A
Abstraction, in cloud computing, 2, 3
AC and DC for microgrids, differences between, 230
Active power filter (APF), 276
communication architectures and protocols for, 227
Adaptive real-time transient stability controls, 20–21
Administrador del Mercado Mayorista (AMM), 46–47
Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), 4, 254; see also Smart metering and infrastructure (SMI)
Berkeley grand challenges and, 7–8
cloud computing role in, 5
Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET), 76
Agent disconnection, detection of, 343
Algebraic connectivity, 163, 164
Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), 4
Amazon Web Services (AWS), 3
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, 400
AMI, see Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI)
APF, see Active power filter (APF)
APIs, see Application programming interfaces (APIs)
Application programming interfaces (APIs), 2, 24
AppNexus, 4
Assessment functions
from analysis of the next operational interval to look-ahead analysis, 426
from deterministic approach to probabilistic approach, 426
from off-line model validation to online model validation, 426
from steady-state security assessment to dynamic security assessment, 426
from unprioritized alarm system to prioritized alarm system, 425–426
Asset management, optimizing, 259
Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), 75
ATM, see Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)
Automated meter reading (AMR) technologies, 400
Average-consensus-based information discovery algorithm, 334
Average consensus theorem, introduction to, 335–337
Average total net power discovery process of 16-bus system, 353
after restoration, 355
B
Bandwidth, 379
Bayesian forecasting model, 260
Bayesian prediction with normal distributions, 263
Benefiting operation of smart grid system
distributed generation systems, facilitating operation of, 258–259
load forecasting, enhancing, 259–263
optimizing asset management, 259
BGP, see Border gateway protocol (BGP)
Billing, 400
BLCFs, see Bus load coincidence factors (BLCFs)
Border gateway protocol (BGP), 12
BPEL, see Business process execution language (BPEL)
BPL, see Broadband power line (BPL)
Broadband power line (BPL), 406–407
Broadband wireless architecture, 407
Broker-based publish-subscribe middleware, 77–78
Built-in interfaces, 267
Bulk power system, 311
Business process execution language (BPEL), 129
Bus load coincidence factors (BLCFs), 376, 385, 386, 397
application, to system analysis, 389–397
and coincidence loads
for summer peak at the three substations, 393
for winter peak at three substations, 393
power flow analysis using, 393–397
procedure for calculating, 387–389
studied system and load curve data, 389–390
16-bus test power system, 350
average total net power discovery process, 353
configuration, after restoration, 355
data, 351
postfault configuration, 351
C
California Public Utility Commission, 400
Capacitor bank location and capacity, 369
Capacitor bank switching, 364–365
Carrier sense multiple access (CSMA), 141
Cellular networks, 139
Cellular technologies, 407–408
Central American system capacity, 46
Centralized control scheme, 334
Characteristics, of cloud, 2
Cleansing outliers, method for
candidates for x-outliers, 380–381
confidence interval for identifying y-outliers, 379–380
identifying x-outliers, 382–383
kernel function representation of load curve, 378–379
Closed-loop power system simulation, 313
Cloud, meaning of, 1
Cloud-based power grid applications, models for, 8–9
Clustering coefficient, 155–156
ClusterSmallWorld subnetwork, 169–170
Codeplex, 185
Coincident summer peak loads, 394
Coincident winter peak loads, 394
Commercial, off-the-shelf (COTS) middleware, 76
Common object request broker architecture (CORBA), 77, 120
Communications and automation technology, 266–269
Communications technology, selecting, 227–228
Communication system, of SMI system
cellular technologies, 407–408
meshed network radio frequency, 405–406
optical fiber technologies, 408
point-to-point radio frequency (PPRF) wireless networks, 406
power line carrier (PLC)/broadband power line (BPL), 406–407
satellite technologies, 408
wireless broadband, 407
Communication systems, 254
