Index
5% slimming rule, 261
5-minute retouch, 296–309
15-minute retouch, 310–323
30-minute retouch, 324–341
100% size setting, xix
A
abdominal retouching, 280–284
about this book, x–xiii
actions, recording, xxii
Add a Layer Style icon, 65
advantages of, 18
blend modes vs., 15
toggling on/off, 9
Adobe Photoshop. See Photoshop
aligning facial features, 176–183
Amount slider (Camera Raw), 165
Angle preview, Brush panel, 64
arm and leg thinning, 271–279
automating tasks, xxii
B
Background layer, xviii, 2, 24
Backspace key, 9
beauty-style retouch
before and after examples of, 340–341
overview of workflow for, 324–339 See also thirty-minute retouch
Black & White adjustment layer, xxi
blemish removal, 86–88
digital make-up and, 140
in five-minute retouch, 299–300
in fifteen-minute retouch, 310–311
in thirty-minute retouch, 335, 339
blend modes
adjustment layers vs., 15
Color, 185
Luminosity, 4, 79, 82, 315, 316
Multiply, 8, 77, 142, 148, 212
Screen, 24, 27, 143, 192, 212, 229
Soft Light, 2, 14, 94, 106, 184, 239, 281
Bloat tool, 46–47
Blur filters
Gaussian Blur, 14, 90, 96, 97, 109, 188
blurring techniques
for porcelain skin look, 155
for skin softening, 89, 90–91, 96, 97, 109
for sparkling eyes, 14
body retouching, 259–291
accentuating abs, 280–284
checklist for, 295
double chin reduction, 266–270
in fifteen-minute retouch, 318–319
fixing clothes issues, 285–291
overall slimming technique, 260–262
slimming one person in group shot, 263–265
thinning arms and legs, 271–279
for eye sockets, 27
for sculpting the face, 186–187
for whites of eyes, 24–31 See also lightening techniques
Brush panel
Brush Tip Shape options, 64, 332
eyelash brush adjustments, 63–64
Pen Pressure settings, 141
Brush Picker
choosing brushes from, 3
custom eyelash brushes in, 57–58
resizing brushes in, 59
Brush Size slider, 46
Brush Tip Shape adjustment, 64, 332
Brush tool
Eyedropper tool used with, 32, 76
keyboard shortcut for, 3
Brush tool (retouching examples)
adding highlights to hair, 193–194
arm/leg thinning process, 273, 274, 276
brightening whites of eyes, 25–26, 30
catch light enhancement/creation, 18, 21
darkening parts in hair, 215
digital makeup techniques, 141–149
double chin reduction, 269
eye color changes, 36
eyebrow beautification, 75–76, 79
eyelash enhancement, 57–58, 63–64, 330, 331
fixing gaps in hair, 206
hiding hair roots, 218
lightening eye sockets, 27
porcelain skin look, 153, 154, 158
portrait sharpening, 163
removing eye veins, 32–33
sculpting the face, 184–188
skin softening, 91–92, 100, 103–104, 110, 115–116
swapping eyes, 52–53
whitening teeth, 253–254
wrinkle removal, 125
brushes
advice on choosing, xvi
custom eyelash, 57–58, 330, 331
Hardness setting for, 146–147, 275
resizing in Brush Picker, 59
shortcut for resizing, 46, 171
stroke direction for, xx
buckle removal, 300–302
Burn tool
abdominal retouching with, 280–282
sculpting the face with, 320
burning and dodging
abdominal retouching by, 280–283
sculpting the face by, 184–189, 320
used by high-end retouchers, 184
C
Camera Raw
porcelain skin technique in, 151–159
sharpening portraits in, 163–165
Camera Raw Defaults option, 154
catch light in eyes, 17–23
creating, 20–23
enhancing, 17–19
repositioning, 53–55
loading as selections, 114
sharpening portraits using, 160–162
skin softening using, 113–118
Channels panel
Lab Color mode, 162
checklist for portrait retouching, xiii, 294–295
cheeks
digital makeup applied to, 142–144
wrinkle removal around, 123–124
chin reduction, 266–270
Clone Stamp tool
arm/leg thinning with, 275
clothes retouching with, 289, 290, 301, 317
eye retouching with, 39–40, 54–55, 56
eyebrow retouching with, 70, 330
fixing gaps in hair with, 338
lip area retouching with, 241
stray hair removal with, 140, 196–199, 201, 333–334, 335–336
