Index

Numbers

3.3V port, 142

5V power and GND

versus 3.3V port, 142

attaching to breadboard, 121, 125

8 ohm speaker

adding, 220–221

adding to circuit, 278–282

arguments, 226–227

circuit, 32

code, 221–222

delay() function, 226–227

digitalWrite() function, 226–227

illustration, 8

loop() code, 223–224

note chart, 225

playing notes, 239

setup(), 222–223

tone() and notone(), 224–227

9-12-volt power supply, 5, 22

9V battery. See also batteries

attaching cap, 53

ground terminal, 52

illustration, 5

multimeter, 62

plus (+) and minus (-) terminals, 52

power terminal, 52

top and side, 53

9-volt battery cap or holder, 5–6

10K potentiometer, 5

330-ohm resistor, 48–49, 58. See also resistors

Symbols

-- operator, 312

//, using with comments, 100–101

/* and */, using with comments, 100–101

/= operator, 312

++ operator, 312

+= operator, 312

−= operator, 312

*= operator, 312

{} (curly braces)

for loop, 305

using, 115

using with setup(), 104

> (greater than) operator, 310

>= (greater than or equal to) operator, 310

= = (is equal to) operator, 310

!= (is not equal to) operator, 310, 324–325

< (less than) operator, 310

<= (less than or equal to) operator, 310

&& (logical and) operator, 329

|| (logical or) operator, 329

− (minus) sign, 43

! (not) operator, 329

() (parentheses) in functions, 226, 305

+ (plus) sign, 44

; (semicolon) in code, 105–106

(tab), 277

A

AC adapter, output ratings, 162

AC and DC current, 146–147

actuators and motors, 340–342

Adafruit Industries, 12–13

addition operators, 311

amperage

explained, 159–160

warning, 166

analog data, 291–292

analog input

adjusting values, 262–263

analogRead(), 261–262

analogWrite() function, 264–265

map(), 262–263

potentiometer values, 259–261

scaling values for ranges, 263

voltage-to-analog conversion, 262

analog input pins

analogWrite(), 264–265

features, 244–246

using, 244–245

writing values, 264–265

analog pins, 16, 18–19

analog values. See also PWM (pulse width modulation)

as output, 266–268

overview, 241–242

potentiometer, 245

potentiometer circuit, 243

analog versus digital information, 242

analogRead() function, 265

analog-to-digital conversion, 260

analogWrite() function, 264–265, 268

anode and cathode

illustration, 9

symbols, 39, 41–42

Arduino. See also Uno version

app, 79

boards, 347–348

computer connection, 82–83

features, 1–2

flowchart, 76

forums, 336

functions and boards, 2

hardware version, 85

license agreement, 81

logo, 1

parts, 16

plugging into computer, 20–26

powering up, 22–26

programming language, 99

schematic, 115–117

setup() and loop(), 99

shields, 348

unplugging during changes, 23

USB port, 20–21

versions, 2, 4, 11

Arduino 101, 345

Arduino IDE. See IDE (integrated development environment)

Arduino team, kits, 13

Arduino YÚN, 346

arguments, 226–227. See also functions

art projects, 344

ATmega328P, black chip, 18–19

B

batteries. See also 9V battery

current, 147

LED bulb flashlight, 52–54

positive and negative sides, 55

symbol, 39, 40–42

voltage, current, resistance, 176

battery cap, 5–6, 48, 52

begin() function, LEA7_AnalogInOutSerial sketch, 258

Blink sketch. See also LEA4_Blink sketch

debugging, 96–98

opening, 91–92, 95

blinking LEDs. See LEDs

boards, 347–348

Boolean operators, 329–331. See also operators

breadboard

5V power and GND, 121

benefits, 47

circuits attached, 74

connecting components, 7

connecting to, 119–121

connections, 46–47

labeling, 119

LED bulb flashlight, 42–47

pins, 120

power and ground buses, 44–45

power and ground connection, 57

power and ground pins, 120

versus soldering iron, 10–11

tie points, 44, 46

trench, 46

using, 42–43

warning, 44

“x-ray” view, 44

brightness value, translating, 251–254

built-in LEDs, Uno version, 18

button circuit, building, 200. See also circuits

button keyboard, three-tone, 194

Button sketch, uploading, 204–205

buttons. See also digital input; three-button “Instrument” loop() function; two-button circuit

