Contents
Introduction
Book Objectives
Is This Book for You?
Chapter-by-Chapter Breakdown
www.upgradingandrepairingpcs.com
1 The History of Servers
Computer History: Pre- and Postserver
The Rise of Client/Server Computing
File and Print Services in Early Server Architectures
Introduction of Specialized Servers
Consolidation of Cost and Functionality
Introduction of High-Capacity RAM
The Importance of SCSI Technology
The Development of RAID Technology
The Development of Standard Server Platforms
Increasing Server Sophistication, Availability, and Reliability
The Development of Blade Servers
Emerging Server Hardware Trends
Continuing Standalone Server Niches
Increasing Proliferation of Multiway Blades
High-Availability and Reliability Versus Cost and Transaction Speed
Many Niches for Many Needs
2 Server Microprocessors
Server Processor Overview
Server Processor Specifications
Multiple CPUs
Performance Issues
SMP and Dual-Core Processors
NUMA Multiprocessing
Upgrading to Multiple Processors
Upgrading to a Dual-Core Processor
Multiprocessing and Operating Systems
Cache Memory
Internal Level 1 Cache
Level 2 Cache
Level 3 Cache
Cache Organization
Cache Considerations for Multiple-Processor Systems
Overview of x86-Compatible Servers Processors
Factors to Consider for Desktop Processors Used in Servers
x86 Processor Modes
64-Bit Processor Modes
Endianess and Server Processors
x86 Processor Speed Ratings
x86 Processor Features
Dual-Core Technology
Processor Socket and Slot Types
Overview of x86 and Itanium Server Processor and Socket Types
Packaging
ZIF Sockets
Socket 8
Socket 370
Socket 423
Socket 478
Socket 603 and Socket 604
Socket 775 (Socket T)
Socket A (Socket 462)
Socket 939
Socket 940
Pin Array Cartridge (PAC)
Operating Voltages
Heat Problems and Cooling CPUs
Heatsinks
Intel and AMD Processor Configurations
Pentium Pro Processors
Pentium II Processors
Pentium II Xeon
Pentium III Processors
Pentium III Xeon
Pentium 4 Processors
Xeon Processors
Itanium and Itanium 2 Processors
AMD Athlon MP Processors
AMD Opteron Processors
RISC-Based Server Processors
Alpha
PA-RISC 8xxx
MIPS R1xxxx
Power Architecture
PowerPC
Processor Replacement/Upgrades
Processor Installation Procedures
Hardware Compatibility with Server Platforms
Troubleshooting and Documenting Your Server's CPU
Processor Bugs
3 Server Chipsets
Server Chipsets Overview
Server Chipset History
Differences Between Server and Desktop Chipsets
The North Bridge and South Bridge Architectures
Intel Hub Architecture
VIA V-Link
The ServerWorks Inter Module Bus (IMB)
HyperTransport
Four-Way and Eight-Way Server Chipsets
Criteria for Real-World Server Chipsets
Comparison of System and Component Bus Speeds
About Intel Chipsets
Intel Pentium Pro/II/III Chipsets for Servers
The Intel 450KX/GX (Mars/Orion) Chipsets
The Intel 440FX (Natoma) Chipset
The Intel 440LX Chipset
The Intel 440BX Chipset
The Intel 440GX Chipset
The Intel 450NX Chipset
The Intel (Corollary) Profusion Chipset
The Intel 820 and 820E Chipsets
The Intel 840 Chipset
Intel Pentium 4 Chipsets for Single-Processor Servers
The Intel 845 Family of Chipsets
The Intel 875P Chipset
The Intel 925X Chipset
Intel 955X and 975X (Glenwood) Chipset Family
The E7210 Chipset
The E7221 Chipset
The E7230 Chipset
Intel ICH Chips for 9xx and E72xx Chipsets
Intel Xeon DP and Xeon MP Chipsets
The Intel 860 Chipset
The Intel E7500 Chipset
The Intel E7501 Chipset
The Intel E7505 Chipset
The Intel E7520 and E7320 Chipsets
The Intel E8500 Chipset
Intel Itanium and Itanium 2 Chipsets
The Intel 460GX Chipset for Itanium
