Index

A

Android Native Development Kit (NDK), 33, 73

Android devices and architectures, 35

Application Binary Interfaces, 35

ARM assembly code, 73–74

ARM instructions, 87–96

ARM NEON registers, 96–97

C extensions, 98

built-in functions, 99

vector instructions, 99–103

C/C++, performance improvements, 53

ARM assembly code, 54–55

Dalvik bytecode, 54

Fibonacci.computeIterativelyFaster() method, 53

iterativeFaster() implementations, 56–57

JNI glue layer (see JNI glue layer)

test and compare, 55–56

color conversion, 79

Android.mk, 82

ARMv5 Assembly code (ARM Mode), 80

ARMv5 Assembly code (Thumb Mode), 80

ARMv7 Assembly code (ARM Mode), 80

ARMv7 Assembly code (Thumb Mode), 81

function implementation, 79

Hand-crafted Assembly code, 81

x86 Assembly code, 80

components, 34

CPU features, 97–98

directories, 34

greatest common divisor, 74

Android.mk, 78

ARMv5 Assembly code, 76, 77

ARMv7 Assembly code, 76, 77

disassembled gcd_asm code, 79

function implementation, 75

Hand-crafted Assembly code, 78

x86 Assembly code, 75

inlining functions, 104

LDM/STM, 106–107

MIPS technologies, 36

mixing java and C/C++ code, 37

JNI glue layer implementation (see JNI glue layer)

Makefiles (see Makefiles)