adding, 201–202, 233–234

adding to breadboard, 202

adding to pin, 204

diagrams, 201–202

functionality, 237–238

ground connection, 203

identifying, 90

LED circuit, 198

LED on and off, 205–206

parts, 197–198

power connection, 203

pushing, 238

resistor connection, 203

schematic, 198–199

switches, 202, 206

uploading sketch, 204

C

calling functions, 106

cardboard robot circuit, 32

cathode and anode, 9

Christmas lights, series arrangement, 190

circuit loops, debugging, 58–59

circuits. See also button circuit; electricity; potentiometer circuit; short circuit

3.3V, 142

Arduino connected to breadboard, 119–121

attached to breadboard, 74

building, 49–52, 121–122, 140–142

component arrangement, 180

components, 35–36

computer attachment, 123–124

conductive lines, 34

continuity, 58–59

continuity testing, 69–70, 144

current, 161–162

debugging, 57–60, 143–144

diagramming, 39–40

examples, 32

features, 34

flow, 33

LED bulb flashlight, 48–52

LED connection, 122–123

LEDs in parallel, 182–183

Ohm’s law, 178

parts and tools, 48, 119, 140

PCBs (printed circuit boards), 34–35

pin and resistor, 121–122

pin connected to resistor, 121–122

power and ground pins, 141–142

powering, 140–141

schematic, 116–118, 141

tracks, 33

voltage measurement, 157

warning, 118, 120

code. See also comments

in circuit, 74

explained, 76–77

instructions, 105

uploading, 75

code window, 88–90

comments. See also code

LEA4_Blink sketch, 99

using, 99–101, 108

comparison operators, 309–310

components. See also parts

actuators and motors, 340–342

arranging in circuits, 180

getting information, 26

parallel, 180–186

pressing into place, 49

schematic symbols, 40

sensors, 338–340

series, 180–181, 186–192

components in parallel. See parallel

components in series. See series

compound operators, 310–311

computer, connecting Arduino, 82–83

conditional statements

best practices, 331

else statement, 218–220

explained, 216–218

if, 217

LEA6_Button sketch, 215

loop() code, 215–218

nesting, 220

reviewing, 237

conductive lines, 34, 36

conductors and insulators, 145–146

const, variables, 212

continuity testing, 58–59, 65–70, 144

curly braces ({})