The Intel E8870 Chipset for Itanium
Broadcom ServerWorks Chipsets for Intel Processors
ServerWorks Chipsets for Intel Pentium III Xeon Processors
ServerWorks Chipsets for Intel Xeon Processors
ServerWorks South Bridge and Support Chips
Other Third-Party Server Chipsets for Intel Processors
VIA Technologies Chipsets for Intel Server Processors
IBM Chipsets for Intel Server-Class Processors
Hewlett-Packard Server Chipsets for Intel Processors
AMD Athlon MP and Opteron Server-Class Chipsets
The AMD-760 Family of Chipsets
AMD Opteron Chipsets
The AMD 8000 Chipset
The NVIDIA nForce Professional 2000 Series of Chipsets
The ServerWorks HT Series of Chipsets
Determining Hardware Compatibility with Server Platforms
Determining Operating System Compatibility
Integration with Bus Types
Conclusions, Troubleshooting, and Documentation
4 Server Motherboards and BIOS
Motherboard Types and Form Factors
ATX Motherboards
Backplane Systems
BTX Motherboards
Proprietary Server Designs
Power Supplies and Connectors
ATX Power Supply Standards
SSI Power Supply Standards
ATX GES and WTX Power Supply Connectors
Server Motherboard Components
Processor Sockets and Slots
Chipsets and Super I/O Chips
Memory: SIMM/DIMM/RIMM/SDRAM/DDR
Expansion Slots: ISA, PCI, AGP, and Others
CPU Voltage Regulators
BIOS Chips
CMOS Battery
System Resources
IRQ
DMA Channels
I/O Port Addresses
Embedded and Integrated Components
SCSI, ATA/IDE, and SATA
NICs, Modems, and Wireless NICs
Legacy Ports (Serial, Parallel, Keyboard, and Mouse)
USB and IEEE 1394
ROM BIOS
Motherboard BIOS
BIOS Types
Initializing a PnP Device
BIOS Manufacturers
Accessing the Motherboard BIOS
CMOS Settings and Specifications
Considerations for BIOS Upgrades
Where to Get a BIOS Update
Determining the BIOS Version
Backing Up Your BIOS
Backing Up BIOS CMOS Settings
Upgrading a Flash BIOS
Troubleshooting BIOS and System Problems
Troubleshooting Other Server Platforms
IBM Light Path Diagnostics
Hewlett-Packard's RX Series Integrity Server LEDs
Configuring and Troubleshooting Sun SPARC Systems with EEPROM
Troubleshooting and Managing Hewlett-Packard Servers
Upgrading Versus Replacing Motherboards
Memory, CPU, BIOS, and Component Upgrades
Motherboard Replacement
Troubleshooting Server Motherboards and BIOS
Troubleshooting by Replacing Parts
Troubleshooting Using the Bootstrap Approach
Problems During the POST
Problems Running Software
Resource Conflicts
Special Server Problems
The Importance of Documentation
5 Memory
Memory Basics
ROM
DRAM
SRAM: Cache Memory
The System Logical Memory Layout
Upper Memory Area (UMA)
Extended Memory
Preventing ROM BIOS Memory Conflicts and Overlap
ROM Shadowing
Adapter Memory Configuration and Optimization
Memory Types Overview
Early Server RAM Types: DRAM, EDO DRAM, and SDRAM
Fast Page Mode DRAM
EDO DRAM
SDRAM
DDR SDRAM, DDR2-SDRAM, and RDRAM
DDR SDRAM
DDR2 SDRAM
RDRAM
Memory Modules
SIMMs, DIMMs, and RIMMs
SIMM Pinouts
DIMM Pinouts
DDR DIMM Pinouts
DDR2 DIMM Pinouts
RIMM Pinouts
Determining a Memory Module's Size and Features
Memory Banks
Memory Module Speed
Parity and ECC
Installing RAM Upgrades
Upgrade Options and Strategies
Selecting and Installing Memory
Common Server Configurations and Features
Server Chipsets and Memory Types Used
Chipsets for AMD Opteron and DDR Memory
Servers That Use RDRAM Memory
Troubleshooting Memory Problems
Testing Memory
Memory Defect Isolation Procedures
6 The ATA/IDE Interface
Origins of IDE
IDE Variations
ATA Standards
ATA-6/ATAPI
ATA-7/ATAPI
SATA/ATAPI-8
ATA Features and Resource Allocations
PATA
SATA
Advanced Host Controller Interface
