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Software Quality Assurance
by Claude Y. Laporte, Alain April
Software Quality Assurance
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 Software Quality Fundamentals
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Defining Software Quality
1.3 Software Errors, Defects, and Failures
1.4 Software Quality
1.5 Software Quality Assurance
1.6 Business Models and the Choice of Software Engineering Practices
1.7 Success Factors
1.8 Further Reading
1.9 Exercises
Chapter 2 Quality Culture
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Cost of Quality
2.3 Quality Culture
2.4 The Five Dimensions of a Software Project
2.5 The Software Engineering Code of Ethics
2.6 Success Factors
2.7 Further Reading
2.8 Exercises
Note
Chapter 3 Software Quality Requirements
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Software Quality Models
3.3 Definition of Software Quality Requirements
3.4 Requirement Traceability During the Software Life Cycle
3.5 Software Quality Requirements and the Software Quality Plan
3.6 Success Factors
3.7 Further Reading
3.8 Exercises
Note
Chapter 4 Software Engineering Standards and Models
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Standards, Cost of Quality, and Business Models
4.3 Main Standards for Quality Management
4.4 ISO/IEC/IEEE 12207 Standard
4.5 ISO/IEC/IEEE 15289 Standard for the Description of Information Elements
4.6 IEEE 730 Standard for SQA Processes
4.7 Other Quality Models, Standards, References, and Processes
4.8 Specific Standards for an Application Domain
4.9 Standards and the SQAP
4.10 Success Factors
4.11 Further Reading
4.12 Exercises
Chapter 5 Reviews
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Personal Review and Desk-Check Review
5.3 Standards and Models
5.4 Walk-Through
5.5 Inspection Review
5.6 Project Launch Reviews and Project Assessments
5.7 Agile Meetings
5.8 Measures
5.9 Selecting the Type of Review
5.10 Reviews and Business models
5.11 Software Quality Assurance Plan
5.12 Success Factors
5.13 Tools
5.14 Further Reading
5.15 Exercises
Chapter 6 Software Audits
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Types of Audits
6.3 Audit and Software Problem Resolution According to ISO/IEC/IEEE 12207
6.4 Audit According to the IEEE 1028 Standard
6.5 Audit Process and the ISO 9001 Standard
6.6 Audit According to the CMMI
6.7 Corrective Actions
6.8 Audits for Very Small Entities
6.9 Audit and the SQA Plan
6.10 Presentation of an Audit Case Study
6.11 Success Factors
6.12 Further Reading
6.13 Exercises
Chapter 7 Verification and Validation
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Benefits and Costs of V&V
7.3 V&V Standards and Process Models
7.4 V&V According to ISO/IEC/IEEE 12207
7.5 V&V According to the CMMI Model
7.6 ISO/IEC 29110 and V&V
7.7 Independent V&V
7.8 Traceability
7.9 Validation Phase of Software Development
7.10 Tests
7.11 Checklists
7.12 V&V Techniques
7.13 V&V Plan
7.14 Limitations OF V&V
7.15 V&V in the SQA Plan
7.16 Success Factors
7.17 Further Reading
7.18 Exercises
Chapter 8 Software Configuration Management
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Software Configuration Management
8.3 Benefits of Good Configuration Management
8.4 SCM Activities
8.5 Baselines
8.6 Software Repository and Its Branches
8.7 Configuration Control
8.8 Configuration Status Accounting
8.9 Software Configuration Audit
8.10 Implementing SCM in Very Small Entities with ISO/IEC 29110
8.11 SCM and the SQAP
8.12 Success Factors
8.13 Further Reading
8.14 Exercises
Chapter 9 Policies, Processes, and Procedures
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Policies
9.3 Processes
9.4 Procedures
9.5 Organizational Standards
9.6 Graphical Representation of Processes and Procedures
9.7 Process Notation of ISO/IEC 29110
9.8 Case Study
9.9 Personal Improvement Process
9.10 Policies, Processes, and Procedures in the SQA Plan
9.11 Success Factors
9.12 Further Reading
9.13 Exercises
Note
Chapter 10 Measurement
10.1 Introduction—the Importance of Measurement
10.2 Software Measurement According to ISO/IEC/IEEE 12207
10.3 Measurement According to ISO 9001
