The technology space is continuously evolving, and is being strengthened with the adoption of newer technologies and tools. For example, the cloud paradigm has redefined the IT domain completely. Cloud technologies have made it possible to have highly optimized and organized IT to host any kind of business application. Hitherto unknown IT services are being formulated and delivered, and newer business models are emerging to cater to different sections and segments of the market, which is extremely knowledge-driven these days.

In the recent past, we've heard about containers and microservices more often. They are showing a lot of promise in bringing advancements in software engineering. The cloud journey is also progressing speedily. This progress means old applications need to be refurbished using the latest technologies, so they can be hosted and managed in cloud environments. That is, massive applications are partitioned into a pool of microservices, then they are containerized, and stocked in container-image directories. Container orchestration platforms then provision container resources, fetch container images, and deploy them.

The extensive use of DevOps concepts has accelerated IT operations. A kind of DevOps pipeline (the end-to-end workflow) gets created to sequence the actions to be taken to take the code to production environments. When the source code of any freshly-baked or changed microservice is committed into code repositories, typically a signal is sent to the chosen CI tool (such as Jenkins). CI tools are for building, testing, and integrating software applications. Then, continuous delivery and deployment tools take the application to production environments. In this chapter, we've talked extensively about how legacy applications are being modernized into a spectrum of microservices and then migrated to cloud environments.