SATA Transfer Modes
ATA Features
ATA Commands
The Host Protected Area
ATAPI
ATA Drive Capacity Limitations
Prefixes for Decimal and Binary Multiples
BIOS Limitations
Increasing ATA Drive Size: CHS and LBA Modes
Common ATA Configurations for Server Platforms
ATA/ATAPI Configurations for Server Platforms
SATA Configurations for Server Platforms
ATA/SATA RAID Configurations for Server Platforms
Using NAS
Troubleshooting ATA and SATA Hard Disks
CMOS/BIOS, Startup Problems
BSODs and Other Postinstallation Problems
7 The SCSI Bus
ANSI SCSI Standards
SCSI-1
SCSI-2
SCSI-3
SPI (Ultra SCSI)
SPI-2 (Ultra2 SCSI)
SCSI Signaling
SPI-3 (Ultra 3 SCSI [Ultra160])
SPI-4, or Ultra 4 SCSI (Ultra320)
SPI-5, or Ultra 5 SCSI (Ultra640)
SAS
RAID Arrays
Fibre Channel SCSI
iSCSI
SCSI Cables and Connectors
Parallel SCSI Cable and Connector Pinouts
LVD SCSI Cables and Connectors
SE SCSI Cables and Connectors
HVD SCSI Signals
Expanders
SCSI Termination
SCSI Drive/Device Configuration
Start on Command (Delayed Start)
SCSI Parity
Terminator Power
SCSI Synchronous Negotiation
No Wide
Write Protection
Plug and Play SCSI
SCSI Configuration Troubleshooting
SCSI Versus ATA Performance: Advantages and Limitations
Recommended SCSI Host Adapters, Cables, and Terminators
8 I/O System Hardware
USB
USB Specifications
USB Connectors
USB Installation and Troubleshooting
Video and Monitors
CRT and LCD Monitors
Integrated Graphics
PCI, AGP, and PCI-Express Graphics Cards
Video Installation and Configuration
KVM Switches
Video/Display Troubleshooting
Audio Devices
Keyboards
Types of Keyboards
Keyboard Maintenance
Keyboard Troubleshooting
CD-ROM, CD-RW, and DVD Drives
Specifications
CD/DVD Interfaces
CD/DVD Host Adapters
CD/DVD Installation and Troubleshooting
Hardware Drivers
Firmware and Hardware Upgrades
Obtaining Firmware Upgrades
Adding or Replacing Onboard Ports/Devices
Common I/O Device Configurations in Servers
Determining Hardware Compatibility
Troubleshooting and Documentation
9 Backup Operations
Tape Backup Units
Travan
DDS-3, DDS-4, and DAT72 Tape Drives
DLT and SDLT
LTO Ultrium
Tape Autoloaders
Tape Libraries and Enterprise Units
Alternatives to Tape Backup
Disk-to-Disk (D2D) Backup
Iomega REV
DVD Rewritable/Recordable
Limitations of Tape Alternatives
Upgrading Tape Backup Units
Driver Upgrades
Firmware Updates
Hardware Upgrades
Backup Operations
Backup Strategies
Verification and Restoration
Hardware Compatibility
Backup and Restoration Troubleshooting and Documentation
Common Backup Software Applications
Native Operating System Software
Third-Party Backup Software
Troubleshooting Backup Programs
10 Network Operations
Network Interface Cards (NICs)
Types of NICs
Hardware Compatibility
Installing Network Interface Devices and Drivers
Device Driver Upgrades
Troubleshooting a Network Interface
Locating Bottlenecks
Multihoming and Fault Tolerance
Protocols
Transport Protocols
Application-Layer Protocols
Protocol Binding
Network Operations Management
11 Disk Subsystems
Disk Types
IDE and ATA Drives
Serial ATA
SCSI Drives
Fibre Channel
HBAs and RAID Controllers
Form Factors
PATA HBAs
SCSI HBAs
Backplanes
Redundancy
Introduction to RAID
JBODs: Concatenation
RAID 0: Striping, No Parity
RAID 1: Mirroring
Business Continuance Volumes
RAID 10 (or 1+0): Mirroring with Striping
RAID 0+1: Striping with Mirroring
RAID 5: Striping with Parity
Nonstandard Single-Level RAID Arrays
Software Versus Hardware RAID
Managing RAID
Creating New Arrays
RAID Maintenance
Rebuilding Failed Arrays
Storage Virtualization
12 Storage Area Networks
SAN Topologies
Is a SAN Right for You?
