Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Author
Chapter 1 Units and Measurements
1.1 Scientific Notation
1.2 Units of Length
1.2.1 Mechanical Measuring Instruments
1.2.2 Recording and Calculating with Measurements
1.2.3 Significant Digits
1.2.4 Rounding Off
1.2.5 Addition/Subtraction
1.2.6 Multiplication/Division
1.2.7 Calibration
1.2.8 Unit Conversions
1.2.9 The Bracket Method
1.2.10 Multiple Conversions
1.2.11 Measuring Length Electronically
1.3 Area
1.3.1 Surface Area of Three-Dimensional Objects
1.3.2 The Bracket Method Revisited
1.4 Volume Calculations
1.4.1 Volume Units
1.4.2 Volume Unit Conversions—The Bracket Method
1.4.3 Measuring Volume
1.5 Mass and Weight
1.6 Time
1.6.1 Time Measurement by Mechanical Devices
1.6.2 Electronic Measurement Devices
1.6.3 Calibrating Clocks
1.7 Chapter Summary
1.7.1 Significant Digits
1.7.2 Adding and Subtracting Significant Digits
1.7.3 Multiplying and Dividing Significant Digits
1.7.4 Conversions
1.7.4.1 Length
1.7.4.2 Area
1.7.4.3 Volume
1.7.4.4 Formulas for Area
1.7.4.5 Formulas for Volume
Chapter 2 Linear Motion
2.1 Rates
2.2 Vector
2.3 Scalar
2.4 Coordinate Systems
2.5 Velocity and Speed
2.6 Instantaneous Velocity
2.7 Measuring Speed, Speedometers
2.8 Acceleration
2.8.1 Acceleration Due to Gravity (Free-Fall Acceleration)
2.8.2 Accelerometers
2.8.3 Accelerated Systems with a Constant Acceleration
2.8.4 Problem Solving Procedure
2.9 Chapter Summary
Chapter 3 Force and Momentum
3.1 Force
3.1.1 Measuring Force
3.1.2 Electronic Scales
3.2 Mass and Weight
3.3 Gravitational Force
3.4 Redefining the Kilogram
3.5 Newton’s Laws
3.6 Multiple Forces
3.7 Static Equilibrium
3.8 Forces Acting in Two or Three Dimensions
3.9 Friction
3.9.1 Key Points about Frictional Force
3.9.2 Rolling Friction
3.9.3 Reducing Friction
3.10 Momentum
3.11 Action Reaction
3.12 Conservation of Momentum
3.13 Chapter Summary
3.13.1 Formulas
3.13.2 Conversions
3.13.3 Key Points about Frictional Force
Chapter 4 Energy, Work, and Power
4.1 Energy/Work Units
4.2 Efficiency
4.3 Potential Energy Sources
4.3.1 Gravitational
4.3.2 Springs
4.3.3 Batteries
4.3.4 Fuels
4.4 Kinetic Energy
4.5 Work and Kinetic Energy
4.6 Energy Conservation
4.7 Work and Potential Energy
4.8 Power
4.9 Kilowatt-Hours
4.10 Power, Force, and Velocity
4.11 Other Sources of Energy
4.11.1 Fuel Cells
4.11.2 Wind
4.11.3 Hydroelectric Energy
4.11.4 Solar Energy
4.11.5 Lightning
4.11.6 Fusion
4.12 Chapter Summary
4.12.1 Conversions
Chapter 5 Rotational Motion
5.1 Measuring Angles
5.1.1 Potentiometer
5.1.2 Mechanical Rotary Encoder
5.1.3 Optical Rotary Encoder
5.1.4 Gyroscope
5.2 Distance Measurements along a Circle
5.3 Angular Velocity
5.3.1 Measuring Angular Velocity
5.3.2 Tachometer
5.3.3 Magnetic Pickup Coil Tachometer
5.4 Angular Velocity Calculations