Complete model (CM) simulation, 314, 315, 321
Composite performance assessment metrics, 264–265
Computational model, of cloud, 2
Computational web service, 127–129
ComputationalWS, 117, 121, 123–124
Concave-increasing interval, 381
Confidence interval for identifying y-outliers, 379–380
Consensus-based global information discovery algorithm, 333, 334
applications, 343
considerations during implementation, 340
plug and play operation, 341–343
synchronization, distributed, 340–341
load shedding, 344
normal operating conditions, 345–347
MAS-based load management, 343–344
Consumer advance demand data, integrating
benefiting operation of smart grid system, 258
enhancing load forecasting, 259–263
facilitating operation of distributed generation systems, 258–259
optimizing asset management, 259
communications and automation technology, 266–269
consumer performance assessment, 263
composite performance assessment metrics, 264–265
minimizing mean square error, 264
operational conditions, 258
smart grid technology as state of the art, 252
advanced metering infrastructure, 254
demand-side management, 254–255
distributed energy generation and integration, 253–254
distribution automation, 253
optimal asset management, 254
system preliminary design, 269–271
virtual energy provisioning, principle of, 255
manufacturing supply chain model, revisiting, 255–256
virtual energy supply chain model, 256–257
Consumer performance assessment, 263
composite performance assessment metrics, 264–265
minimizing mean square error, 264
Continuous Bayesian prediction, 262–263
Control functions
from local control actions to globally coordinated control actions, 427
from off-line-based control strategy to online restorative plans, 428
from off-line-based parameter settings to online reconfigured parameter settings, 427–428
from supply-side control only to integrated demand-side control, 428
Control laws, description of, 289–290
Convex-increasing interval, 381
CORBA, see Common object request broker architecture (CORBA)
CPNs, see Customer premises networks (CPNs)
CSMA, see Carrier sense multiple access (CSMA)
Customer premises networks (CPNs)
BB-PLC technologies employed in, 141
communication technologies employed in, 140
D
DA, see Distribution automation (DA)
DAP, see Distribution access points (DAPs)
Data acquisition web service, 126–127
DataAcquisitionWS, 117, 121, 122
Data analytics, 416
Data collection architecture, 36
Data delivery requirements (DRs), 57
Data management plane (DMP), 77
Data storage web service, 129
DataStorageWS, 117, 121, 124–125
control and protection, 233–235
dual-bus with DC tie breaker or DC switch, 231–232
single-bus DC design, 231
short circuits in, 234
Decentralized microgrid control, 222–223
Deformans power, 278
Demand-side management (DSM), 254–255, 428
Department of Energy (DOE), 216
DERs, see Distributed energy resources (DERs)
DFRs, see Digital fault recorders (DFRs)
DGS, see Distributed grid system (DGS)
Digital fault recorders (DFRs), 4, 64
integrating synchronous measurements with, 315–320
Direct current microgrids, 228–230
Direct current voltage optimization with photovoltaic source, 301–302
Discrete Bayesian prediction, 260–262
Distorting power, 279
Distributed energy generation and integration, 253–254
Distributed energy resources (DERs), 116, 134, 171, 191, 214, 237, 253
Distributed framework for smart grid modeling, 115
control and operational issues, 118
web services–based framework for SG management, 120
Distributed generation (DG) units, 192, 195, 203, 205
Distributed generation systems, facilitating operation of, 258–259
Distributed grid system (DGS), 118
Distributed optimization algorithm, 334
Distribution access points (DAPs), 137
Distribution automation (DA), 253, 359
Distribution management system (DMS), 360
Distribution network, 311
Distribution of line impedance, 153
Distribution systems, 360
DMP, see Data management plane (DMP)
DMS, see Distribution management system (DMS)
DSM, see Demand-side management (DSM)
Dual-bus with DC tie breaker or DC switch, 231–232
Dynamic programming (DP), 344, 346, 354–355
E
EAssessmentWS, 117, 121, 122–123
Eastern Interconnection (EI), 423
Eclipse Public License, 185
E-commerce and cloud computing, 2
Economic operation, 236
