Index
A
Analog Reference, 328
Aberration, 294
Acceleration
accelerometers, 32
due to gravity (free-fall acceleration), 31
systems with constant acceleration, 32–36
Accelerometer, 340
definition, 32
inertia switch, 32
pendulous type, 32
resistive type, 32
Accuracy, 18
Addition/subtraction, units of length, 4
Adhesion, 137
Aerodynamic drag, 152
Aerodynamic drag coefficient, 152
Airbag, 37
Air hammer, 146
Airplane, 153
Air pressure, 146
Alloy, 202
Alnicol, 243
Alternating current, 225
motor, 251
Alternators, 250
Angles, 90
Angular position, 88
Angular velocity
magnetic pickup coil tachometer, 91–92
tachometer, 91
Anode, 81
Antenna, 282
Antifreeze, 139
Archimedes’ principle, 140–141
Arduino Uno microcontroller, 327
bracket method revisited, 12
conversion table for, 374
surface area of three-dimensional objects, 11–12
Artificial leaf, 197
Atmospheric pressure, 143
Atom, 207
Automobile
accident, 62
alternator, 250
engine cooling, 175
headlights, 288
Automotive brake system, 146
Average acceleration, 30
Average velocity, 26
Axle, 114
B
Back-and-forth motion, 17
Ball bearing, 54
Bar magnet, 243
Barometer, 143
Baseball, 13
Bathtub, 55
characteristics of, 382
potential energy, 69
Battery
car, 139
primary, 382
rechargeable, 382
secondary, 382
Bearings, 54
Belts, 39
Bending, 125
Bernoulli’s principle, 156–158
Bicep, 120
Bicycle sprocket, 113
Bimetal strip, 169
Binary information, 296
“Black bodies,” 177
Block, 112
Body builder, 120
Boiling, 183
revisited, 12
Brakes, automotive, 146
Braking systems, 146
Breakdown voltage, 217
Breaking length, 128
Breaking strength, 128
Bridge, 50
Brightness, 295
Brinell method, 131
British thermal unit (Btu), 170
Brushes, 250
Btu, see British thermal unit (Btu)
Bug, 137
Bulk modulus, 130
Bullet, 58
Buoyancy, 140
Buoyant force, 140
C
Calibrating clocks, 19
Calorie, 196
Cam, 54
Candela, 295
Candles, 295
Capacitive sensors, 8
Capacitors, 214
Car battery, 139
Carnot engine, 194
Cathode, 81
CCD, see Charge-coupled device (CCD)
CD, 296
Celsius, 167
Celsius, defined, 167
Centrifugal pump, 155
Centripetal acceleration, 94–95
Centripetal force, 95
Cesium 133 atom, 17
Changing state of substance
boiling and condensing, 183
latent heat of fusion, 182–183
latent heat of vaporization, 183–184
melting and freezing, 182
pressure and state of material, 184–185
pressure cooker, 185
Charge, conversion table for, 379
Charge-coupled device (CCD), 297–298
Chemical potential energy, 69, 191
Circumference, 87
Clock, 17
Closed circuit, 227
CNC, see Computer numerical control (CNC)
Coefficient of friction (m), 52–53
Coefficient of linear expansion, 379
Coefficient of volume expansion, 379
Coefficients of static friction/sliding friction, 382–383
Coffee, 170
Coherent, 284
Cohesion, 137
Colors, 282
Commutator, 250
Compact disc, 296
Compliance, 236
Compound lenses, 294
Compressing, 123
Compressive strain, 126
Compressive stress, 125
Compressor, 198
Computer numerical control (CNC), 25
Concentrations of solutions, 139
Condensing, 183
of electricity, 186
of heat, 187
Conductors, electrical, 226
Conservation of momentum, 57–58
use, 33
Constructive interference, 264
Continuity equation, 154
Controlling temperature, 178
automobile engine cooling, 175
home heating, 175
Convergent lenses, 290
Conversation, 273
Conversions
area, 20
length, 20
multiple, 7
volume, 21
Conveyer belt, 106
Coordinate systems, 25
Copper, 245
Corner reflector, 288
Cost, 299
Coulomb, 207
Coulomb’s law, 208
Crankshaft, 54
CRT, 35
Cryogenic, 245
Crystal oscillator, 18
carrying wire, magnetic field of, 247–248
Cycle, 198
D
Deaccelerating, 30
Deceleration, 62
Decibel meter, 272
Decompressing, 268
conversion table for, 375
Destructive interference, 264
Dielectric, 215
Diesel engines, 196
Differential pressure gauge, 142
Diffraction, 265
of bending waves, 265
Direct current, 225
Displacement, 274