stubble reduction with, 136–138
tooth repair with, 248
clothes retouching, 285–291
in five-minute retouch, 300–302, 304–305
in fifteen-minute retouch, 316–317
color
removing with Desaturate command, 157
sampling with Eyedropper tool, 32, 54, 76, 141, 185, 217
eye color changes, 35–37
hair color changes, 209–213
lip color changes, 236–242
porcelain skin look and, 154–155 See also tonal adjustments
Color blend mode, 185
color channels. See channels
Color Range feature, 227–228
Colorize checkbox
eye color and, 35
lip color and, 234
Colors pop-up menu, 156
companion website, xi
Contract Selection dialog, 8
contrast adjustments
clothes retouching and, 319
eye retouching and, 2–5, 314, 326
Create a New Layer icon, 2, 12
Create New Action icon, xxii
Create New Adjustment Layer icon, 4
Create New Channel icon, 114
crosshair cursor, 120
Current Layer setting, 275
cursor
crosshair, 120
plus-sign, 275
Curves adjustment layer
contrast adjustments using, 4, 79, 314, 319, 326
finding potential fixes using, xxi
tonal adjustments using, 132–133, 134, 315
Curves pop-up menu
Darker (RGB) option, 315
Medium Contrast (RGB) option, 319
Strong Contrast (RGB) option, 4, 314, 326
D
dark circle removal, 38–41
Darken mode, Clone Stamp tool, 139
for facial stubble, 139
for lips, 157–158
for outer rim of iris, 6–11, 327
for part lines in hair, 214–216
for sculpting the face, 185–186
Darker (RGB) option, 315
Delete key, 9
Deselect command, 9
Detail panel (Camera Raw), 164
digital makeup, 140–150
digital photos. See images
distorting selections, 6, 202, 276, 335
Dodge tool
abdominal retouching with, 283
double chin retouching with, 268
lip retouching with, 240
sculpting the face with, 320
dodging and burning
abdominal retouching by, 280–283
sculpting the face by, 184–189, 320
used by high-end retouchers, 184
double chin reduction, 266–270
Down Arrow key, 178
downloading practice images, xi
Drop Shadow layer style, 65, 332
duplicating
channels, 114
Smart Object layers, 152
E
ears
removing hair over, 336
Edge Detection options, 210
Elliptical Marquee tool
eye retouching and, 6, 12, 20, 42, 49
ring color changes and, 185
lips, 224–226
eye retouching, 1–83
adding sparkle to eyes, 12–16, 328
brightening whites of eyes, 24–31
catch light enhancement/creation, 17–23
changing color of eyes, 35–37
darkening outer rim of iris, 6–11
digital makeup techniques, 145–147
enlarging size of eyes, 42–48
eyebrow beautification, 68–80
eyelash enhancement, 57–67
in five-minute retouch, 297
in fifteen-minute retouch, 314–315
increasing iris contrast, 2–5, 314, 326
lightening eye sockets, 27
reducing dark circles, 38–41
removing veins from eyes, 32–34, 325
sharpening eyes, 81–83, 307, 321, 328
swapping one eye for the other, 49–56
symmetry adjustments, 176–178
in thirty-minute retouch, 325–328
wrinkle removal around eyes, 120–122
eye shadow technique, 145
eyebrow retouching, 68–80
basic technique, 68–74
darkening eyebrows, 79–80, 315–316
digital makeup technique, 145, 147
in fifteen-minute retouch, 315–316
making fuller eyebrows, 75–78
in thirty-minute retouch, 329–330
Eyedropper tool
digital makeup and, 141, 142, 143, 147, 148
eyebrow enhancement and, 76
hair root retouching and, 217, 219
keyboard shortcut for, 32
eyelashes
brushes for retouching, 57–58, 330, 331
enhancing appearance of, 57–67
eye swapping technique and, 55
thirty-minute retouch and, 330–332
eyeliner technique, 145–146
F
facial feature reshaping, 169–189
dodging-and-burning technique for, 184–189
double chin reduction, 266–270
face and head reshaping methods for, 170–175
symmetrically aligning features, 176–183
facial line removal
in five-minute retouch, 298
in fifteen-minute retouch, 311
in thirty-minute retouch, 333 See also wrinkle removal
facial retouching