for loop, 305

using, 115

using with setup(), 104

current. See also high current; Ohm’s law

AC and DC, 146–147

in circuits, 161–162

circuits, 161–162

electrical model, 161

explained, 159–160, 175

flow, 159–161

impact on batteries, 176

impact on LEDs, 176

impact on resistors, 176

input, 163

limit, 162–163

limit for Arduino, 162–163

measuring, 160, 163–164, 167

multimeter adjustment, 164–167

review, 173–177

series and parallel, 192

symbol, 174–175, 177

voltage and resistance, 148–149, 167, 173–180

current flow, 159–161, 167

custom functions. See also functions

calling, 327–328

creating, 325–327

using, 331

D

data sheets, 28–29

DC current, symbol, 159

DC motors, 340

DC voltage

measuring, 154

symbols, 175

debugging

Blink sketch, 96–98

circuits, 57–60, 143–145

explained, 96

LED bulb flashlight, 69–70

projects, 335–336

unblinking LED, 96–98

delay() function, 111–112, 114, 226–227

Digi-Key Electronics, 12

digital input. See also buttons

adding button, 201–202

button attachment, 204

button circuit, 200

button connection, 203

Button sketch, 204–205

HIGH and LOW states, 213–214, 241

LED off and on, 205–206

parts, 197–198

review, 213–214

schematics, 198–199

states, 213–214

digital inputs and outputs, overview, 195–197

digital I/O pins, 16, 18–19

digital pins, treating like output, 107

digital versus analog information, 242

digitalRead() function, 265

digitalWrite() function, 110–112, 115, 226–227, 265

distance and motion, sensing, 338

division operator, 311

E

electrical connection, testing, 65–66

electrical ground, 152

electrical model

current, 161

resistors, 169

schematic, 150–151

electrical properties

impact of changes, 176–177

series and parallel, 192

symbols, 174

electrical properties, testing, 139–140

electricity. See also circuits

AC and DC current, 146–147

behavior, 145–146

conductive lines, 36

flow, 150

flow through circuit, 138, 251–254

impact on components, 174–176

LED bulb flashlight, 55–56

measuring with multimeter, 139–140

overview, 144–145

properties, 138

resources, 148

warnings, 147, 154

water tank analogy, 148–149, 174

zero point, 152

electromotive force, 150

else if statement, 220, 230–232

else statement, 218–220

end = ground symbol, 39

errors, checking in code, 77, 88–89

F

flags

turning, 314–316

waving, 291–292, 300–301, 320–322, 331

flow

and current, 159–160

restricting, 167–173

flowchart, 76

for loop. See alsoloop() function

condition testing, 307–308

ending, 308

flowchart, 306

flowchart with code, 309

initialization, 307

overview, 304–309

in sketch, 312–313

FSRs (force-sensing resistors), 339

functions. See also arguments; custom functions

calling, 106

declaring, 326

defined, 102, 115, 257, 325

naming, 327

void, 327

G

GND and 5V power, attaching to breadboard, 121. See also power and ground pins

greater than (>) operator, 310

greater than or equal to (>=) operator, 310

ground terminal, 56

H

hardware

open source, 3

version, 85

HIGH and LOW states, digital input, 213–214, 241

high current, 167. See also current

home automation projects, 343

I

IDE (integrated development environment)