Efficient restoration methods, 350
Elastic Hosts, 4
Electric distribution systems
expert systems application for reconfiguration, 359
optimal power flow (OPF) algorithm, 363–364
Electric power transmission system, 18
Electric utility industry, future of, 189–190
EMS, see Energy management system (EMS)
Enel SpA, 400
Energy maintenance system, 423
Energy management system (EMS), 225
Energy-storage module, 215
Energy users, 215
Enterprise service bus (ESB), 83
Error term, 379
ESB, see Enterprise service bus (ESB)
ESs, see Expert systems (ESs)
Estimated error, 379
Ethernet, 267
Euclidean distance, 382
Extensible markup language, see XML
F
FANs, see Field area networks (FANs)
Fast static switch, 226
Fault-current source (FCS), 226
FCS, see fault-current source (FCS)
FDR, see Frequency disturbance recorder (FDR)
FEM, see Field electrical measurements (FEM)
Fiber optics, 139
Field area networks (FANs), PLC in, 138, 142–143
Field electrical measurements (FEM), 117
First in, first out (FIFO) communication, 11
FNET, see Frequency monitoring network
(FNET)
“Freeware”, 180
Frequency disturbance recorder (FDR), 26
Frequency-domain processing algorithms, 39
Frequency monitoring network (FNET), 26
cloud-based applications, 28–29
cloud computing and, 27
computational requirement flexibility, 28
non-real-time applications, 27
rapidly elastic data concentrators, 27–28
real-time applications, 27
Fuel choice, 241
Future assessment functions, vision of, 427
Future control functions, vision of, 428
Future Grid, 252
G
Generation-then-consumption vs. order-then-generation, 256
Generic object-oriented substation event (GOOSE), 227
Global positioning system (GPS), 26, 35, 58, 143
GoGrid, 4
Google, 3
Google App Engine, 3
Google Apps framework, 3
GOOSE, see Generic object-oriented substation event (GOOSE)
GOSSA, see Grid Open Source Software Alliance (GOSSA)
GPA, see Grid protection alliance (GPA)
GPS, see Global positioning system (GPS)
Graph spectral density, 162
Graph spectrum and connectivity scaling property, 152
Greedy algorithms, 344, 346, 354
Green Energy Corp, 184
GridCloud
capability demonstration case study, 9
GridSim, 12
Grid-connected operation, 237–238
GridLAB-D, 184
Grid Open Source Software Alliance (GOSSA), 190
Grid protection alliance (GPA), 184–189
GridSim, 12
architecture, 93
capabilities, 93
coherent real-time data delivery, 57–58
architecture and capabilities, 98
development, 99
modules, 98
data-delivery semantics, 93–94
FE operation, 95
NASPInet, 83
operational modes, 99
flooding Mode Change Algorithm, 102
hierarchical Mode Change Algorithm, 101–102
mode change algorithms, 99–101
performance overview, 102
performance and scalability, 95
power application programmers and researchers, 107–109
rate filtering for per-subscriber QoS+, 96
remote procedure call, 103–104
mechanism details, 104
Ratatoskr RPC mechanism, 105–106
security and trust in, 106–107
systematic adaptation via data load shedding with modes, 102–103
H
HAN, see Home area networks (HAN)
HAPFs, see Hybrid active power filters (HAPFs)
Harmonic pollution, consequences of, 277–280
Hat matrix, 380
Hierarchical metacomputer middleware (HiMM), 127
Hierarchical state estimator (HSE), 12
High-voltage direct current (HVDC), 229
HiMM, see Hierarchical metacomputer middleware (HiMM)
Home area networks (HAN), 404, 410
HSE, see Hierarchical state estimator (HSE)
HVDC, see High-voltage direct current (HVDC)
HV transmission network, 153
Hybrid active power filters (HAPFs), 276, 286
Hybrid data dynamic simulation, 316
Hypertext transfer protocol (http), 79
I
IaaS, see Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
ICT, see Information and communication technologies (ICT)
ID discovery process of the new plugged-in agent, 342
IDL, see Interface description language (IDL)
IEC 61850
common information model (CIM), 81
generic object-oriented substation events (GOOSE), 81
manufacturing message specification (MMS), 81
IEDs, see Intelligent electronic devices (IEDs)
IEEE 5-bus system
average total net power discovery process, 346
data, 345
IEEE 162-bus system, average total net power discovery process of, 339
IEEE 2030-2011 smart grid communication layered model, 137
IEEE Task Force on Open Source Software, 183
If-Then rules, 362