10.4 The Practical Software and Systems Measurement Method
10.5 ISO/IEC/IEEE 15939 Standard
10.6 Measurement According to the CMMI Model
10.7 Measurement in Very Small Entities
10.8 The Survey as a Measurement Tool
10.9 Implementing a Measurement Program
10.10 Practical Considerations
10.11 The Human Side of Measurement
10.12 Measurement and the IEEE 730 SQAP
10.13 Success Factors
10.14 Further Reading
10.15 Exercises
Chapter 11 Risk Management
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Risk Management According to Standards and Models
11.3 Practical Considerations for Risk Management
11.4 Risk Management Roles
11.5 Measurement and Risk Management
11.6 Human Factors and Risk Management
11.7 Success Factors
11.8 Conclusion
11.9 Further Reading
11.10 Exercises
Chapter 12 Supplier Management and Agreements
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Supplier Requirements of ISO 9001
12.3 Agreement Processes of ISO 12207
12.4 Supplier Agreement Management According to the CMMI
12.5 Managing Suppliers
12.6 Software Acquisition Life Cycle
12.7 Software Contract Types
12.8 Software Contract Reviews
12.9 Supplier and Acquirer Relationship and the Sqap
12.10 Success Factors
12.11 Further Reading
12.12 Exercises
Chapter 13 Software Quality Assurance Plan
13.1 Introduction
13.2 SQA Planning
13.3 Executing the SQAP
13.4 Conclusion
13.5 Further Reading
13.6 Exercises
Appendix 1 Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice (Version 5.2)
Appendix 2 Incidents and Horror Stories Involving Software
Glossary – Abbreviations – Acronyms
References
Index
EULA
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Software Quality Assurance
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Preface
CONTENTS
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 Software Quality Fundamentals
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Defining Software Quality
1.3 Software Errors, Defects, and Failures
1.4 Software Quality
1.5 Software Quality Assurance
1.6 Business Models and the Choice of Software Engineering Practices
1.7 Success Factors
1.8 Further Reading
1.9 Exercises
Chapter 2 Quality Culture
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Cost of Quality
2.3 Quality Culture
2.4 The Five Dimensions of a Software Project
2.5 The Software Engineering Code of Ethics
2.6 Success Factors
2.7 Further Reading
2.8 Exercises
Note
Chapter 3 Software Quality Requirements
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Software Quality Models
3.3 Definition of Software Quality Requirements
3.4 Requirement Traceability During the Software Life Cycle
3.5 Software Quality Requirements and the Software Quality Plan
3.6 Success Factors
3.7 Further Reading
3.8 Exercises
Note
Chapter 4 Software Engineering Standards and Models
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Standards, Cost of Quality, and Business Models
4.3 Main Standards for Quality Management
4.4 ISO/IEC/IEEE 12207 Standard
4.5 ISO/IEC/IEEE 15289 Standard for the Description of Information Elements
4.6 IEEE 730 Standard for SQA Processes
4.7 Other Quality Models, Standards, References, and Processes
4.8 Specific Standards for an Application Domain
4.9 Standards and the SQAP
4.10 Success Factors
4.11 Further Reading
4.12 Exercises
Chapter 5 Reviews
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Personal Review and Desk-Check Review
5.3 Standards and Models
5.4 Walk-Through
5.5 Inspection Review
5.6 Project Launch Reviews and Project Assessments
5.7 Agile Meetings
5.8 Measures
5.9 Selecting the Type of Review
5.10 Reviews and Business models
5.11 Software Quality Assurance Plan
5.12 Success Factors
5.13 Tools
5.14 Further Reading
5.15 Exercises
Chapter 6 Software Audits
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Types of Audits
6.3 Audit and Software Problem Resolution According to ISO/IEC/IEEE 12207
6.4 Audit According to the IEEE 1028 Standard
6.5 Audit Process and the ISO 9001 Standard
6.6 Audit According to the CMMI
6.7 Corrective Actions
6.8 Audits for Very Small Entities
6.9 Audit and the SQA Plan
6.10 Presentation of an Audit Case Study
6.11 Success Factors
6.12 Further Reading
6.13 Exercises
Chapter 7 Verification and Validation