5.5 Circular Velocity
5.6 Centripetal Acceleration
5.7 Centripetal Force
5.8 Centrifugal Force
5.8.1 Geosynchronous Orbits
5.9 Transmissions
5.10 Torque
5.11 Torque and Power
5.12 Changing Torque
5.13 Chapter Summary
Chapter 6 Machines
6.1 Mechanical Advantage
6.2 Efficiency
6.3 The Lever
6.4 The Pulley
6.5 The Wheel and Axle
6.6 The Inclined Plane
6.7 The Screw
6.8 Wedge
6.9 Compound Machines
6.10 Chapter Summary
Chapter 7 Strength of Materials
7.1 Strength
7.2 Springs
7.3 Stress
7.4 Strain
7.5 Stress/Strain Behavior
7.5.1 Space Elevator
7.5.2 Young’s Modulus of Elasticity
7.6 Bulk Modulus
7.7 Shear Modulus
7.8 Hardness
7.9 Malleability
7.10 Ductility
7.11 Chapter Summary
Chapter 8 Fluids
8.1 Properties of Fluids
8.2 Capillary Action
8.3 Viscosity
8.4 Specific Gravity
8.5 Determining Concentrations of Solutions
8.6 Hydrometer
8.7 Buoyancy
8.8 Archimedes’ Principle
8.9 Pressure
8.10 Measuring Pressure
8.11 Barometer
8.12 Pressure versus Depth
8.13 Hydraulics
8.14 Braking Systems
8.15 Pneumatics
8.16 Chapter Summary
Chapter 9 Fluid Flow
9.1 Types of Fluid Flow
9.2 Measuring the Volume of a Fluid in Flow
9.3 Measuring Flow Rate
9.4 Calculating Flow Rate
9.5 Fluid Pumps
9.5.1 Piston Pumps
9.5.2 Centrifugal Pump
9.5.3 Gear Pump
9.6 Pump Power
9.6.1 Pressure in a Moving Fluid and Bernoulli’s Principle
9.7 Carburetor
9.8 Power Generation
9.8.1 Wind Power
9.8.2 Hydroelectric Power
9.9 Chapter Summary
Chapter 10 Temperature and Heat
10.1 Temperature Scales
10.2 Measuring Temperature
10.2.1 Glass Thermometer
10.2.2 Thermocouple
10.2.3 Thermistor
10.2.4 Bimetal Strip
10.2.5 Optical Pyrometer
10.3 Heat
10.4 Heat Transfer
10.4.1 Conduction
10.5 Thermal Insulation
10.6 Convection
10.6.1 Automobile Engine Cooling
10.6.2 Home Heating
10.6.3 Solar Water Heater
10.7 Radiation
10.7.1 Stephan–Boltzmann Law
10.7.2 Global Warming
10.8 Controlling Temperature
10.9 Specific Heat Capacity
10.10 Changing the State of a Substance
10.10.1 Melting and Freezing
10.10.2 Latent Heat of Fusion
10.10.3 Boiling and Condensing
10.10.4 Latent Heat of Vaporization
10.10.5 Pressure and the State of a Material
10.10.6 Pressure Cooker
10.11 Chapter Summary
10.11.1 Specific Heat Capacity
Chapter 11 Thermodynamics: Heat Engines, Heat Pumps, and Thermal Expansion
11.1 Heat Engines
11.1.1 Fuels
11.1.2 Gas Mileage
11.1.3 Laws of Thermodynamics
11.1.4 Efficiency
11.1.5 External Combustion Engine
11.1.6 Internal Combustion Engine
11.1.7 The Efficiency of a Human Being
11.1.8 Artificial Leaf
11.2 Heat Pumps
11.2.1 Refrigeration Cycle
11.3 Thermal Expansion of Gases, Liquids, and Solids
11.3.1 Linear Expansion
11.3.2 Area and Volume Expansion
11.3.3 Bimetal Strip Thermostat
11.3.4 Nitinol Wire
11.4 Chapter Summary
Chapter 12 Electric Force
12.1 Charge
12.2 The Electric Field