IGBTs, see Insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs)
Implementation guidelines (IGs), 57
Independent service operator, 22
Independent system operators, 56
Information and communication technologies (ICT), 191
Information discovery algorithm, convergence speed, 339–340
Information discovery process, 342, 343
Information exchange module, 343
Information update module, 343
Infrastructure and technology needed, 429–430
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS), 3, 4
Inherent availability, 242
In-home display (IHD) device, 410
Initial and converged information matrices, 352
In-premise device, see In-home display (IHD) device
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 42
model systems, 156
standard, 80
Institutional/campus microgrids, 216
Insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs), 226
Insulation aging, 277
Intelligent electronic devices (IEDs), 143, 224, 227
Intelligent grid, 252
Interface description language (IDL), 120
Intermittent renewable generation, 236–237
Internet protocol (IP), 9, 126
Internet service providers (ISPs), 74
Inter-range instrumentation group (IRIG), 58
Intuit, 3
IRIG, see Inter-range instrumentation group (IRIG)
Island-mode grid operation, 238–240
ISPs, see Internet service providers (ISPs)
J
Java’s remote method invocation (RMI), 77
Job submission web service, 127
JobSubmissionWS interface, 123–124
K
Kern, 379
Kernel function representation of load curve, 378–379
Kirk graphs, 157
L
LAN, see Local area network (LAN)
“Last gasp” message, 414
2008 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) study, 196–197
Layered security, 36
LCSS, see Longest common subsequence (LCSS)
Line impedance distribution, 165–168
Load curve, kernel function representation of, 378–379
Load curve data, 375
Load curve data cleansing
basic concepts, 377
method for cleansing outliers, 378
candidates for x-outliers, 380–381
confidence interval for identifying y-outliers, 379–380
identifying x-outliers, 382–383
kernel function representation of load curve, 378–379
repairing outliers, 384
selection of parameters, 384–385
Load forecasting, enhancing, 259–263
Load shedding
normal operating conditions, 345–347
Local area network (LAN), 126, 405
Local microgrid control, 202–208
Longest common subsequence (LCSS), 382
Long-range forecasting, 413
Loss minimization, 361
Low-frequency oscillation, locating disturbance source for, 325–331
LV distribution network, 176
M
MAC, see Medium access control (MAC)
Manufacturing supply chain model, 255–256
MAS, see Multiagent systems (MAS)
MAS-based load management, 343–344
MAS-based solutions, 334
MATLAB®, 366
MATLAB/Simulink® software, 300, 304
Maximal-increasing intervals, 381
Maximum power point (MPP), 298
Maximum power point tracker (MPPT), 297–301
MDT, see Mean down time (MDT)
Mean down time (MDT), 242
Mean Metropolis algorithm, 338, 339
Mean time between failures (MTBF), 242
Mean time to repair (MTTR), 242
Medium access control (MAC), 141
Meshed network radio frequency (MNRF) technology, 405–406
Metal–oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), 298
Meter data management system, 408–410
Metropolis method, 338
benefits, 194
design, 217
AC and DC for microgrids, differences between, 230
communications technology, selecting, 227–228
DC microgrids, control and protection of, 233–235
DC microgrids, examples of, 231–233
decentralized vs. centralized, 221
direct current microgrids, 228–230
optimal microgrid topology, 217–220
economic value streams, 240–241
operating modes, 195
operations, 235
grid-connected operation, 237–238
island-mode operation, 238–240
operation objectives, 236
reliability, 241
microgrid system reliability, 242–243
vs. utility grid, 243
in smart grid paradigm, 202
local microgrid control, 202–208
similar benefits and aims, 202
smart microgrid control, 202
smart microgrids, 201
Microsoft
Azure, 3
.NET framework, 185
Middleware
and avoiding QoS stovepipe systems, 90–91
in general, 86
technologies and standards, 76
broker-based publish-subscribe, 77–78
peer-to-peer publish-subscribe, 78–79
Military base microgrids, 216
Minimum mean square error (MMSE), 264, 265
Mission-critical cloud computing, 2–4, 17
adaptive real-time transient stability controls, 20–21