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Benefits and Costs of V&V
7.3 V&V Standards and Process Models
7.4 V&V According to ISO/IEC/IEEE 12207
7.5 V&V According to the CMMI Model
7.6 ISO/IEC 29110 and V&V
7.7 Independent V&V
7.8 Traceability
7.9 Validation Phase of Software Development
7.10 Tests
7.11 Checklists
7.12 V&V Techniques
7.13 V&V Plan
7.14 Limitations OF V&V
7.15 V&V in the SQA Plan
7.16 Success Factors
7.17 Further Reading
7.18 Exercises
Chapter 8 Software Configuration Management
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Software Configuration Management
8.3 Benefits of Good Configuration Management
8.4 SCM Activities
8.5 Baselines
8.6 Software Repository and Its Branches
8.7 Configuration Control
8.8 Configuration Status Accounting
8.9 Software Configuration Audit
8.10 Implementing SCM in Very Small Entities with ISO/IEC 29110
8.11 SCM and the SQAP
8.12 Success Factors
8.13 Further Reading
8.14 Exercises
Chapter 9 Policies, Processes, and Procedures
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Policies
9.3 Processes
9.4 Procedures
9.5 Organizational Standards
9.6 Graphical Representation of Processes and Procedures
9.7 Process Notation of ISO/IEC 29110
9.8 Case Study
9.9 Personal Improvement Process
9.10 Policies, Processes, and Procedures in the SQA Plan
9.11 Success Factors
9.12 Further Reading
9.13 Exercises
Note
Chapter 10 Measurement
10.1 Introduction—the Importance of Measurement
10.2 Software Measurement According to ISO/IEC/IEEE 12207
10.3 Measurement According to ISO 9001
10.4 The Practical Software and Systems Measurement Method
10.5 ISO/IEC/IEEE 15939 Standard
10.6 Measurement According to the CMMI Model
10.7 Measurement in Very Small Entities
10.8 The Survey as a Measurement Tool
10.9 Implementing a Measurement Program
10.10 Practical Considerations
10.11 The Human Side of Measurement
10.12 Measurement and the IEEE 730 SQAP
10.13 Success Factors
10.14 Further Reading
10.15 Exercises
Chapter 11 Risk Management
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Risk Management According to Standards and Models
11.3 Practical Considerations for Risk Management
11.4 Risk Management Roles
11.5 Measurement and Risk Management
11.6 Human Factors and Risk Management
11.7 Success Factors
11.8 Conclusion
11.9 Further Reading
11.10 Exercises
Chapter 12 Supplier Management and Agreements
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Supplier Requirements of ISO 9001
12.3 Agreement Processes of ISO 12207
12.4 Supplier Agreement Management According to the CMMI
12.5 Managing Suppliers
12.6 Software Acquisition Life Cycle
12.7 Software Contract Types
12.8 Software Contract Reviews
12.9 Supplier and Acquirer Relationship and the Sqap
12.10 Success Factors
12.11 Further Reading
12.12 Exercises
Chapter 13 Software Quality Assurance Plan
13.1 Introduction
13.2 SQA Planning
13.3 Executing the SQAP
13.4 Conclusion
13.5 Further Reading
13.6 Exercises
Appendix 1 Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice (Version 5.2)
Appendix 2 Incidents and Horror Stories Involving Software
Glossary – Abbreviations – Acronyms
References
Index
EULA
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1
Chapter 2
Table 2.1
Table 2.2
Table 2.3
Table 2.4
Table 2.5
Chapter 3
Table 3.1
Table 3.2
Table 3.3
Chapter 4
Table 4.1
Table 4.2
Table 4.3
Table 4.4
Table 4.5
Table 4.6
Table 4.7
Table 4.8
Table 4.9
Table 4.10
Table 4.11
Chapter 5
Table 5.1
Table 5.2
Table 5.3
Table 5.4
Table 5.5
Chapter 6
Table 6.1
Table 6.2
Table 6.3
Chapter 7
Table 7.1
Table 7.2
Table 7.3
Table 7.4
Table 7.5
Table 7.6
Table 7.7
Table 7.8
Table 7.9
Table 7.10
Chapter 8
Table 8.1
Table 8.2
Table 8.3
Table 8.4
Table 8.5
Chapter 9
Table 9.1
Table 9.2
Table 9.3
Table 9.4
Table 9.5
Table 9.6
Table 9.7
Table 9.8
Table 9.9
Table 9.10
Chapter 10
Table 10.1
Table 10.2
Chapter 11
Table 11.1
Table 11.2
Table 11.3
Table 11.4
Table 11.5
Table 11.6
Table 11.7
Table 11.8
Table 11.9
Table 11.10
Table 11.11
Table 11.12
Chapter 12
Table 12.1
Chapter 13
Table 13.1
Table 13.2
Table 13.3
Table 13.4
Table 13.5
Table 13.6
Table 13.7
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1
Software Quality in the SWEBOK
®
Guide [SWE 14].