Applications folder, 79

buttons, 89–90

closing sketch windows, 84

code window, 88–90

components, 77

configuring, 84–88

contents, 76

downloading, 76, 78–82

errors and information window, 89

explained, 75

interface, 83–84

message areas, 89

if in conditional statements, 217

indicator LED, On Uno version, 18

information window, 77, 89

input and output pins, 16, 18–19. See digital I/O

inputs, 195–197

inputs and outputs, 324

instructions in code, 105

insulators and conductors, 145–146

interactivity

three-tone button keyboard, 194–195

turning flag, 314–316

is equal to (= =) operator, 310

is not equal to (!=) operator, 310, 324–325

J

Jameco Electronics, 12

jumper to ground, LED bulb flashlight, 51

jumper wires

creating, 10

illustration, 8

LED bulb flashlight, 48

LED to ground, 123

pin to breadboard, 121

K

kits, 13

L

LEA4_Blink sketch. See also Blink sketch

button circuit, 200

code, 99

comments, 99–101

running, 95–96

saving, 92

schematic for circuit, 117

screenshot, 98–99

LEA4_SOS sketch. See also SOS signal light

and circuit, 126

downloading, 135

loop() code, 128

saving and renaming, 126–128

setup() code, 127–128

LEA6_1_tonebutton sketch, 221

LEA6_2_tonebuttons sketch

buttons, 233–234

editing, 229–230

else if loop, 230–232

LEA6_3_tonebuttons sketch, 234–236

LEA6_Button sketch

code, 206–207

code and variables, 207–212

code initialization, 207–208

conditional statement, 216–220

else statement, 218–220

loop() code, 215–216

saving, 204

setup(), 212–213

variable initialization, 207–208

variables, 206–208

LEA7_AnalogInOutSerial sketch

analogInPin, 255

analogOutPin, 256

begin() function, 258

code, 254

initialization, 255–257

loop() code, 258–259

outputValue, 257

saving, 250

sensorValue, 256

setup() code, 257–258

summary, 277–278

LEA7_VariableResistorTone

code, 279–280

features, 280–281

LEA8_2_servos sketch

code, 322

comparison operator, 324–325

custom functions, 325–328

initialization, 323

loop() code, 324–325

setup() function, 323–324

turnServos(), 328–330

LEA8_Knob sketch. See also servo motors

code, 316

initialization, 317–318

loop() code, 318–319

saving, 315

setup() code, 318

LEA8_Sweep sketch

initialization, 302–303

library, 302

loop() code, 304

objects, 303

opening and saving, 300

overview, 301

setup() code, 303–304

LED bulb flashlight

330-ohm resistor, 48–49

battery, 52–54

battery cap, 52

breadboard, 42–47

circuit, 48–52

debugging circuit, 57–60, 69–70

electricity, 55–56

jumper to ground, 51

lighting up, 53–54

multimeter, 60–69

project description, 36–37

schematic, 37–42

LED circuit, buttons, 198

LEDs

adding to circuit, 122

anode and cathode, 9, 58

blinking, 25, 95, 108

built-in, 16, 19

data sheet, 28–29

debugging unblinking, 96–98, 124

dimming and brightening, 250

features, 8–9

illustration, 7

On indicator, 16

LED bulb flashlight, 48, 50–51

orientation, 58

in parallel, 182–183

positive and negative leads, 58

symbol, 38–42

turning on, 22

voltage, current, resistance, 176

Leonardo board, 347

less than (<) operator, 310

less than or equal to (<=) operator, 310

libraries, defined, 302

light switches, flipping, 266

lights, dimming, 250–251

Lilypad Arduino, 346–347

logical and (&&) operator, 329

logical comparison operators, 310

logical or (||) operator, 329

loop() function, 99, 109–115. See alsofor loop; setup() function

8 ohm speaker, 223–224

code, 113–114

conditional statements, 215–216

contents, 110

digitalWrite() and delay(), 111–112

LEA4_Blink sketch, 99

LEA4_SOS sketch, 128

mini-keyboard instrument, 230–232

running, 110

SOS signal light, 132–134

loops, types, 313

M

Macs

downloading IDE, 78–79

port selection, 86

Maker Shed, 12–13

map() function, 262–264

Mega 2560 board, 347

menus, 77

message areas, 77, 89

message window, 94–95

metal, warning about touching, 154

meter. See multimeter

Micro board, 347

Micro Center, 12

mini-keyboard instrument

adding buttons, 233–234

button attachment, 229

else if statement, 230–232

LEA6_2_tonebuttons, 229–230

loop() code, 230–232

parts, 228

playing, 236

pushing buttons, 232

testing code, 232

tone() function, 232

two-button circuit, 228

mini-keyboard instrument, playing, 238

minus (−) sign, 43

MKR ZERO board, 347

MKR1000 board, 347–348

momentary switches/buttons, 5, 7

Morse code, 125

motion and distance, sensing, 338

motor circuit, 32

motors and actuators, 340–342. See also servo motors

Mouser Electronics, 12

multimeter

adjusting, 164–166

continuity testing, 59, 65–69

dial, 63, 67

features, 60

high current, 167