Berkeley grand challenges and, 7–8
automatic network partitioning for steady-state analysis, 30–31
cloud-based power grid applications, models for, 8–9
for critical infrastructures, 1
GridCloud, capability demonstration case study
GridCloud architecture, 12–13, 14
GridSim, 12
oscillation mitigation strategies, 29–30
prosumer-based power grid, 21
cloud-based apps, 24
cloud computing, in future electric grid, 23
computational challenges, 23
prosumer-based control architecture, 22
scenario analysis and transmission planning, 24
self-similarity, exploiting and abstracting, 25
stochastic energy resources, economic dispatch of, 23
robust adaptive topology control, 18–19
wide-area frequency monitoring, 26
cloud-based applications, 28–29
cloud computing and FNET, 27
computational requirement flexibility, 28
FNET applications, 27
rapidly elastic data concentrators, 27–28
MMSE, see Minimum mean square error (MMSE)
Model and measurement (M&M) simulation, 314, 315
Model data calibration, 320–325
Monitoring functions, 422
from limited customization to more flexibility, 425
from limited stability margin monitoring to true stability margin monitoring, 424
from mixed communication system to dedicated communication system, 424–425
from one-line diagram to wide-area geographical information system (GIS), 424
from separate system models to one unified system model, 422–423
from state estimation to state measurement, 423–424
MOSFET, see Metal–oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET)
Mosso, 4
MPLS, see Multiprotocol label switching
MPP, see Maximum power point (MPP)
MPPT, see Maximum power point tracker (MPPT)
MTBF, see Mean time between failures (MTBF)
MTTR, see Mean time to repair (MTTR)
Multiagent systems (MAS), 334
Multiobjective/multistep evolutionary programming techniques, 361
Multiprotocol label switching (MPLS), 9, 57
MV distribution network, graph theoretic analysis of, 172–174
N
Nadaraya–Watson estimator, 379
NANs, see Neighborhood area networks (NANs)
NASPInet
components, 83
traffic classes and their attributes, 84
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 2, 135, 405
Negative damping low-frequency oscillation, 325
Negative total net power, 343
Neighborhood area networks (NANs), PLC in, 137, 141–142
Network structure information discovery process of agent loss, 350
New York Independent System Operator (NYISO), 156
Next-generation monitoring systems, vision of, 425
NIST, see National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
Nodal degree distribution, 152
396-node MV distribution network, PMF of node degrees in, 174–175
Noncoincidence, 376
Noncoincidental summer peak loads, 393–394
Noncoincidental winter peak loads, 393
North American SynchroPhasor Initiative1, 189
Northeast (NE) power grid, 321
Not-in-my-backyard (NIMBY) principle, 195
O
Objective function, 364
Off-line calculation of settings, 224
OLTC, see On-load tap changer (OLTC)
OMS, see Oscillation monitoring system (OMS)
One machine infinite bus (OMIB) system, 317
On-line Purchase Electricity Now (OPEN) system, 255, 256, 259
operational conditions, 258
Online shopping and cloud computing, 2, 4
On-load tap changer (OLTC), 206
Ontario Energy Board, 400
OPEN, see On-line Purchase Electricity Now (OPEN) system
OpenDSS, 184
OpenETran, 184
OpenFlow, 75
OpenPG, 188
OpenPMU project, 184
Open Source Initiative (OSI), 181, 183
Open source software (OSS) development model, 179
challenges, 182
electric utility industry, future of, 189–190
grid protection alliance (GPA), 184–189
licensing considerations, 182–183
present state, 183
Operator commands, 49
OPF, see Optimal power flow (OPF)
Optical fiber technologies, 408
Optimal asset management, 254
Optimal microgrid topology, 217
distributed energy resources, size and location of, 220
traditional distribution network topologies, 218–219
Optimal power flow (OPF)
Benders decomposition algorithms, 361
Oracle, 3
Orcad, 296
Oscillation monitoring system (OMS), 29–30
OSI, see Open Source Initiative (OSI)
Out-of-service loads
demands discovery process, 354
indexes discovery process, 354
P
Paas, see Platform-as-a-service (PaaS)
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), 188
PCC, see Point of common coupling (PCC)
PDF, see Probability density distribution (PDF)