Where to Start with a SAN
SANs and Standards
Components of a SAN
Block-Oriented Servers
File-Oriented Servers
Software and Services
Arrays
Fibre Channel SANs
More About Fibre Channel
Switches
Port Types
Addressing
Traffic Flow
TCP/IP Storage Networking
FCIP
iSCSI
SAN Backup
Tape Formats and Libraries
Disk Backup Hardware
SAN Backup Software and Servers
Final Thoughts
13 Fault Tolerance
Fault-Tolerant Network Topologies
Mesh Configurations: Multiple Network Connections
Teaming and Failover
RAID
Transparently Rebuilding Failed Drives
Improving Network Speed and Reliability
Segmentation
Switches and Routers
Providing Redundancy in Server Hardware
Power Supplies
Fans
Memory
Physical Maintenance
The Server Environment
Server Software Updates
Hardware Drivers and BIOS Updates
Server Management Software
Server Management with Active Directory Group Policies
Third-Party Software
Troubleshooting and Documentation
14 Power Protection
UPS Styles and Manufacturers
Major UPS Manufacturers
How UPS Systems Are Rated
UPS Technologies
UPS Features
Surge Protection
Redundant Power Supplies (RPSs)
Power Supply Sizing
UPS Specifications and Considerations
Server Capacity and Purpose
Voltages
Runtimes
Batteries
AC Connectors
Safety Ratings
Common Server/UPS Configurations
Pedestal Server and UPS
Single Rack-Mounted Server and UPS
Multiple Rack-Mounted Servers and UPS
Using and Maintaining UPS Documentation
Installing a New UPS
Troubleshooting Power-Protection Problems
UPS Does Not Charge Battery When Plugged In
Windows Server 2003 Does Not Transmit UPS Alerts
System Does Not Restart After AC Power Is Restored
COM Port Conflicts
New Services Configuration in Windows Server 2003
Linux Power Management Software Can't Start After Installation
General Linux UPS Issues
UPS Service Shuts Down System
UPS Tab Is Missing After Installing a USB-Based UPS and Drivers
Devices Don't Work When Plugged In to Surge Protector
RPS Doesn't Switch to Good Module When First Module Fails
15 Chassis
Chassis Types
Pedestal Chassis
Rack-Mounted Chassis
Wall-Mounted Rack Chassis
ATX Chassis
BTX Chassis
Chassis Specifications and Considerations
Airflow
Security: Locks/Keys
EMI and ESD Considerations
Safety
Server Chassis Documentation and Support
The Importance of Documentation
Manufacturer Policies on Opening Chassis
How to Remove the Intel SC5295-E Chassis
Removing the Left Side Panel
Removing the Front Bezel Assembly
Removing the Air Ducts
Removing the Drive Cage EMI Shield
16 Server Racks and Blades
Types of Racks
Sizes of Cabinets
Universal Racks
Custom Racks
Wire Shelving
Rack Specifications and Considerations
Location
Safety
Designing a Rack System
Rack Features and Components
Fans and Airflow
Conversion Kits
Rails
Cable Management
Blade Servers
KVM Switches
Cable Management Using KVM Switches
17 Server Rooms
Server Room Designs
Converting Existing Rooms to Server Rooms
Server Closets
Server Room Specifications and Considerations
Determining Location
The Planning Phase
Determining Size and Capacity
Planning for Cable Management
Determining Power Needs
Calculating UPS Needs
Considering Raised Flooring
Planning for HVAC and Airflow
Building in Safety
Planning for Physical Security and Access
18 Server Platforms: Network Operating Systems
Major Features of NOSs
Server NOSs
Windows Servers
Novell NetWare 6.5
Sun Solaris
Linux
Directory Services and Interoperability
X.500
LDAP
Directory Services Interoperability
Other Considerations in Selecting a Server Platform
The Purpose of a Server
Server Hardware and Drivers
Server Installation/Administration Requirements
Server Upgrade and Patch Management
Software Security Limitations
Server Documentation and Support
19 Sun Microsystems Servers