checklist for, 294–295
sculpting the face, 184–189, 320 See also specific facial features
Fade dialog, 128–129
Feather Selection dialog, 7, 43, 69
feathering selections
body sculpting and, 318
eyebrow enhancement and, 69, 73
facial feature alignment and, 176
lip retouching and, 224
skin tone balancing and, 131
slimming methods and, 266
fifteen-minute retouch, 310–323
before and after examples of, 322–323
blemish removal in, 310–311
body sculpting in, 318–319
clothes retouching in, 316–317, 319
eye retouching in, 314–315
eyebrow darkening in, 315–316
goose bump removal in, 310–311
sculpting the face in, 320
sharpening process in, 321 See also five-minute retouch; thirty-minute retouch
Fill dialog, 93
Fill Pixels icon, 21
filters
Gaussian Blur, 14, 90, 96, 97, 109, 188
Liquify, 46, 147, 170, 243, 269, 278, 285
Pinch, 267
five-minute retouch, 296–309
before and after examples of, 308–309
blemish removal in, 299–300
clothes retouching in, 300–302, 304–305
eye retouching in, 297
sharpening process in, 306–307
skin softening in, 302–304
wrinkle removal in, 298 See also fifteen-minute retouch; thirty-minute retouch
F-key assignments, xxii
flattening layers, 255
Flip Horizontal command, 50, 54, 62, 207
Flip X checkbox, Brush panel, 64
Flow Jitter pop-up menu, 141
Foreground color swatch, 144, 146
Format pop-up menu, 163
Forward Warp tool
clothes retouching with, 285–288, 304
double chin reduction and, 269
facial symmetry adjustments, 178, 179, 181
lip retouching technique, 147
repairing teeth using, 243–247, 255
reshaping the face and head with, 171, 173
distorting selections with, 202
resizing selections with, 44, 52, 177, 225, 261, 264
rotating selections with, 205, 272, 276, 277
selecting specific points on, 272, 276
Free Transform commands
Flip Horizontal command, 50, 54, 62, 207
Freeze Mask tool
clothes retouching with, 288
facial symmetry adjustments, 178, 181
reshaping the face and head with, 170, 173
G
Gaussian Blur filter
face sculpting and, 188
iris retouching and, 14
skin softening and, 90, 96, 97, 109
glossy lips, 227–231
goose bump removal, 310–311
group shots, slimming one person in, 263–265
H
hair, 191–221
adding highlights to, 192–195
changing color of, 209–213
checklist for retouching, 295
darkening parts in, 214–216
fixing gaps in, 204–208, 337–338
hiding roots of, 217–221
porcelain skin look and, 154–155
removing stray hairs, 140, 196–203, 333–336
halos, avoiding, 165
Hardness setting, 146–147, 275
head and face reshaping, 170–175
Healing Brush tool
blemish removal with, 86–87, 140, 299
eye retouching with, 38–39
eyebrow retouching with, 330
lip area retouching with, 241
neck line removal with, 338
stray hair removal with, 196, 200, 334, 336
wrinkle removal with, 119–125, 298
“helmet head” effect, 198
hiding
hair roots, 217–221
layer mask effects, 116
High Pass filter, 97, 105, 109
high pass skin softening, 108–112, 312
abdominal retouching and, 283
adding highlights to hair, 192–195
dodging technique for, 186–187, 283
lip retouching and, 149, 228–230, 240 See also shadow adjustments
History Brush tool, 289
History States, 197
Hollywood, Calvin, 151
hot spot removal, 127–130
HSL/Color/B&W panel (Lightroom), 151
HSL/Grayscale panel (Camera Raw), 151, 153
Hue slider
eye color changes, 35
lip color changes, 234
Hue/Saturation adjustments
eye color changes, 35
facial slimming and, 268
hair color changes, 211–212
lip color changes, 233
I
downloading for practice, xi
evaluating for retouch process, 324–325
opening in Camera Raw, 151, 163
Invert command, 4
iris
darkening outer rim of, 6–11, 327
increasing contrast in, 2–5, 314, 326
sharpening technique, 82, 328 See also eye retouching
J
jaw
double chin reduction, 266–270
reshaping technique, 170–172
K
kelbytraining.com website, xi
Brush tool, 3