Pearson coefficient of power grids, 154–155
Periodic index, 384
Perturbation and observation (P&O) method, 299–301
PGM, see Pragmatic general multicast (PGM)
Phase measurement units (PMUs), 143
Phasor data concentrators (PDCs), 35–36, 65
Phasor measurement units (PMUs), 4, 21, 47, 58, 317, 319, 324, 329, 423
PHEVs, see Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs)
Photovoltaic energy generation and control for autonomous shunt active power filter, 275
characteristics of system, 286
choice of vector field, 294
control laws, description of, 289–290
rotation reference, projection in, 288
sliding mode existence conditions, 290–293
harmonic pollution, consequences of, 277–280
photovoltaic source, 294
direct current voltage optimization with, 301–302
maximum power point tracking, 297–301
solar cell model using Orcad, 296–297
switching frequency, control of, 302–303
sliding mode control, principle of, 280
choice of sliding surface, 282–285
reference current, determination of, 285–286
Platform as a service (PaaS), 3, 24
PLC, see Programmable logic controller (PLC)
Plug and play operation, 341–343
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), 259, 410
PMF, see Probability mass function (PMF)
PMU, see Phasor measurement units (PMU)
PMU Connection Tester, 185
Point of common coupling (PCC), 192, 206
Point-to-point radio frequency (PPRF) wireless networks, 406
Power deformans, 279
Power flow analysis using bus load coincidence factors, 393–397
components, 8
evolution, 4
myths about, 5
PaaS for, 6
Power grid network analysis, 151
distribution networks, topological analysis for, 171
LV distribution network, 176
PMF of the node degrees in sample 396-node MV distribution network, 174–175
sample MV distribution network, graph theoretic analysis of, 172–174
line impedance distribution, 165–168
model to generate RT test networks, 168
assignment of line impedances, 170
clusterSmallWorld subnetwork, 169–170
lattice connections, 170
topology measures, 154
graph spectrum and scaling of connectivity, 162–165
nodal degree distribution, 158–162
topological metrics, 156
Power line carrier (PLC)/broadband power line (BPL), 406–407
Power system electromechanic dynamics, 316
Power system simulation, 312
Power System Simulator for Engineering (PSS/E) package, 319
Power system stabilizer (PSS), 325
Pragmatic general multicast (PGM), 74
Probability density distribution (PDF), 158–161, 165, 167
Probability mass function (PMF), 158, 159, 161, 174–175
Programmable logic controller (PLC) technology
design guidelines for SG implementations, 145–146
in SG communication networks, 133
aggregation and power control in, 143
aggregation of PLC traffic, 143–144
applications/services related to, 136–138
energy-related applications/services, 136
IT applications/services, 138
power control at PLC information generators, 144–145
in SG communications infrastructure, 139–140
PLC in SNs, 143
Prony method, 327
Prosumer-based power grid, 21
cloud-based apps, 24
cloud computing, in future electric grid, 23
computational challenges, 23
prosumer-based control architecture, 22
scenario analysis and transmission planning, 24
self-similarity, exploiting and abstracting, 25
stochastic energy resources, economic dispatch of, 23
PSS, see Power system stabilizer (PSS)
Q
QoS stovepipe system (QSS), 91
Quality of service (QoS), 5
R
Radial network, 171
RAS, see Remedial action schemes (RAS)
RDBMS, see Real-time database management system (RDBMS)
RDM, see Reliably delivered messages (RDM)
Reactive power control, 364
Real-time data, 5
Real-time database management system (RDBMS), 124
Real-time oscillation monitoring tools, 29
Real-time pricing (RTP), 255, 258
Reference current, determination of, 285–286
Reference point, 387
Regional transmission organizations (RTOs), 56
Regulator tap adjustments, 364–365
Reliability, defined, 241
Reliable simulation, 312
Reliably delivered messages (RDM), 74
Remedial action schemes (RAS), 20; see also System integrity protection schemes (SIPS)
Remote “off-grid” microgrids, 216
Remote terminal units (RTUs), 143, 424
Renewable energy penetration, 240
Renewables and storage technologies, integration of, 214–215
Resonance excitation, risk of, 277
Resonance-raised oscillation, 325