Distance measurements along a circle, 89–90
Disturbance, 261
Divergent lenses, 290
Dominoes, 261
Doppler radar, 266
Driven/driving
wheel, 101
Ductility, 132
Dynamic load, 50
E
Eardrum, 271
Earth’s magnetic field, 246–248
Eectromagnetic induction, 249–250
Elastic constants, 385
Elasticity, Young’s modulus of, 128–129
Elastic limit, 123
Elastic range, 126
Electrical
discharge, 398
energy, 159
power, 65
pressure, 212
Electrical generator, 250
Electrical potential energy, 212
Electrical pressure, 212
of point charge, 210
Electric force
of point charge, 210
Electricity
schematic symbols, 226
voltage, 224
Electricity, 81
Electromagnet, 244
Electromagnet crane, 244
Electromagnetic
spectrum, 282
Electromagnetic induction, 249–250
Electromagnetic waves
radio waves, 282
Electron, 15
Electronic barometer, 144
Electronic measurement devices, 18–19
Electronic micrometer, 8
Electronic pressure gauge, 142
Electronic refrigerator, 198–199
Electronic scales, 44
Electronic speedometer, 28
Elevator, 26
Energy, 65
conversion table for, 378
cost, 234
potential energy sources
batteries, 69
gravitational, 68
springs, 68
sources of
hydroelectric, 81
lightning, 82
solar, 81
wind, 81
storage, 216
English system of units, 2
Evaporation, 185
Expansion, thermal
linear, 200
Exponent, 2
External combustion engine, 195
Eye, 290
F
Fahrenheit, defined, 167
Fahrenheit scale, 167
Farad, 215
Ferric oxide, 252
Ferromagnetic, 252
Ferromagnetic materials, 252
Fetus, 270
Fiber optics, 298
Fingerprints, 55
Fitting data, 313
Flashlights, 288
Fluid
Archimedes’ principle, 140–141
barometer, 143
braking systems, 146
buoyancy, 140
concentrations of solutions, 139
flow
calculating flow rate, 154–155
measuring volume of, 153
pneumatics, 146
properties of, 137
viscosity, 138
Fluorescent lights, 283
f-number, 293
Focal length, 290
Focal point, 288
Focal point of spherical mirror, 287
Foot-pound, 2
acting in two or three dimensions, 50–52
centripetal, 95
conversion table for, 376
electronic scales, 44
of friction
roalling, 54
kilogram, redefined, 47
measuring, 43
static equilibrium, 50
Force sensitive resistors, 307
Force sensor resistor (FSR), 311
Fps, 2
Free-fall acceleration (g), 31
measuring, 365
Freezing, 182
Friction
in fluid flow, 151
rolling, 54
static/sliding, coefficients of, 382–383
FSR, see Force sensor resistor (FSR)
Fuels store chemical potential energy, 69–70, 191
Fulcrum, 110
Fusion
power, 82
G
Gas mileage of car, 192
Gas molecule, 69
Gasoline, 69
engines, 196
Gauge pressures, 142
Gear pump, 156
Gears, 98
Generation of electromagnetic waves, 282–283
Geosynchronous satellite, 97
Gerbil, 259
Glass thermometer, 168
Global positioning system (GPS), 29
Global warming, 178
GPS, see Global positioning system (GPS)
Gravitational potential energy, 69
H
Hair dryer, 234
Hammer, 68
Ham radio, 303
Hard disk drive, 252
Hardness of materials, 131–132, 384
Hearing intensity threshold, 272, 277–278
Heat
of combustion gaseous fuels, 386
of combustion solid and liquid fuels, 386
constants, 378
conversion table for, 378
engines
artificial leaf, 197
efficiency of human being, 196–197
external combustion engine, 195
gas mileage, 192
internal combustion engine, 196
laws of thermodynamics, 192–193
Helium, 140
Hertz, 262
High-frequency sounds, 270
High-precision micrometer, 3
Home heating, 175
Hooke’s law, 123
Horsepower, defined, 77
Hot air balloon, 149
Hover boards, 246
Human being, efficiency of, 196–197
Humidity sensor, 309
Hydraulic jack, 145
Hydroelectric energy, 81
Hydroelectric power, 160
Hydrogen, 80
Hygrometer, 309
Hypotenuse, 357
I
IDE, see Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
Impeller-type volumetric flow meter, 153
Incandescent light, 283
Incident ray, 286
Inclined plane, 115
Incoherent, 284
Inductance, 9
Induction, electromagnetic, 249–250
Induction motor, 251