creating custom, 43
Desaturate command, 157
Eyedropper tool, 32
feathering selections, 43
hiding selections, xix, 70, 128
Zoom tool, 2
Keyboard Shortcuts and Menus dialog, 43
L
Lab Color mode, 162
Lasso tool
body sculpting and, 318
clothes retouching and, 289, 300
eyebrow retouching and, 72, 329
facial feature alignment and, 176
hair retouching and, 202, 204, 337
skin tone balancing and, 131, 133, 134
slimming techniques and, 266, 271, 273, 275, 277
tooth repair and, 248, 249, 250
adding to images, 3
channels and, 115
hiding effects of, 116
thumbnails for, 8, 92, 115, 116, 234, 303
layer style, Drop Shadow, 65, 332
layers
flattening, 255
reason for working on, xviii
Smart Object, 152 See also adjustment layers
Layers panel
Add a Layer Style icon, 65
Add Layer Mask icon, 3
Create a New Layer icon, 2
Create New Adjustment Layer icon, 4
Eye icon, xviii
leg and arm thinning, 271–279
Levels adjustment layer
blend modes vs., 15
layer mask creation, 7
midtone adjustments, 10, 157, 250
Lighten mode, Clone Stamp tool, 39, 136
for dark circles under eyes, 39
for eye sockets, 27
for facial stubble, 136
for sculpting the face, 186–187
for teeth, 250, 252–256 See also brightening techniques
Lightness channel, 162
Lightroom Develop Module, 151
neck lines, 338–339 See also wrinkle removal
Linear Light blend mode, 98, 313
lips, 224–242
changing the color of, 234
checklist for retouching, 295
color shade changes for, 236–242
darkening the appearance of, 148, 157–158
enlarging the size of, 224–226
glossy/shiny look for, 227–231
increasing red color of, 156, 238–239
lipstick color adjustments, 232–235
removing hairs around, 241
retouching center dip in, 147
smoothing rough areas of, 148
symmetry adjustments for, 182
Liquify adjustments
arm/leg thinning, 278
eye resizing, 46–47
face/head reshaping, 170–174
facial symmetry, 178–182
repairing teeth, 243–247, 251, 255
Liquify filter tools
Bloat tool, 46–47
Forward Warp tool, 147, 171, 173, 178, 179, 243–247, 255, 269, 285
Freeze Mask tool, 170, 173, 178, 181, 251, 255, 288
Pucker tool, 179
Twirl Clockwise tool, 180
Load Brushes command, 57
Luminosity blend mode
clothes retouching and, 319
eye retouching and, 4, 79, 82, 315, 326
eyebrow darkening and, 316
facial sculpting and, 320
M
makeup
applying digital, 140–150
importance of, 140
Masking slider (Camera Raw), 164
masks. See layer masks
Medium Contrast (RGB) option, 319
men
retouching applied to, xx
stubble reduction on, 136–139
merged layers, xix, 53, 255, 273
midtone adjustments
eyebrow darkening and, 315
iris retouching and, 10
lip darkening and, 157
skin tone balancing and, 132–133, 134
tooth whitening and, 250
mouth
checklist for retouching, 295
wrinkle removal around, 123 See also lips; teeth
Move tool
arm/leg thinning and, 272, 274
eye retouching and, 22, 50, 62, 73, 330
hair retouching and, 202, 205, 207, 337
Multiply blend mode
digital makeup and, 142, 143, 145, 146, 148
eyebrow retouching and, 77, 329
hair retouching and, 212, 214, 334
N
groups, 66
neck retouching
dodging-and-burning technique for, 186
Liquify filter used for, 270
removing neck lines, 338–339
New Action dialog, xxii
New Group from Layers command, 66
New Layer dialog, 281
New Smart Object via Copy command, 152
noise, adding to images, 33, 94, 325
nose retouching
symmetry adjustments and, 179–181
wrinkle removal and, 122
O
Opacity Jitter pop-up menu, 141
Opacity settings
abdominal retouching and, 283
advice on choosing, xvi
aligning images using, 51
catch light adjustments and, 18, 21, 22
dark circle removal and, 40
digital makeup techniques and, 141, 143
dodging/burning layers and, 188
eye retouching and, 10, 15, 27, 36
eyebrow retouching and, 77
eyelash enhancements and, 61, 65
hair retouching and, 194, 212, 220
hot spot removal and, 128–129