Resource reservation protocol (RSVP), 75
Restoring power supply, 350
Robust adaptive topology control, 18–19
Rosenblatt–Parzen kernel density estimator, 379
Rotation reference, projection in, 288
RSVP, see Resource reservation protocol (RSVP)
RTOs, see Regional transmission organizations (RTOs)
RTP, see Real-time pricing (RTP)
RT test networks, generating, 168
assignment of line impedances, 170
clusterSmallWorld subnetwork, 169–170
lattice connections, 170
RTUs, see Remote terminal units (RTUs)
S
SaaS, see Software as a service (SaaS)
Salesforce, 3
SAS, see Substation automation system (SAS)
Satellite technologies, 408
SCADA, see Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)
SCRs, see Silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRs)
SCTP, see Stream control transmission protocol (SCTP)
SDN, see Software-defined network (SDN)
“Search” module, 269
SEcure Data-centric Application eXtensible (SeDAX), 79
Security, increased interest in, 215
SeDAX, see SEcure Data-centric Application eXtensible (SeDAX)
Self-tuning and self-diagnosing simulation, 311
integrating synchronous measurements with digital simulation, 315–320
low-frequency oscillation, locating disturbance source for, 325–331
model data calibration, 320–325
Sequence of events (SOE), 314
Service level agreements (SLAs), 143
Service-oriented architectures (SOAs), 120
SGC networks (SGNs), 134
Short-term control actions, 220
Short-term energy storage, 240
SIEGate (the Secure Information Exchange Gateway pronounced Psy-gate)
Silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRs), 226
Simple object access protocol (SOAP), 120
Simulink, 297
Single-bus DC design, 231
“Single object power supply”, 220
SIPS, see System integrity protection schemes (SIPS)
SLAs, see Service level agreements (SLAs)
Sliding mode control, principle of, 280
choice of sliding surface, 282–285
reference current, determination of, 285–286
Slope, 380
Small-world properties, 152
Smart meter data analytics, 416
Smart metering and infrastructure (SMI)
benefits, 411
communication system, 405
cellular technologies, 407–408
meshed network radio frequency, 405–406
optical fiber technologies, 408
point-to-point radio frequency (PPRF) wireless networks, 406
power line carrier (PLC)/broadband power line (BPL), 406–407
satellite technologies, 408
wireless broadband, 407
home area networks, 410
meter data management system, 408–410
overview, 401
smart meter data analytics, 416
in supporting system analysis, planning, and operations, 412
asset management, 416
distribution planning and distribution operation, 415–416
distribution system state estimation and analysis, 413
load forecasting, 413
outage location and response, 414
Volt/Var optimization (VVO), 414–415
Smart meters, 402–405, 403, 404
SMI, see Smart metering and infrastructure (SMI)
Smoothing parameter, 379
SNs, see Substation networks (SNs)
SOAP, see Simple object access protocol (SOAP)
SOAs, see Service-oriented architectures (SOAs)
SOE, see Sequence of events (SOE)
Software as a service (SaaS), 3
Software-defined network (SDN), 57
Solar cell model using Orcad, 296–297
Solar energy, 276
SONET, see Synchronous optical networking (SONET)
Special protection scheme (SPS), 18, 422
Spectrum of a graph, 162
SPS, see Special protection scheme (SPS)
Static var compensators (SVC), 39
Storm recovery and restoration, 215
Stream control transmission protocol (SCTP), 71
Subarea power supply network, 390
Substation automation system (SAS), 80
Substation networks (SNs), PLC in, 138, 143
Sundarbans Islands region, India, 200
Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA), 117, 423
architecture, 37
technology, 5
SVC, see Static var compensators (SVC)
SVP, see Synchrophasor vector processor (SVP)
Switching frequency, control of, 302–303
Synchronization, distributed, 340–341
Synchronous measurements integration with digital simulation, 315–320
Synchronous optical networking (SONET), 75
Synchrophasors, 185
Synchrophasor vector processor (SVP), 47
System analysis, 376
System integrity protection schemes (SIPS), 6, 41
System preliminary design, 269–271
System security, 312
T
TCP, see Transmission control protocol (TCP)
TCP/IP, see Transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP)