Inductive heating, 254
Inductive sensors, 9
Inductors, 252
Inertia switch, 32
Infrared radiation, 282
Infrasonic, 270
Instantaneous velocity, 27–28, 32
Integrated Development Environment (IDE), 327
Intensity, 218
Interference
constructive, 264
destructive, 264
Interferometer, 275
Intermolecular force, 69
Internal combustion engine, 196
International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), 82
Ion engines, 57
Ionized Xeon, 57
Iron oxide, 252
Isotropic, 305
ITER, see International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER)
J
Joule, 161
K
Kelvin temperature scale, 167
Kilogram
definition, 15
redefined, 47
Kilowatt-hours (kWh) power, 78–79
Klingon battle cruiser, 62
K-values, for building materials, 385
L
Laminar flow, 151
Large hadron collider (LHC), 214
Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO), 274
Laser ranging, 8
Latent heat
Laws of thermodynamics, 192–193
LC, 18
LED, 224
Length
conversion table for, 373
Lenses
aberration, 294
compound, 294
convergent, 290
dispersion, 295
divergent, 290
f-number, 293
LHC, see Large hadron collider (LHC)
Light
diffraction and refraction of, 288–289
electromagnetic waves, 281
intensity and illumination, 295–296
Light bulb, 225
Lightning energy, 82
LIGO, see Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO)
Linear expansion, 200
coefficient of, 379
Linear motion
acceleration
accelerometers, 32
due to gravity (free-fall acceleration), 31
systems with constant acceleration, 32–36
coordinate system, 25
measuring speed, speedometers, 28–29
rates, 25
scalar, 25
vector, 25
Liquid
flow sensor, 154
refrigerant, 198
Logarithmic, 272
Low-frequency sounds, 270
Lubricants, 54
Lumen, 295
Luminous intensity, 295
Lux, 295
M
MA, see Mechanical advantage (MA)
efficiency, 109
inclined plane, 115
mechanical advantage, 108
screw, 116
wedge, 117
wheel and axle, 113
Machinist’s scale, 3
Magnetically levitated train, 245–246
Magnetic field
Magnetic pickup coil tachometer, 91
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 254–255
Magnetic tape data storage, 252
Magnetism
earth’s magnetic field, 246–248
electrical generator, 250
electromagnetic induction, 249–250
inductive heating, 254
magnetic field
measuring, 255
magnetic resonance imaging, 254–255
Magnetism, 243
Magnitude, 25
Malleability, 132
conversion table for, 375
density, 377
Material’s elastic limit, 123
Measurements
units of length
addition/subtraction, 4
measuring length electronically, 8–9
mechanical measuring instruments, 3
multiple conversions, 7
recording and calculating with measurements, 3
rounding off, 4
significant digit, 4
unit conversions, 6
Measuring
angles
mechanical rotary encoder, 88
optical rotary encoder, 88
potentiometer, 88
free-fall acceleration (g), 365
light, 371
time, 364
volume, 15
Mechanical advantage (MA), 108
Mechanical car speedometer, 28
Mechanical measuring instruments, 3
Mechanical rotary encoder, 88
Medium, 219
Melting, 182
MEMS, see Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)
Metal detector, 256
Meter, defined, 2
Meters, kilograms, and seconds (MKS) system, 2, 45
Metric Prefixes, 3
Metric system, 2
Microcontrollers
analog sensors and analog to digital conversion, 327–330
arduino uno microcontroller, 327
sampling data fixed rate, 332–335
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)
gyroscope, 91
Microfluidics, 137
Micrometer, 3
Microscope, 294
Mirrors
parabolic, 288
spherical, 288
MKS system, see Meters, kilograms, and seconds (MKS) system
Modulus of elasticity, 128
Molecule, 69
Molten iron, 246
Monochromatic, 284
Moon, 288
Mother, 270
Motion
analysis using tracker, 353–356
Newton’s third law of, 56
rotational
angular velocity calculations, 92–93
centripetal acceleration, 94–95
centripetal force, 95
distance measurements along circle, 89–90
use, 33
with constant acceleration, 33
