sunspots
super-refraction
surface detection tasks
surface roughness
surface target detection tasks
surface targets
surface waves. See also HFSW
Surface-wave Extended Coastal Area Radar. See SECAR
surface-wave propagation
vs. anomalous propagation
overview
physical explanations
propagation mechanism
vs. skywave propagation
surface-wave radar. See HFSW
surveillance beams
surveillance channel
surveillance radar systems
early-warning wide-area
HF signals and
surveillance regions
SVD (singular value decomposition)
sweeps
Swerling models
SWF (shortwave fadeout)
SWR-503 radar
system characteristics
architectural characteristics
array calibration
frequency management
overview
preliminary considerations
T taper weights
target echoes. See also noise
CFAR and
coherent signals and
complex amplitude variations
considerations
fluctuations
overview
peak estimation and
point scatterer model
radar cross section
scattered
threshold detection and
target RCS behavior
target signature vector
target track-initiation
Taylor, J.E.
TBP (time-bandwidth product)
TDOA (time-difference of arrival)
TDS (two-data set) algorithms
temporal ACS model
temporal covariance matrix
temporal statistics
temporal variability
temporal-only processing
TEP (transequatorial propagation) mode
terrain clutter
terrain-scattered jamming (TSJ)
test cells
texture
thermal noise
threshold detection
thumbtack ambiguity function
thunderstorms
TID (traveling ionospheric disturbance)
time domain
time-bandwidth product (TBP)
time-difference of arrival (TDOA)
time-frequency analysis
time-varying spatial adaptive processing (TV-SAP)
time-varying STAP (TV-STAP)
TkBD (track-before-detect) framework
TMF processing
track-before-detect (TkBD) framework
tracking
tracking filters
training data selection
transequatorial propagation (TEP) mode
transient disturbance mitigation
transmit antenna
transmit beamforming
transmit power
transmit systems
antenna element
array design
considerations
overview
power amplification
waveform generation
transverse propagation
traveling ionospheric disturbance (TID)
tropospheric refraction
TSJ (terrain-scattered jamming)
Tuve, M.
TV-SAP (time-varying spatial adaptive processing)
TV-STAP (time-varying STAP)
TWERP (twin-whip endfire receive pair) concept
twin-whip endfire receive pair (TWERP) concept
two-data set (TDS) algorithms
two-dimensional arrays
two-dimensional ground-based array apertures
two-dimensional transmit arrays
two-site systems. See bistatic systems
two-way paths
U UAG-23A handbook
UHF band
UKF (unscented Kalman filter)
ULA geometry
ULAs (uniform linear arrays)
UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea)
under-nulling
uniform linear arrays. See ULAs
unit duty-cycle waveforms
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
unresolved target echoes
unscented Kalman filter (UKF)
US Naval Research Laboratory
useful signal match
useful signal mismatch
useful signal models
useful signals
V vacuum tubes
Vandermonde structure
vertical incidence
vertical incidence ionograms
vertical incidence sounder (VIS)
vertical incidence (VI) sounder
vertical polarization
vertical sounders
very high frequency (VHF)
VHF (very high frequency)
VHF band
VI (vertical incidence) sounder
virtual height
virtual ray-tracing (VRT)
VIS (vertical incidence sounder)
VLF band
VRT (virtual ray-tracing)
VRT method
W WARF (Wide Aperture Research Facility)
waterfall displays
Watson-Watt, Robert
waveform estimation
waveform filtering
waveform pulses
waveforms
bandwidth of
Class A
Class B2
Class C
continuous
FMCW
GEMS estimation
LFMCW
PRF
pulse
signal classes
transmit systems
unit duty-cycle
wavefront distortions
wavefront testing methods
wavefront testing procedures (WFT)
wavefronts
CD
crinkled
GEMS estimation
ID
interference
planar vs. non-planar
received signal
wave-interference model
applications
background/scope
channel scattering function
considerations
experimental results
fine structure
mode fine structure
mode gross structure
model-fitting accuracy
overview
preliminary data analysis
resolving mode fine structure
Weibull distribution
weighted subspace fitting (WSF)
WFT (wavefront testing procedures)
whip antennas
whispering gallery mode
white noise
white noise process
white noise signal
white-noise gain
Wide Aperture Research Facility (WARF)
wide-sense stationary (WSS)
Wiener-Khintchine theorem
Wigner-Ville distribution
wind measurement
wireless telegraphy signal
Wolf, Rudolf
WSF (weighted subspace fitting)
WSS (wide-sense stationary)
X X band
Y Yule-Walker technique
Z Zenneck, Johann
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