Figure 1.2
Terminology recommended for describing software problems.
Figure 1.3
Errors, defects, and failures in the software life cycle.
Figure 1.4
Context of software requirements elicitation.
Figure 1.5
Reliability curve for hardware as a function of time.
Figure 1.6
Reliability curve of software.
Source
: Adapted from Pressman 2014. [PRE 14].
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1
Balance between the software quality level and the cost of quality [GAL 17].
Figure 2.2
Costs of propagating an error
1
[JON 00].
Figure 2.3
Defect injection distribution during the life cycle [SEL 07].
Figure 2.4
Data on software quality costs [HAL 96].
Figure 2.5
Software engineering culture.
Figure 2.6
Start coding… I'll go and see what the client wants!
Figure 2.7
Dilbert is threatened and must provide an estimate on the fly. DILBERT © 2007 Scott Adams. Used By permission of UNIVERSAL UCLICK. All rights reserved.
Figure 2.8
Dilbert tries to negotiate a change in his project. DILBERT © 2009 Scott Adams. Used By permission of UNIVERSAL UCLICK. All rights reserved.
Figure 2.9
Diagram of the flexibility of an in-house project.
Figure 2.10
Diagram of the flexibility of a critical software project.
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1
The three perspectives and 11 quality factors of McCall et al. (1977) [MCC 77].
Figure 3.2
Quality factors and criteria from McCall et al. (1977) [MCC 77].
Figure 3.3
Framework for measuring software quality as per the IEEE 1061 [IEE 98b].
Figure 3.4
Quality model for an ISO 25010 software product.
Figure 3.5
Context of software requirements elicitation.
Figure 3.6
Steps suggested for defining non-functional requirements.
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1
A few laws of nature used by some engineering disciplines.
Figure 4.2
The development of standards and models.
Figure 4.3
The evolution of standards SC7 [SUR 17].
Figure 4.4
Elements of a process [ISO 15].
Figure 4.5
The four life cycle process groups of ISO 12207 [ISO 17].
Figure 4.6
The links between requirements and the artifacts of a project [IEE 14].
Figure 4.7
Table of contents of a SQAP according to the IEEE 730 [IEE 14].
Figure 4.8
Structure of the staged representation of the CMMI [SEI 10a].
Figure 4.9
The staged representation of the CMMI
®
for Development model.
Figure 4.10
Structure of the S
3m
model [APR 08].
Figure 4.11
The main ITIL guides.
Figure 4.12
Processes of ISO 20000 service management system [ISO 11h].
Figure 4.13
Family of ISO 27000 Standards [ISO 05c].
Figure 4.14
Management and implementation processes for the software Basic profile [LAP 16a].
Figure 4.15
Activities for the software Basic profile management process [ISO 11e].
Figure 4.16
Software implementation activities for the Basic profile [ISO 11e].
Figure 4.17
DPs for the software Basic profile [LAP 08].
Figure 4.18
Processes and activities for the Basic profile for the development of systems [ISO 16f].
Figure 4.19
Independence versus SWSIL [CEN 01].
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1
Types of reviews used during the software development cycle [CEG 90] (© 1990 – ALSTOM Transport SA).
Figure 5.2
Objectives of a review.
Figure 5.3
Process of developing a document.
Figure 5.4
Review process.
Figure 5.5
Error detection during the software development life cycle [RAD 02].
Figure 5.6
Personal review process.
Figure 5.7
Desk-check review.
Figure 5.8
Desk-check review activities.
Figure 5.9
Desk-Check review form.
Figure 5.10
Peer reviews as described in the process area “Verification” of the CMMI-DEV.
Figure 5.11
The walk-through review.
Figure 5.12
The inspection process.
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1
Example of a conformity declaration form [ISO 04a].
Source
: Standards Council of Canada.
Figure 6.2
Audit process activities according to IEEE 1028.
Figure 6.3
Major steps of a software audit or assessment [APR 08].
Figure 6.4
Example of a problem resolution process.
Figure 6.5
Problem report and resolution proposal form.
Figure 6.6
ISO/IEC 29110 certification approach.
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1
V&V activities in the software development life cycle.
Figure 7.2
A V software life cycle describing when system and software validations are executed.
Figure 7.3
Example of software process phases where defects are injected [SEL 07].
Figure 7.4
Percentage of the defects detected by the development process phase [SEL 07].