Moving fluid, pressure in, 156–158
MRI, see Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Multimeter, 324
Multiple conversions, 7
Musical note, 262
N
NASA Parker Space Probe, 27
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 19
Nearsightedness, 290
Negative, 292
NIST, see National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
NIST, 19
Nitinol wire, 202
NodeMcu microcontrollers, 336–338
Nonelectronic speedometer, 28
Nonmagnetic, 243
Normal force, 52
North pole, 243
Nuclear power, 80
Nucleons, 255
Nutcracker, 120
O
Opacity, 286
Opaque, 286
Open circuit, 226
Opening solver, 317
Optical devices
charge-coupled device, 297–298
fiber optics, 298
optical storage, 296
photodiodes, resistors, and transistors, 297
Optical pyrometer, 169
Optical rotary encoder, 88
Optical storage, 296
Optics
corner reflector, 288
focal point, 287
opacity, 286
parabolic mirror, 288
spherical mirrors, 287
Orbit, 97
Oscillation, 17
Oscillator, crystal, 18
Oscilloscope, 225
P
Paints, 282
Parabolic mirror, 288
Parallel plate capacitors, 220
Passive solar water heater, 175
Pendulous type accelerometers, 32
Pendulum, 17
Period, 364
Permanent magnets, 243
Permeability, 248
Perpetual motion, 195
Phase diagram, 184
Phone line, 278
Photodiodes, 297
Photon, 283
Photon torpedo, 62
Photo transistor, 297
Pi, 381
Piston pumps, 155
Plane angles, conversion table for, 381
Plank’s constant, 47
Plastic range, 126
Pneumatics, 146
PN junction, 81
Point source, 271
Police radar gun, 29
Polishing surfaces, 54
Population inversion, 284
Positive, 2
sources
batteries, 69
gravitational, 68
springs, 68
Potentiometer, 88
Pounds, 100
conversion table for, 376
generation in fluid flow, 159–160
hydroelectric, 160
supply, 224
Precision, 3
conversion table for, 376
cooker, 185
electrical, 212
gauge, 142
in moving fluid and Bernoulli’s principle, 156–158
sound, 273
and state of material, 184–185
Protractor, 88
Proximity, 91
Pump
centrifugal, 155
gear, 156
piston, 155
Pyramid, 120
Pyrometer, 169
Q
Quantum mechanics, 47
R
Radians, 87
Radiant heat, 282
Radiating, 271
Radiation
global warming, 178
Stephan–Boltzmann law, 176–177
Radio
signal, 285
station, 19
transmission, 40
transmitter, 282
Radio waves, 282
Radius, 287
Rail gun, 71
Rayleigh scattering, 299
Rechargeable, 234
Recoil, 56
Reed switch, 258
indices of, 387
Refrigeration cycle, 198
Refrigerator, 198
Relative permeability, 249
Relative pressures, 142
Relay, 244
Repel, 207
Repetitive motion, 17
Resistive accelerometer, 32
Resistive capacitor oscillator, 18
Resistive force sensor, 311
Resistive hygrometer, 309
Resistive sensors
humidity, 309
Resistive strain gauge, 44
Resistive temperature devices (RTDs), 307
Resistivity, electrical, 226
Resolution, 328
Resonant frequency, 255, 265, 276
Retina, 290
Revolution, 368
RLC circuit, 256
Rocket, 56
Roller bearing, 54
Rolling friction, 54
Rotational motion
angular velocity, 91
angular velocity calculations, 92–93
centripetal acceleration, 94–95
centripetal force, 95
distance measurements along circle, 89–90
Rotor, 251
Rounding off, 4
RTDs, see Resistive temperature devices (RTDs)
R-values, for common materials, 173
S
Satellite, 29
Scalar, 25
Schematic symbols, 226
Screw, 116
Second, defined, 17
Self-supporting length, defined, 128
Sensors
acceleration, 214
pressure, 273
temperature, 226
Shear modulus, 131
Shear strain, 126
Short circuit, 227
Significant digits, 4
addition/ subtraction, 4
Singer, 265
Sleeping, 197
Sliding friction, coefficients of, 382–383
Slope, 322
Slug, 375
centripetal acceleration of rotating phone, 349–350
measuring acceleration and angular velocity, 340
using pendulum and smartphone’s gyroscope, 344–345
measuring period of oscillation of spring or rubber band, 347–349
of elevator and height between floors, 345–347
motion analysis using tracker, 353–356
Solar cell, 81