12.3 The Electric Field of a Point Charge
12.4 Work and the Electric Field
12.5 Generating an Electric Field
12.5.1 Electrical Potential Energy and Voltage
12.6 Electric Field and Voltage
12.6.1 Armed and Dangerous, Building an Electron Gun
12.7 Capacitance
12.7.1 Energy Storage
12.7.2 Don’t Be Shocked by the Following
12.7.3 Van de Graaff Generator
12.7.4 Catching a Lightning Bolt (Don’t Try This at Home!)
12.8 Chapter Summary
Chapter 13 Electricity
13.1 Batteries
13.2 Voltage
13.3 Current
13.3.1 AC versus DC
13.4 Resistance
13.4.1 Resistors
13.5 Schematic Symbols
13.6 Circuit
13.7 Ohm’s Law
13.8 Series Circuits
13.8.1 Batteries in Series
13.9 Parallel Circuits
13.10 Power
13.10.1 Electrical Energy
13.10.2 Energy Cost
13.11 Batteries and Amp-Hour Rating
13.11.1 Amp-Hour Rating and Batteries in Serial and Parallel
13.11.1.1 Batteries in Series
13.11.1.2 Batteries in Parallel
13.12 Chapter Summary
Chapter 14 Magnetism
14.1 Electromagnets
14.1.1 Applications of Electromagnets
14.1.1.1 Electromagnet Crane
14.1.1.2 Relay
14.1.1.3 Solenoid Actuator
14.1.1.4 Speaker
14.1.1.5 Superconducting Magnets
14.1.1.6 Magnetically Levitated Trains
14.2 Earth’s Magnetic Field
14.2.1 Compass
14.2.2 Magnetic Field of a Current Carrying Wire
14.3 Magnetic Field Inside a Coil
14.4 Electromagnetic Induction
14.5 An Electrical Generator
14.5.1 Alternators
14.6 Motors
14.6.1 DC Motors
14.6.2 AC Motors
14.7 Electric Meters
14.8 Magnetic Memory
14.8.1 Hard Disks
14.8.2 Inductors
14.9 Transformers
14.10 Inductive Heating
14.11 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
14.12 Measuring Magnetic Fields
14.12.1 Hall Probe
14.12.2 Metal Detectors
14.13 Chapter Summary
Chapter 15 Waves
15.1 Velocity, Frequency, and Wavelength
15.2 Wave Types
15.2.1 Transverse Waves
15.2.2 Longitudinal Waves
15.3 General Wave Properties
15.3.1 Refraction
15.3.2 Superposition
15.3.3 Constructive Interference
15.3.4 Destructive Interference
15.3.5 Tone
15.3.6 Resonance
15.3.7 Diffraction
15.4 Distance and Velocity Measurements with Waves
15.4.1 Radar, Lidar, and Sonar
15.4.2 Doppler Shift
15.5 Sound Waves
15.5.1 Speed of Sound
15.5.2 Pitch
15.5.3 Ultrasound Imaging
15.5.4 Ultrasonic Tape Measure
15.5.5 Ultrasonic Cleaning
15.5.6 Sound Pressure
15.5.7 Sound Intensity
15.5.8 Sound Intensity Level
15.5.9 Microphones
15.5.10 Gravitational Waves
15.6 Chapter Summary
15.6.1 Sound Intensity Level
Chapter 16 Light
16.1 Electromagnetic Waves
16.2 The Visible Spectrum
16.2.1 White Light
16.2.2 Colors
16.2.3 Infrared
16.2.4 Ultraviolet
16.3 Generation of Electromagnetic Waves
16.3.1 Radio Waves
16.3.2 Microwaves
16.4 Light
16.4.1 Lasers
16.5 The Speed of Electromagnetic Waves
16.5.1 Speed, Frequency, and Wavelength
16.6 Optics
16.6.1 Opacity
16.6.2 Reflection of Light
16.6.3 Spherical Mirrors