Figure 7.5
Relationship between IV&V, supplier, and customer [EAS 96].
Figure 7.6
Validation representation of a process using the ETVX process notation [CEG 90] (© 1990 - ALSTOM Transport SA).
Figure 7.7
Typical table of contents of a validation plan [CEG 90].
Figure 7.8
A software requirements checklist [GIL 93].
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1
CM activities according to CMMI [SEI 00].
Figure 8.2
Example of a directory structure to control configuration with the Subversion CM tool.
Figure 8.3
Example of a project life cycle where planned baselines are indicated.
Figure 8.4
Description of the specifications steps using ETVX notation.
Figure 8.5
Choosing a bad branching strategy.
Figure 8.6
The simplest branching strategy of versions by branch.
Figure 8.7
A typical strategy of development and production branches.
Figure 8.8
Impact of a change request on a software [WIE 13].
Figure 8.9
Change request change management workflow.
Figure 8.10
Example of a status report with the Commit Monitor tool [COL 10].
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1
The SWEBOK
®
Guide software engineering process knowledge area [SWE 14].
Figure 9.2
Example of a quality system documentation model.
Figure 9.3
Processes documented for an expert.
Figure 9.4
Control flow graphical notation objects.
Figure 9.5
ETVX notation concept [RAD 85].
Figure 9.6
Illustration of the modified ETVX notation [LAP 97].
Figure 9.7
Template of a textual process description using the ETVX notation.
Figure 9.8
Example of a NASA process graphically represented using the ETVX notation [NAS 04].
Figure 9.9
A NASA template used to explain the ETVX notation [NAS 04].
Figure 9.10
A configuration management process graphically represented using the ETVX notation ETVX [LAP 97].
Figure 9.11
Bombardier Transport software life cycle high level representation [LAP 12].
Figure 9.12
Notation IDEF0 [IEE 98].
Figure 9.13
Three processes of the project planning phase.
Figure 9.14
Planning phase.
Figure 9.15
ETVX representation of step 120.
Figure 9.16
Integration of software engineering to the system engineering process [LAP 97].
Figure 9.17
BPMN list of event types [DEC 08].
Figure 9.18
Example of a provisioning process represented using BPMN notation.
Figure 9.19
PM process diagram of ISO/IEC 29110 [ISO 11e].
Figure 9.20
Four-stage roadmap of ISO/IEC 29110.
Figure 9.21
Effort estimation improvement (adapted from [HUM 00]).
Figure 9.22
Quality improvement (adapted from [HUM 00]).
Figure 9.23
Productivity improvement (adapted from [HUM 00]).
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1
Example of a measure used for decision making [WES 03].
Figure 10.2
Software engineering measurement as proposed by the SWEBOK [SWE 14].
Figure 10.3
Measuring process performance according to ISO 9001 [ISO 15].
Figure 10.4
The three disciplines of quantitative management [PSM 00].
Figure 10.5
Measurement process activities proposed by the PSM [PSM 00].
Figure 10.6
ISO 15939 software measurement process model [ISO 17c].
Figure 10.7
The software measurement process activities and tasks [ISO 17c].
Figure 10.8
Information measurement model [ISO 17c].
Figure 10.9
Example of a measurement construct for productivity [ISO 17c].
Figure 10.10
Examples of information included in a measurement plan [ISO 17c].
Figure 10.11
Components of a software measurement program [DES 95].
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1
Some software project internal and external risk sources.
Figure 11.2
Software projects—many surrounding contexts [
CHA 99
].
Figure 11.3
Typical expense curve of a project [FOR 05].
Figure 11.4
Risk management in the SWEBOK [SWE 14].
Figure 11.5
ISO 16085 recommended risk management process [ISO 06a].
Figure 11.6
Impact of variables as the project progresses [PMI 13].
Figure 11.7
Risk management activities.
Figure 11.8
A risk documentation template [WIE 98].
Figure 11.9
Grid illustrating risk exposure using three categories.
Figure 11.10
Example of three project risks.
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1
Interpretation of the CMMI-DEV for supplier agreement management [KON 00].
Figure 12.2
Example of a process map describing the RFI-RFQ stage for a software acquisition.
Figure 12.3
Graphical representation of risk sharing contract.
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1
The house of quality for software projects.
Figure 13.2
Example of a software project functional organization chart for a large organization.
Figure 13.3
Example of a workflow explaining the acceptance steps of a project.
Figure 13.4
Example of an acceptance process for a software project.
Guide
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