Sun, Servers, and SPARC
The RISC Architecture
SPARC and UltraSPARC
Server Categories
Entry-Level Servers
Midrange Servers
High-End Servers
Blade Servers
Storage Servers
Sun Clusters
NEBS-Certified Servers
The Solaris Operating System
PC NetLink Integration Software
Reliability and Scalability
Solaris Management Tools
The Solaris Management Console
SyMON
SunVTS
Solstice AdminSuite
Volume Manager
Sun Enterprise Backup
Java Web Start
Hardware Compatibility with Server Platforms
The BigAdmin System Administration Portal
20 Building, Upgrading, and Deploying Servers
Purchasing Considerations
Reasons to Buy from First-Tier OEMs
Reasons to Build
Reasons to Opt for a White Box
Comparing Building and Buying a Server
Building Your Own Server
Server Purposes and Form Factors
Server Components
Assembling a Server
Project Phasing
The Project Specification Phase
The Budget Phase and Time Lines
The Testing Phase
The Implementation Phase
The Review Phase
Software Licensing and Upgrades
License Types
License Management Software
Upgrades
Capacity Planning
Knowable, Unknowable, Known, and Unknown
Sizing Tools
Capacity Planning Principles
An Example of Historical Data
System Selection
Routine Maintenance
Backups
Virus Scanning and Spyware Detection
Disk Defragmentation
Redundancy and Deployment
Sample Project Specification for Deployment
21 Server Testing and Maintenance
Gathering Baseline Performance Data
Using Windows Server 2003 Diagnostic Tools
Using Sun Solaris Diagnostic Tools
Using NetWare Diagnostic Tools
Using Third-Party Benchmarking Tools
Routine Maintenance
Drive Testing
Defragmentation
Antivirus and Firewall Software and Systems
Keeping Case Fans and Filters Clean
Error Logging and Tracking
The Purpose of Event Logging
Event Logs
Implementing Hardware Redundancy Options
Integrated NICs, Memory, and Power Supplies
Load Balancing
Load Balancing Versus Clustering
High-Performance Clusters
Disaster Recovery Planning
The Purpose of Disaster Recovery Planning
An Example of a Disaster Recovery Plan
A. Glossary
B. List of Acronyms
C. Vendor List
Alphabetical Vendor List
#1-PC Diagnostics Company (the ESD Division of Windsor Technologies, Inc.)
3Com Corp.
3D Labs
3Dfx Interactive, Inc.
A.K. Stamping Company, Inc./Globe Manufacturing Sales
Aavid Thermalloy LLC
ABIT Computer (USA) Corporation
Accurite Technologies, Inc.
Acer United States
Acme Electric/Electronics Division
Acterna, LLC
Adaptec
Adobe Systems, Inc.
Advanced Digital Information Corporation
Advanced Personal Systems
Advisor Media, Inc.
Aladdin Knowledge Systems, Inc.
Alienware Corporation
ALPS Electric (USA), Inc.
Altex Electronics, Ltd.
Altiris Americas
Amazon.com, Inc.
AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)
America Online
American Power Conversion (APC)
AMI (American Megatrends, Inc.)
Andromeda Research Labs
ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
Antec, Inc.
Anvil Cases
Aopen, Inc.
Apple Computer, Inc.
Arco Computer Products, LLC
ARI Service
Arrow Electronics
Arrowfield International, Inc.
Association of Shareware Professionals (ASP)
AST Computer, Inc.
Astec Power
ASUS Computer International America (ASUSTeK)
ATI Technologies, Inc.
Autodesk, Inc.
Autotime Corporation
Avocent
Award Software International, Inc.
AZ-COM, Inc.
BakBone Software, Inc.
Barracuda Networks
Belden CDT Electronics Division
BenQ Corporation
Berkshire Products
Bitstream, Inc.
Black Box Network Services
Borland Software Corporation
Bose Corp.
Breece Hill
Brooktree Corporation
Buerg Software
Business Objects
Byte Runner Technologies
CableOrganizer.com, Inc.
Cables to Go
CAIG Laboratories
Canon USA, Inc.
Casio, Inc.
CBT Direct
CDW (Computer Discount Warehouse)
Centon Electronics, Inc.