illustration, 9

LED bulb flashlight, 60–69

measuring DC voltage, 154–156

measuring electrical properties, 139–140

measuring resistance, 170–173

parallel, 184–185

parts, 61–62

ports, 64–65

powering, 62

preserving battery, 156

probes, 63–64, 67–68, 70, 166

protecting, 166

series, 191–192

setting, 166

turning off, 62

types, 61

warning, 166

multiplication operator, 311

N

needle-nose pliers, 10, 48

New button, 90

not (!) operator, 329

note chart, 225

notes, playing, 239

O

objects, explained, 303

ohms, symbol, 168

Ohm’s law, 138, 177–180. See also current; resistance; voltage

ON indicator LED, 16, 18–19

Open button, 90

open source hardware, 3

operators, 309–311. See also Boolean operators

output, treating pins as, 107, 109

outputs, 197

P

parallel

components, 185–186

LEDs, 182–183

multimeter, 184–185

order of components, 180

parentheses (()) in functions, 226, 305

parts. See also components; tools

Arduino, 16

numbers and store guides, 27

obtaining, 12

placing in box, 27

sorting, 26–27

parts list, 5

pausing Arduino, 111–112, 114, 226–227

PCBs (printed circuit boards), 34–35

photographing projects, 348–349

photoresistor

adding, 282–288

circuit, 32

features, 7

illustration, 8

and resistor, 284

shining light, 286

physical computing, 3

pin and resistor, connecting, 121–122

pinMode() function, calling, 106–109

pins

declaring, 109

treating like output, 107

using on breadboard, 120

PIRs (passive infrared sensors), 338

pitch, changing, 281, 285–286

planning notes, 335

pliers, needle-nose, 10

plus (+) and minus (-) terminals, 9V battery, 52

plus (+) sign, 44

ports, specifying, 85–88

potential and voltage, 149–153

potentiometer

adding, 248–249, 314–316

analog-to-digital conversion, 260

brightness value, 251–254

component drawing, 245

dimming lights, 250

illustration, 7

pins, 248

schematic, 245

values, 259–261

x-ray, 285

potentiometer circuit. See also circuits

building, 247

completion, 246

LED attached to Pin 9, 247

parts, 247

role of sketch, 251–254

schematic, 243

power

battery, 56

terminology, 55

power adapter, 7

power and ground

buses, 44–45

checking connections, 57

symbols, 40

power and ground pins, 16, 18–19, 141–142. See also GND and 5V power

power port, 16–17

power supply, 22–26, 162

printing to serial monitor, 273–276

programming language, reference guide, 115

programs. See sketches

project management, 334–337

projects

documenting and sharing, 348–350

types, 342–344

writing up, 349

prototyping, 3, 42–43

pushbutton, 7

pushing buttons, 238

PWM (pulse width modulation), 265–268. See also analog values

R

Reset button, 16–17, 98

resistance. See also Ohm’s law

calculating, 359

current and voltage, 173–177

defined, 168

explained, 175–176

impact on batteries, 176

impact on LEDs, 176

impact on resistors, 176

measuring, 168

multimeter measurement, 170–173

restricting flow, 167–169

review, 173–177

series and parallel, 192

symbol, 174–175, 177

voltage and current, 148–149, 177–180

water tank analogy, 168

resistors. See also 330-ohm resistor

accuracy, 357

bands, 354–356, 358–359

body and wire leads, 351

buying, 54

checking, 58

color bands, 357–358

color chart, 352–353, 358–359

connecting to pin, 121–122

current and voltage, 173

decoding, 353–356

electrical model, 169

features, 169–170

illustration, 7

numbering bands, 352

orienting, 352, 358

parallel arrangement, 181

and photoresistors, 284

series arrangement, 181

symbol, 39–42

value calculation, 355

voltage, current, resistance, 176

voltage measurement, 156

robots, 343

S

Save button, 77, 90

saving sketches, 92

schematics. See also symbols

annotation, 119

Arduino, 116–117

and board, 116

buttons, 198–199

circuits, 116–118, 141

complexity, 198–199

drawing, 41–42

electrical model, 150–151

explained, 37

LED bulb flashlight, 37–42

LEDs in series, 186

potentiometer, 245

potentiometer circuit, 243

reading, 38

servo circuit, 296, 320

semicolon (;) in code, 105–106

sensors, 338–340

serial code, 272–273

serial communication

explained, 269–270

input and output, 269

loop() and delay(), 276

strings, 272–273, 277

serial functions, 277

serial monitor

printing to, 273–276

running, 271

using, 270–272

serial output, reading, 287–288

series

components, 189–190

LED circuit, 186–187

metering voltage of components, 187–188

multimeter, 191–192

order of components, 180–181

series arrangement, Christmas lights, 190

server, 8

servo circuit

attaching, 298–300

attaching computer, 300–301

connector, 298

flag attached to horn, 297