lip retouching and, 230
porcelain skin look and, 155, 158
skin softening and, 91, 93, 99, 103, 106, 111, 117
stubble reduction and, 138
tooth whitening and, 254
wrinkle removal and, 125
Opacity slider, 27
Open Object button, 152
Oranges slider (Camera Raw), 151–152
P
part lines in hair, 214–216
Patch tool
clothes retouching with, 317
hot spot removal with, 127–128
paths
drawing with Pen tool, 68
turning into selections, 69
Pen tool
eyebrow retouching and, 68
Pen Pressure settings, 141
tooth repair and, 248
video on using, 68
photographers
professional retouchers vs., x
retouching checklist for, xiii, 294–295
time considerations for, x, xxiii, 293
opening Smart Objects in, 152
recording new actions in, xxii
retouching checklist panel for, xiii, 294
Pinch filter, 267
plus-sign cursor, 275
Polygon tool, 20–21
Polygonal Lasso tool, 328
porcelain skin look, 151–159
portrait retouching
author’s philosophy on, xv
five-minute workflow, 296–309
fifteen-minute workflow, 310–323
thirty-minute workflow, 324–341
time considerations for, xxiii
twelve things to know about, xvi–xxiii
portrait sharpening, 160–166
practice images, xi
presets, tool, xvii
Pressure Sensitivity, 141, 184
previewing
Gaussian Blur effects, 188
Protect Detail checkbox, 81
Protect Tones checkbox, 280
Pucker tool, 179
pupil
retouching iris and, 3–4 See also eye retouching
Q
Quick Selection tool, 209
“quickie” skin softening, 90–95
R
Radius setting
Gaussian Blur filter, 90, 109, 188
High Pass filter, 105
Refine Edge dialog, 210
Surface Blur filter, 102
Radius slider (Camera Raw), 165
recording actions, xxii
Rectangular Marquee tool
slimming techniques and, 263
Red channel, 113, 114, 160, 161–162
Reds slider (Camera Raw), 153
Refine Edge dialog, 210
removing/reducing
blemishes, 86–88, 140, 299–300, 310–311, 335
dark circles under eyes, 38–41
distracting buckles, 300–302
double chin, 266–270
hair around lips, 241
hot spots, 127–130
neck lines, 338–339
stray hairs, 140, 196–203, 333–336
stubble, 136–139
wrinkles from face, 119–126, 298
renaming. See naming/renaming
reshaping facial features, 169–189
face and head reshaping methods, 170–175
sculpting the face by dodging and burning, 184–189
symmetrically aligning features, 176–183
resizing. See sizing/resizing
retouching portraits
author’s philosophy on, xv
five-minute workflow, 296–309
fifteen-minute workflow, 310–323
thirty-minute workflow, 324–341
time considerations for, xxiii
twelve things to know about, xvi–xxiii
RetouchPRO.com website, 96
RGB Color mode, 163
rotating selections, 205, 272, 276, 277, 318–319, 331
S
sampling images
with Brush tool, 38
with Clone Stamp tool, 39, 137
with Eyedropper tool, 32, 54, 76, 141, 185, 217
with Healing Brush tool, 86, 119
Saturation slider
eye color changes, 35
lip color changes, 234
teeth whitening, 252
Schuler, Christy, 217
Screen blend mode
eye retouching and, 24, 27, 297
lip retouching and, 229
sculpting the face, 184–189, 320
selection tools
Elliptical Marquee tool, 6, 12, 20, 42, 49, 185
Lasso tool, 72, 131, 176, 202, 224, 232
Pen tool, 68
Quick Selection tool, 209
Rectangular Marquee tool, 13, 20
selections
entire image, 260
loading channels as, 114
refining edges of, 210
resizing, 44, 52, 177, 225, 261
rotating, 205, 272, 276, 277, 318–319, 331
turning paths into, 69
Selective Color adjustment layer, 156, 236–240
abdominal retouching and, 281–282
burning technique for, 185–186
lip darkening and, 157–158
slimming techniques and, 268
tooth whitening and, 250 See also highlight adjustments
Shadows Amount slider, 268
Shadows/Highlights dialog, 268
shape distortion, 202
Shape Dynamics checkbox, 63
Sharpen tool
Protect Details checkbox, 81, 328
Strength setting, 82, 321, 328
Sharpening sliders (Camera Raw), 164
for eye sharpening, 81–83