Chemtronics
Cherry Electrical Products
Chicago Case Company
Ci Design Company
Cirrus Logic, Inc.
Cisco Systems, Inc.
Citizen America Corporation
CMSProducts, Inc.
CNET Networks
Columbia Data Products
CommVault Systems, Inc.
Compaq Computer Corporation
CompTIA (Computing Technology Industry Association)
CompUSA, Inc.
CompuServe Interactive Services, Inc. (CIS)
Computer Associates International, Inc.
Computer Graphics World
Computer Hotline
Computer Technology Review
Condor D.C. Power Supplies, Inc.
Conexant Systems, Inc.
Connect Technologies
Corel Systems, Inc.
Creative Labs, Inc.
CRN
CRU Acquisitions Group, LLC
Crucial Technologies
CS Electronics
CST
CTS Corporation
CTX International, Inc.
CyberResearch
Cypress Semiconductor Corporation
D.W. Electrochemicals, Ltd.
Da-Lite Screen Co.
DakTech
Dallas Semiconductor
DAMAC Products, Inc.
Datamation
Dell Computer Corporation
DEX (Data Exchange Corporation)
Diamond Flower, Inc. (DFI)
DigiBuy
Digi-Key Corporation
DisplayMate Technologies Corp.
Diversified Technology
D-Link Systems, Inc.
Dot Hill Systems Corporation
DTK Computer, Inc.
Dukane Corporation
Duracell, Inc.
East/West Manufacturing Enterprises, Inc.
Eaton Powerware Division
EETimes
Electrocution Technical Publishers
Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)
Electronic Products
Electronics Supply and Manufacturing
Elitegroup Computer Systems, Inc.
EMC Dantz
Emerson & Cuming
Endl Publications
Epson America, Inc.
eSupport.com, Inc.
Eurosoft (U.S.) Inc.
eWeek
Exabyte Corporation
Extron Electronics
F-Secure
FCI
Fedco Electronics, Inc.
First International Computer America
Fluke, John Manufacturing Company, Inc.
FSI Computer GmbH
Fujitsu Computer Products of America, Inc.
Futuremark Corporation
Gateway, Inc.
Giga-Byte Technology Co., Inc.
GigaTrend, Inc.
Global Engineering Documents
Golden Bow Systems
HALLoGRAM Publishing
Hauppauge Computer Works, Inc.
Heathkit Educational Systems
Hewlett-Packard Company
Hitachi Global Storage Technologies
Hitachi, Ltd.
Hynix Semiconductor America, Inc.
IBM Corporation
IBM Semiconductor Solutions
Illinois Lock
Imation Corp.
Infineon Technologies AG
InfoWorld
Inline, Inc.
Integrated Device Technology, Inc.
Intel Corporation
Iomega Corporation
ITW Chemtronics
Jameco Computer Products
JDR Microdevices
Jensen Tools, Inc.
JVC America/Professional
Kaspersky Lab
Kensington Computer Products Group
KeyTronicEMS
Kingston Technology Corporation
Kontron
Labconco Corporation
Labtec Enterprises, Inc.
Lantronix
LapLink Software, Inc.
LearnKey, Inc.
Lenovo
Lexmark
LG Electronics
Libi Industries, Ltd.
Liebert
Linksys
Linux Online, Inc.
LionBRIDGE
LiteON Technology Corporation
Logitech
Lone Star Software
Lotus Software
LSI Logic, Inc.
MA Labs, Inc.
Macworld Communications, Inc.
MAG InnoVision
MAGNI Systems, Inc.
MapInfo Corporation
Matrox Graphics, Inc.
Maxell Corporation of America
Maxoptix Inc.
Maxtor Corporation
McAfee, Inc.
Media Live International
Meritec
Meterman Test Tools
Methode Electronics, Inc.
MGE UPS Systems
Micro 2000, Inc.
Micro Accessories, Inc.
Micro Computer Cable Company, LLC
Micro Design International, Inc. (MDI)
Micro Industries Corporation
Micro Warehouse
Micron Technologies, Inc.
Microsoft Corporation
MicroSolutions, Inc.
MicroSystems Development Tech, Inc.
Microway, Inc.
Minicom
Mitsumi Electronics Corporation
Modem Doctor
Molex, Inc.