Soldering iron, 121
Solenoid, 246
Solenoid actuator, 244
Solids, elastic limit and ultimate strength of, 383–834
Sound
high frequency, 271
low frequency, 270
pressure, 271
speed of, 269
wave, 273
South pole, 243
Space elevator, 128
Speaker, 245
Specific gravity of fluids, 138–139
Specific heat capacity, 178–181
conversion table for, 376
in various media, 387
Spherical mirrors, 287
Spoiler, 153
force gauge, 43
potential energy, 69
Spring clock, 18
Spring constant, 123
Spring scale, 56
Squirrel cage blower, 155, 156
Starship Enterprise, 62
Static equilibrium, 50
Static friction, coefficients of, 382–383
Stator, 251
Steam
engine, 195
turbine, 195
Steering wheel, 113
Stephan–Boltzmann law, 176–177
Step up/down transformer, 254
Stimulated emission, 284
Stored energy, 212
Straight line, 25
gauge, 142
Strength of materials
bulk modulus, 130
ductility, 132
malleability, 132
shear modulus, 131
stress/strain behavior, 126–129
compressive, 125
shear, 125
tensile, 125
Submarine, 134
Sulfuric acid, 139
Sunlight, 197
Superconducting magnets, 245
Superposition, 264
Surface area of three-dimensional objects, 11–12
Surface tension, in fluid, 137
Syrup, 139
T
Tachometer, 91
Tackle, 112
Telescope, 294
Temperature
controlling, 179
bimetal strip, 169
glass thermometer, 168
optical pyrometer, 169
thermistor, 169
Tensile strain, 126
Tensile strength, 127
Tensile stress, 125
Tension, 383
Tesla, 247
Thermal conductivities, 172
Thermal expansion of gases, liquids, solids
area and volume expansion, 200–201
bimetal strip thermostat, 201–202
linear expansion, 200
nitinol wire, 202
Thermal flow sensor, 154
Thermal radiation, 282
Thermal switch, 395
Thermistor, 169
Thermocouple, 168–169, 324–327
Thermodynamics
heat engines
artificial leaf, 197
efficiency of human being, 196–197
external combustion engine, 195
gas mileage, 192
internal combustion engine, 196
laws of thermodynamics, 192–193
Thermometers, 167
Thermostat, 169
Three-dimensional objects, surface area of, 11–12
Time
calibrating clocks, 19
conversion table for, 375
electronic measurement devices, 18–19
measurement by mechanical devices, 17–18
measuring, 364
Tokomak fusion reactor, 82
Tone of sound, 265
Torque
defined, 101
Torque, 251
Total energy of isolated system, 74
Transistors, 297
Transparent, 286
Trendline, 311
Triangle, 357
Tug-of-war, 47
Turbine, 80
Turbulent flow, 151
Turns, 69
U
Ultimate strength
of materials, 127
Ultrasonic cleaning, 271
Ultrasonic tape measure, 8, 270
Ultrasonic transducers, 266
Ultrasound imaging, 270
Ultraviolet, 282
Uncertainty, 3
Underwater, 266
Units
Bracket method, 14
energy, 66
of length, 373
addition/subtraction, 4
calibration, 5
measuring length electronically, 8–9
mechanical measuring instruments, 3
multiple conversions, 7
recording and calculating with measurements, 3
rounding off, 4
significant digit, 4
unit conversions, 6
of volume, 374
work, 66
Universal serial bus (USB), 327
Upward force, 140
USB, see Universal serial bus (USB)
Utility company, 153
V
Vacuum, 155
Van de Graaff generator, 218
Vapor, 185
Vaporization, latent heat of, 183–184
Variable inductor, 9
Vector, 25
Viscosity of fluids, 138
Visible spectrum
colors, 282
infrared, 282
ultraviolet, 282
white light, 281
Volt, 219
divider, 308
Voltmeter, 3
Volume
calculations
measuring volume, 15
unit conversions—Bracket method, 14
units, 13
conversion table for, 374
coefficient of, 379
Volumetric flow meter, 153
W
Waking hours, 197
Watt, unit of power, 236
Waves
distance and velocity measurements with, 265–268
velocity, frequency, and wavelength, 261–262
WBEZ, 285
Wedge, 117
density, 377
Well pump, 155
Wheel, 114
White light, 281
Wind
energy, 81
Work
conversion table for, 378
WWVB, 19
X
X-band, 267
Xeon, 57
X-ray, 254
Y
Yield strength of materials, 127
Young’s modulus of elasticity, 128–129
Z
Zero absolute temperature, 292
ZIF, 62