native function implementation, 41–43

native library, 43–44

native method declaration, 37

NativeActivity class, 62

alternatives, 70–71

Android.mk, 64

header files, 62–63

manifest files, 63

myapp.c, 64, 65–70

new revisions, 36

parallel average function

Android.mk, 86

ARMv5 Assembly code (ARM mode), 83

ARMv5 Assembly code (Thumb mode), 84

ARMv7 Assembly code (ARM mode), 83

ARMv7 Assembly code (Thumb mode), 84, 85

Assembly code mixed with C code, 86

faster implementation, 84

function implementation, 83

Hand-crafted Assembly code, 85

x86 Assembly code, 83

preloading memory, 105–106

README text file, 34

unrolling loops, 104

Android.mk, basic version, 40

Android.mk file

LOCAL_ARM_MODE, 52

LOCAL_ARM_NEON, 52

LOCAL_CFLAGS and LOCAL_CPPFLAGS, 52

LOCAL_DISABLE_NO_EXECUTE, 52

modules, 53

variables, 51–52

Application Binary Interfaces (ABIs), 35

Application Not Responding (ANR) dialog, 21

Application.mk

armeabi ABI, 40

basic version, 40

Application.mk file

APP_ABI, 46

APP_CFLAGS and APP_CPPFLAGS, 45

APP_OPTIM, 45

APP_STL, 45–46

Java implementation

library files, 48

using strategy pattern, 49

libfibonacci.so, 47

MIPS-based Android system, 48

primary and secondary ABIs, 47

strategy pattern, 49, 50

variables, 44

ARM Embedded Application Binary Interface, 35

ARM instructions, 87–96

armeabi, 35

B, C

Battery life, 177

alarms, 201

ELAPSED_TIME_WAKEUP, 202

RTC and ELAPSED_TIME, 202

RTC_WAKEUP, 202

schedule alarms, 203–204

service implementation, 201–202

broadcast receiver

ACTION_BATTERY_CHANGED, 183

BatteryReceiver implementation, 184

broadcast intents, 183

declaration, 184

enabling and disabling, 186–187

registerReceiver(), 183

Toast messages, 185

capacities, 177–178

G1Phone power consumption, 190

graphics, 200–201

location updates, 191

filtering providers, 196–198

flaws, 192

frequency of updates, 193–194

GPS location updates, 192

last known location, 198–199

location providers, 192, 194–196

network location updates, 192

unregister a listener, 193

network information

active connection, 187

background data setting, 188–189

data connections, 187

data transfer rates, 189–191

sensors, 199–200

usage

screen and Wi-Fi, 179

sticky intent, 180–182

WakeLocks

flags, 204

problems, 205–206

WakeLock creation, 204

Benchmarking and profiling, 163

measuring time

applications, 163

Debug.threadCpuTimeNanos(), 165, 166

System.currentTimeMillis(), 164

System.nanoTime(), 164, 165

tracing, 167

Debug.startMethodTracing() method, 167

logging, 174–175

native tracing, 172–174

traceview, 168–172

BigInteger Version

computeIterativelyFaster, 7

Faster Recursive implementation, 8–11

Fibonacci Q-matrix, 8

lackluster performance, 7

D, E

Dalvik bytecode, 2

Dalvik Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler, 33

Dalvik virtual machine, 3

Debug.startMethodTracing() method, 167

Debug.threadCpuTimeNanos(), 165, 166

F

Fibonacci series

BigInteger version (see BigInteger version)

definition, 2

faster recursive implementation

using BigInteger, 8

using BigInteger and long Primitive Type, 9

using BigInteger and Precomputed results, 10

using BigInteger, long Primitive Type and Cache, 11

human-readable Dalvik bytecode, 2

Naïve recursive Implementation, 2

optimization

iterative implementation, 5

modified iterative implementation, 5–6

recursive implementation, 8–11

Fibonacci.computeIterativelyFaster() method, 53

G

Garbage collector

GC_CONCURRENT, 130

GC_EXPLICIT, 130

GC_EXTERNAL_ALLOC, 130

GC_FOR_MALLOC, 130

GC_HPROF_DUMP_HEAP, 130

log messages, 130

memory leaks

DDMS perspective, 125

StrictMode class, 126–127

references

phantom references, 128–129

reference queues, 129–130

soft and weak references, 128

strong references, 127–128

GPS location provider, 194

Graphics, 207

culling, 229

layout tools, 217

merging layout, 213–214

Mipmaps, 226–227

Multiple APKs, 228

OpenGL ES, 218

extensions, 219–221

texture compression (see Textures, OpenGL ES)

optimizing layouts

default layout, 208

setContentView(), 207, 208

power consumption, 230

relativelayout, 209–213

render mode, 229

reusing layout, 214–215

scene complexity, 229

shaders, 228

view stubs, 215–217

Greatest common divisor (gcd), 74

Android.mk, 78

ARMv5 Assembly code

ARM Mode, 76

Thumb Mode, 77

ARMv7 Assembly code

ARM Mode, 76

Thumb Mode, 77

disassembled gcd_asm code, 79

function implementation, 75

Hand-crafted Assembly code, 78

x86 Assembly code, 75

H, I

Handlers, 140–142

Hierarchy Viewer, 218

J, K

Java code optimization, 1

API levels, 13–16

data structures, 17

in java.util package, 18

using LruCache, 18

OutOfMemoryError exception, 19

execution, 2

Dalvik bytecode, 2

dexdump tool, 2

Fibonacci series, 2

Google benchmarks, 3

JIT compiler, 3

strategies, 3–4

virtual register, 3

vmSafeMode, 4

fragmentation, 16–17

responsiveness, 20

classes, 20

main thread, 20

procrastination, 22–23

startup sequence, 21

StrictMode, 23–24

SQLite, 25

queries, 30–31

SQLite statements, 25–28

transactions, 28–30

using cache, 11

android.util.LruCache<K, V>, 12–13

Faster Recursive Implementation, 11

HashMap, 11

SparseArray, 11

Java Virtual Machine (VM), 2

java.math package, 6

JNI glue layer, 57

access fields and methods, 59–62

C Source file, 39

header file, 62–63

Java Development Kit, 38

JNIEnv object, 39

strings, 58–59

Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler, 3, 33

L

Layoutopt, 218

Logging, 174–175

Loopers, 142

Low-Level Virtual Machine (LLVM), 233

M

Makefiles

Android.mk (see Android.mk)