for five-minute retouch, 306–307
for fifteen-minute retouch, 321
for portrait sharpening, 160–166
for thirty-minute retouch, 328, 339
shortcuts. See keyboard shortcuts
Show Backdrop checkbox, 244
Show Mask checkbox, 171
selections, 44, 52, 177, 225, 261 See also enlarging features
skin retouching, 85–166
blemish removal, 86–88
channel skin softening, 113–118
checklist for, 294–295
digital makeup techniques, 140–150
in five-minute retouch, 302–304
in fifteen-minute retouch, 312–314
high pass skin softening, 108–112
hot spot removal, 127–130
porcelain skin look, 151–159
“quickie” skin softening, 90–95, 302–304
retaining texture with skin softening, 96–101, 339
sharpening techniques, 160–166
skin tone balancing, 131–135
stray hair removal, 200
stubble reduction, 136–139
texture added after skin softening, 102–107
wrinkle removal, 119–126
slimming/trimming techniques, 260–279
abdominal retouching, 280–284
double chin reduction, 266–270
fixing clothes issues, 285–291
overall slimming technique, 260–262
slimming one person in a group shot, 263–265
thinning arms and legs, 271–279
Smart Objects, 152
Smart Radius checkbox, 210
smile lines, 123–124
Smudge tool, 198
Soft Light blend mode
abdominal retouching and, 281
dodging and burning using, 184
hair root retouching and, 218–219
increasing contrast using, 2
lip retouching and, 239
skin texture effect and, 94, 106
softbox reflections, 20
softening skin
adding texture after, 102–107
blurring methods used for, 89
channels used for, 113–118
in five-minute retouch, 302–304
in fifteen-minute retouch, 312–314
high pass technique for, 108–112
“quickie” technique for, 90–95, 302–304
retaining texture while, 96–101, 339
sparkle, adding to eyes, 12–16, 328
stray hair removal, 140, 196–203, 333–336
stroke direction, xx
Strong Contrast (RGB) option, 4, 314, 326
stubble reduction, 136–139
swapping eyes, 49–56
symmetry adjustments, 176–183
T
tablet sensitivity settings, 141
Targeted Adjustment tool (TAT)
facial slimming and, 268
lip retouching and, 233
teeth, 243–256
whitening, 252–256
texture
adding after softening skin, 102–107
faking with skin softening, 93–94
removing for porcelain skin look, 155
retaining with skin softening, 96–101, 339
thinning methods
arm and leg thinning, 271–279
double chin reduction, 266–270 See also slimming/trimming techniques
thirty-minute retouch, 324–341
before and after examples of, 340–341
evaluating images for, 324–325
eye retouching in, 325–328
eyebrow retouching in, 329–330
eyelash retouching in, 330–332
facial line removal in, 333
fixing gaps in hair in, 337–338
neck line removal in, 338–339
sharpening process in, 339
skin smoothing technique in, 339
stray hair removal in, 333–336 See also fifteen-minute retouch; five-minute retouch
Threshold slider, Surface Blur filter, 102
thumbnails
Brush Picker, 58
color channel, 114
layer mask, 8, 92, 115, 116, 234, 303
time considerations, xxiii
eyebrow enhancement, 315
Protect Tones checkbox, 280
skin tone balancing, 131–135 See also color adjustments
tool presets, xvii
Transform Selection command, 6 See also Free Transform bounding box
trimming techniques. See slimming/trimming techniques
Twirl Clockwise tool, 180
two-headed arrow cursor, 60, 178
U
Unsharp Mask filter, 81
five-minute retouch and, 306
fifteen-minute retouch and, 321
portrait sharpening and, 161, 162
thirty-minute retouch and, 339 See also sharpening techniques
V
video on Pen tool, 68
View Options, 171
W
Wacom pen and tablet, xvii, 141
websites
whitening
whites of eyes, 24–31
yellow teeth, 252–256
workflows, xii
five-minute retouch, 296–309
fifteen-minute retouch, 310–323
thirty-minute retouch, 324–341
wrinkle removal, 119–126, 298 See also line removal
X
X key, 3
Y
Yellow slider, 238
yellow teeth, 252–256
Z
zooming in/out, xix