parts, 295–296

preparing, 296–298

removing horn, 297

schematic and drawing, 296

Sweep sketch, 300–301

servo motors, 8, 287–288. See also LEA8_Knob sketch; motors and actuators

adding, 320–322

analog data, 291–292

annotation, 294

degrees of rotation, 290

horns, 294

moving, 312–313

online vendors, 293

parts, 292–295

positional rotation, 291–292

turning on, 328–330

using, 289

wire colors, 295

setup() function. See alsoloop() function

8 ohm speaker, 222–223

curly braces ({}), 104

happening once, 107–108

initial conditions, 104–108

LEA4_Blink sketch, 99

LEA4_SOS sketch, 127–128

LEA6_Button sketch, 212–213

and loop(), 101–108, 113–114

pin mode, 108

positioning, 108

short circuit, 154. See also circuits

sketch window, 91

sketches

explained, 83, 90

message window, 94–95

opening, 90–92

running, 95

saving, 90, 92

status bar, 94–95

uploading, 93–96

verifying, 93–94

soldering iron versus breadboard, 10–11

solenoids, 341–342

sorting parts, 26–27

SOS signal light. See also LEA4_SOS sketch

creating, 125–126

flashes on and off, 128–132, 134

loop() code, 132–134

saving and renaming sketch, 126–128

spaghetti wiring, 349

SparkFun Electronics, 12

speaker. See 8 ohm speaker

start = positive, symbol, 39

statements, ending in code, 106

status bar, 94

stepper motors, 341

strings, 272–273, 277

subtraction operators, 311

surge protector, 25

Sweep sketch. See LEA8_Sweep sketch

switches

and buttons, 206

buttons, 202

flipping, 266

functionality, 238

using, 196–197

symbols. See also schematics

anode and cathode, 39, 41–42

battery, 39–42

components, 40

current, 174–175, 177

DC current, 159

DC voltage, 175

electrical properties, 174

end = ground, 39

LEDs, 38–42

ohms, 168

parallel arrangement, 181

power and ground, 40

resistance, 174–177

resistors, 39–42

series arrangement, 181

start = positive, 39

voltage, 174–175, 177

T

tab ( ), creating, 277

testing, continuity, 69–70

text, representing, 273

theremin, playing, 243, 285–286

three-button “Instrument” loop() function, 235–236. See also buttons

tie points

breadboard, 44, 46

debugging, 58–59

tone() and notone() functions, 224–227, 239

tools, 9–11. See also parts

trench, 46

turnServos(), 328–330

two-button circuit, 228. See also buttons

tx and rx pins, 18–19

U

ultrasonic sensors, 339

Uno version. See also Arduino

analog pins, 18

built-in LEDs, 18

illustration, 2, 4

On indicator LED, 18

input and output pins, 18

left side, 17

parts, 16

power and ground pins, 18

power port, 17

reset button, 17

right side, 18

tx and rx pins, 18

USB port, 17

voltage regulator, 17–18

unplugging Arduino, 23

Upload button, 89–90, 94

uploading, 75

URLs. See websites

USB A-B cable, 5–6

USB port

Arduino, 20–21

locating, 16

Uno version, 17

user testing, 336–337

V

values

setting, 110

testing equality, 217

variables

const, 212

declaring, 208–211

explained, 208

LEA6_Button sketch, 206–207

names, 209

qualifiers, 211

reviewing, 238–239

types, 210–211

values, 209–210

Verify button, 88–90, 93–94

void in functions, 327

voltage. See also Ohm’s law

checking, 153–157

checking across components, 156–157, 159

components in parallel, 185–186

components in series, 189–190

converting to analog reading, 260

current and resistance, 148–149, 173–180

defined, 152

determining, 179

explained, 175

impact on batteries, 176

impact on LEDs, 176

impact on resistors, 176

LEDs in parallel, 183–184

measuring, 150–151, 153–156

metering components in series, 187–188

metering on breadboard, 155

potential, 149–153

review, 173–177

scaled measurement, 260

series and parallel, 192

symbol, 174, 177

symbols, 175

use by components, 159

values, 152–153, 189

water analogy, 150

voltage divider, 284

voltage drop, 157–159

voltage potential, 149–152

voltage regulator, 16–18

voltage value, mapping to, 264

voltage-to-analog conversion, 262

W

water tank analogy

electricity, 148–149, 174

resistance, 168

voltage, 150

wearable projects, 344

websites

Adafruit Industries, 12–13

Arduino 101, 345

Arduino programming language, 115

Arduino YÚN, 346

components, 12

Digi-Key Electronics, 12

forums, 336

IDE (integrated development environment), 76, 78, 80

inputs and outputs, 324

Jameco Electronics, 12

kits, 13

Maker Shed, 12–13

Micro Center, 12

Mouser Electronics, 12

note chart, 225

servo motors, 287–288

sharing projects, 349–350

SparkFun Electronics, 12

Windows PC

downloading IDE, 80–82

port selection, 87–88

wire strippers, 10

words, sending to serial monitor, 272–273

Z

zero volts, 152