Application.mk (see Application.mk)

LOCAL_MODULE, 41

my-dir macro, 40

ndk-build tool, 40

shared library, 41

Memory management, 109

APIs, 131

data types

add two 64-bit integers, 111

add_16_16 with two 32-bit values, 113

add_16_16's C and assembly, 111

add_16_32's C and assembly, 111

assembly code, 111, 112

BitSet class, 117–118

cache line size, 119–120

cache miss, 119

comparing two values, 113–115

Level 1 and 2 cache, 119

sorting arrays, 116–117

sorting, finding and summing, 115–116

sum of two 32-bit values, 111

garbage collection, 125

GC_CONCURRENT, 130

GC_EXPLICIT, 130

GC_EXTERNAL_ALLOC, 130

GC_FOR_MALLOC, 130

GC_HPROF_DUMP_HEAP, 130

log messages, 130

memory leaks, 125–127

references, 127–130

getMemoryInfo() methods, 131

Java primitive types, 110

modified MyRecords class

using short array, 123

using two array, 124–125

modified sum values(), 122

onLowMemory(), 131

performance, 110

physical memory, 109

Record class, 121

saving records, 121–122

virtual memory swapping, 109

Mipmaps, 226–227

Multithreading and synchronization, 133

activity's lifecycle

computation, progression, 158–161

Fibonacci Number computation, 154, 155

passing information, 156–158

AsyncTask, 137

multiple file downloading, 138

protected methods, 138

sequence implementation, 137, 138

UI thread and execution, 139

concurrency, 147

data types

Java language, 143, 144

synchronized keywords, 143, 144

Synchronized Statements, 146

volatile keyword addition, 145

handlers, 140–142

loopers, 142

multicore

algorithm modification, 149–152

concurrent cache, 152–154

dual core CPUs, 148, 149

threads

code execution, 134

creation, 134

Fibonacci number computation, 135

non-UI thread, 135

priority, 136–137

N, O

Native code, 35

NEON registers, 96

Network location provider, 194

P, Q

Passive location provider, 195

R

RenderScript, 231

Balls sample application, 231

Hello rendering, 236

Content View setting, 239, 240

RenderScriptGL context creation, 238

RSSurfaceView, 239

script creation, 237

Hello, World script, 233

auto-generated file, 234, 235

calling function, 235

LLVM Assembly Language, 236

HelloCompute

allocations, 244, 245

performance, 248, 249

RenderScript mono.rs, 243

root() function, 244

rsForEach function, 245–248

LLVM bitcode, 233

native code, 233

native RenderScript APIs

definition, 249, 250

rs_atomic.rsh, 262

rs_cl.rsh, 255–258

rs_core.rsh, 253–255

rs_graphics.rsh, 260–261

rs_math.rsh, 259–260

rs_time.rsh, 261, 262

rs_types.rsh, 250–253

vs. NDK, 263

variable addition

alpha component, 242

background Color, 240

blue variable, 242

get() method, 243

global red and green variable, 242

ScriptC_hellorendering2.java, 241, 242

YouTube Carousel view, 231

S

SQLite

queries, 30–31

SQLite statements

cheese database, 26

compilation, 27

execution, 25

populateWithCompileStatement, 28

StringBuilder/String format version, 26

transactions, 28

Atomic commit, 28

performance, 29

System.nanoTime(), 164, 165

T, U

Textures, OpenGL ES, 221

ARM Mali GPU Compression tool, 223, 224

compression formats, 221

ETC1 compression format, 222

ETC1 compression vs. original image, 222

etcpack tool, 222

Imagination Technologies, 224

manifest, 225, 226

PowerVR, 225

uncompressed textures, 221

V, W, X, Y, Z

Virtual register, 3