TDMA, see Time division multiple access (TDMA)
TEFTS (OSS projects), 183
Telecommunication systems, interference with, 277
Texas New Mexico Power, 254
THD, see Total harmonic distortion (THD)
Time division multiple access (TDMA), 140–141
Time OC protection, 223
Time-of-use (TOU), 255, 258, 400
Time-stamped measurements, 40
Time-stamped received signals, 42
Time-synchronized measurements, 37
Time-synchronized systems, 39
Topological metrics, 156
Total Grid Community, 184
Total harmonic distortion (THD), 278, 304, 306
TOU, see Time-of-use (TOU)
Traditional simulation, 312
Transient instability, 41
Transmission and distribution (T&D) infrastructure, 214
Transmission control protocol (TCP), 11, 71, 126
Transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP), 258
Transmission network, 311
Transversality condition, 285
U
UDP, see User datagram protocol (UDP)
Uniform and Metropolis method, 338
Uniform resource locator (URL), 122
URL, see Uniform resource locator (URL)
US Energy Policy Act of 2005, 400
User datagram protocol (UDP), 71
User information, 269
US microgrid landscape, 244
UWPFLOW (OSS projects), 183
V
Value-based reliability planning, 218
Variable-frequency drives (VFD), 229, 231
Variable impedance method, 312, 318
Variable structure control, 281
VEP, see Virtual energy provisioning (VEP)
VFD, see Variable-frequency drives (VFD)
Virtual energy provisioning (VEP), 252, 269
principle, 255
manufacturing supply chain model, revisiting, 255–256
virtual energy supply chain model, 256–257
Virtualization, 2
Virtual local area networks (VLANs), 74
Virtual private networks (VPNs), 74
Visualization, 269
VLANs, see Virtual local area networks (VLANs)
Voltage-based droop (VBD) controller, 203–204, 206, 207
Voltage stability assessment, 39
Volt/Var control, 360, 364–365
Volt/Var optimization (VVO), 414–415
VPNs, see Virtual private networks (VPNs)
VVO, see Volt/Var optimization (VVO)
W
W3C, see World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
WAMS-DD, see Wide-area monitoring system data delivery (WAMS-DD)
WAM WSDL file, 130
WAN, see Wide area network (WAN)
Watts–Strogatz small-world model, 152, 156–158, 169
Web service description language (WSDL), 120
Web services–based framework for SG management, 120
computational web service, 127–129
ComputationalWS, 117, 121, 123–124
data acquisition web service, 126–127
DataAcquisitionWS, 117, 121, 122
data storage web service, 129
DataStorageWS, 117, 121, 124–125
eAssessmentWS, 117, 121, 122–123
experimental setting, 126
job submission web service, 127
workflow enactor, 125–126, 129–130
WECC, see Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC)
Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) system, 424
Western System Coordinating Council (WSCC) systems, 156, 314
Wide-area frequency monitoring
FNET
cloud-based applications, 28–29
cloud computing and, 27
computational requirement flexibility, 28
non-real-time applications, 27
rapidly elastic data concentrators, 27–28
real-time applications, 27
Wide-area measurements, 314–315, 317, 318, 321
Wide-area monitoring system data delivery (WAMS-DD), 57
delivery requirements for, 60–64
existing technologies analysis for, 71–75
implementation guidelines for, 64, 65–70
middleware inclusion in, 85–86
requirements and guidelines for, 57–58
traditional network layers, technologies and standards at, 71
existing electric sector communications-related technologies and standards, 80–82
middleware technologies and standards, 76
Wide area network (WAN), 75, 405
Wide-area power applications
with mission-critical data delivery requirements, 33
transient instability mitigation, 41–46
wide-area control, 39
Wi-Fi, 139
Wigner’s semicircle law, 162
Wireless (ZigBee), 410
Wireless asset monitoring, 129
Wireless broadband, 407
Wireless mesh networks, 405
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs), 144
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), 120
WSCC, see Western System Coordinating Council (WSCC) systems
WSDL, see Web service description language (WSDL)
WSNs, see Wireless sensor networks (WSNs)
WSN/WPAN, 139
X
XML (Extensible markup language), 79, 117
x-outliers
meaning, 377
Y
y-outliers
confidence interval for identifying, 379–380
meaning, 377
Z
ZigBee, 410