16.6.4 Focal Point
16.6.5 Parabolic Mirror
16.6.6 Corner Reflector
16.7 Diffraction and Refraction of Light
16.8 Lenses
16.8.1 Thin Lens Equation
16.8.2 Magnification
16.8.3 f-number
16.8.4 Compound Lenses
16.8.5 Aberration
16.8.6 Dispersion
16.9 Intensity and Illumination
16.9.1 Luminous Intensity
16.9.2 Illumination
16.10 Optical Devices
16.10.1 Optical Storage
16.10.2 Photodiodes, Resistors, and Transistors
16.10.3 Charge-Coupled Device
16.10.4 Fiber Optics
16.10.5 Solar Energy
16.11 Light Scattering
16.12 Chapter Summary
16.12.1 Thin Lens Equation
16.12.2 Magnification
Chapter 17 Data Acquisition-Sensors and Microcontrollers
17.1 Resistive Sensors
17.1.1 Measuring Resistive Sensors
17.1.2 Humidity Sensor
17.1.3 Photoresistors
17.2 Calibration and Data Fitting
17.3 Excel
17.3.1 Comparing Theory and Experiment with Data Fitting
17.3.2 Excel’s Solver Function
17.3.3 Starting Solver
17.4 Sensors that Output Voltage
17.4.1 LM35
17.4.2 Thermocouple
17.5 Measuring Magnetic Fields
17.5.1 Hall Probe
17.6 Microcontrollers and Data Acquisition
17.6.1 The Arduino Uno Microcontroller
17.6.2 Analog Sensors and Analog to Digital Conversion
17.6.3 Digital Sensors
17.6.4 Sampling Data at a Fixed Rate
17.7 The NodeMcu Microcontroller
17.8 Summary
17.8.1 Lab Ideas
Chapter 18 Smartphones and Physics
18.1 phyphox
18.2 Using phyphox
18.3 Measuring Acceleration and Angular Velocity
18.4 LAB 1: Measuring g
18.4.1 Theory
18.4.2 Procedure
18.5 LAB 2: Measuring Velocity
18.5.1 Theory
18.5.2 Procedure
18.6 LAB 3: Measuring g Using a Pendulum and a Smartphone’s Gyroscope
18.6.1 Theory
18.6.2 Procedure
18.7 LAB 4: Measure the Velocity of an Elevator and Height between Floors
18.7.1 Theory
18.7.2 Procedure
18.8 LAB 5: Measure the Period of Oscillation of a Spring or Rubber Band
18.8.1 Theory
18.8.2 Procedure
18.9 LAB 6: Measure Centripetal Acceleration of a Rotating Phone
18.9.1 Theory
18.9.2 Procedure
18.10 LAB 7: Rolling Velocity
18.10.1 Theory
18.10.2 Procedure
18.11 LAB 8: Inelastic Collisions
18.11.1 Theory
18.11.2 Procedure
18.12 Motion Analysis Using Tracker
18.13 Summary
Appendix A: Trigonometry Review
A.1 Pythagorean Theorem and Right Triangles
A.2 Determining Sides and Angles
A.3 Sin(θ), Cos(θ), Tan(θ)
A.4 Problem Solving Tips
Appendix B: Supplementary Lab Experiments
B.1 Measuring Length
B.1.1 Procedure
B.2 Measuring Time
B.2.1 Procedure
B.3 Measuring g
B.3.1 Procedure
B.4 Measuring Force
B.4.1 Procedure
B.5 Measuring Power
B.5.1 Procedure
B.6 Measuring Angular Velocity
B.6.1 Procedure
B.7 Machines
B.7.1 Procedure
B.8 Measuring Temperature
B.8.1 Procedure
B.9 Measuring Light
B.9.1 Procedure
B.10 Direct Current Motors
B.10.1 Procedure
B.10.2 Questions
Appendix C: Unit Conversions
Appendix D: Answers to Odd Numbered Back of the Chapter Problems
Index