Mosel Vitelic (MVC)
Motorola Embedded Communications Computing
MPC Computers, LLC
MSI Computer Corporation
Mueller Technical Research
Mushkin, Inc.
Mylex Corporation
Myoda Computer Center
National Semiconductor Corporation
NEC Display Solutions of America, Inc.
NEC Electronics, Inc.
NEC Packard Bell
NEC Solutions America
Netgear Inc.
Network Associates, Inc.
Network Technologies, Inc. (NTI)
Newark InOne
NextPage
Novell, Inc.
Nvidia Corporation
Oak Technology, Inc.
Oki Data Americas, Inc.
OneAC
Ontrack Data Recovery
Opti, Inc.
Orbit Micro
Overland Storage
Pacific Digital Corporation
Panasonic Corporation of North America
Panda Software
Para Systems, Inc
Parallel Technologies, Inc.
PARTS NOW! LLC
PC Connection
PC-Doctor, Inc.
PC Magazine
PC Power & Cooling, Inc.
PC World Communications
PCI Special Interest Group
PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card International Association)
PCWIZ, Inc.
Phoenix Technologies, Ltd.
Pioneer Electronics Inc.
Pivar Computing Services, Inc.
PKWare, Inc.
Plasmon
Plextor
PNY Technologies, Inc.
PowerLeap, LLC
PowerQuest Corporation
Processor
Promise Technology, Inc.
Proview Technology, Inc.
QLogic Corporation
Qualitas, Inc.
Quantum Corporation
Quarter-Inch Cartridge Drive Standards, Inc. (QIC)
Que Publishing
Rackmount.com
Radio Shack
Rambus Inc.
Ramtron International Corporation
Rancho Technology, Inc.
Raritan Computer, Inc.
Red Hat
Rip-Tie Company
Rockwell Semiconductor Systems
Roland Corporation U.S.
Rose Electronics
Royal Consumer Information Products, Inc.
RTC Books Division of the RTC Group
RuppSoft
S3 Graphics Co, Ltd.
Safeware, The Insurance Agency, Inc.
Sams Publishing
Samsung
Seagate Technology
Sencore
Sharp Electronics Corporation
Sharp Microelectronics of the Americas
Sigma Data
Silicon Image
Silicon Integrated Systems Corp. (SiS)
Simple Technology
SiSoftware
Smart Cable, Inc.
SMC Networks, Inc.
Smith Micro Software, Inc.
Sonic Solutions
Sony Corporation of America
Sophos PLC
SOYO Group, Inc.
Specialized Products Company
Sprague Magnetics, Inc.
St. Bernard Software
Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation (SPEC)
ST Microelectronics
Standard Microsystems Corporation (SMSC)
Star Micronics, Inc.
StarTech
StorageSoft Solutions, Inc.
StorCase Technology, Inc.
Supermicro Computer, Inc.
Superpower Supply, Inc.
Sykes Enterprises, Inc.
Symantec Corporation
Syquest Repair.com
Tadiran
Tandberg Data
Tanisys Technology, Inc.
Tatung Company of America, Inc.
TDK Electronics Corporation
Teac America, Inc.
Tech Data Corporation
Tech Spray, LP
Technology Data Exchange, Inc.
Tekram Technologies
Teleplan International
Test and Measurement World
Texas Instruments, Inc.
Toshiba America, Inc.
TouchStone Software Corporation
Trace Research and Development Center
Trend Micro
Trident Microsystems, Inc.
Tripp Lite Manufacturing
True Query, Inc.
Twinhead Corporation
Tyan Computer Corporation
Tyco Electronics
ULi Electronics, Inc.
Ultra-X, Inc.
Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.
Unicomp, Inc.
Unicore Software, Inc.
UNISYS
U.S. Robotics, Inc.
V Communications, Inc.
Varta Batteries, Inc.
Verbatim Americas
Veritas Software Corporation
VESA Standards
VIA Technologies, Inc.
ViewSonic
Viziflex Seels, Inc.
Watergate Software
Wavetek-Meterman
Western Digital Corporation
Winbond Electronic Corporation
WordPerfect
Wyse Technology
Xerox Corporation
XFree86
Xircom
Y-E Data Company
Yosemite Technologies, Inc.
Zoom Telephonics, Inc.
Zoran
Vendors by Product or Service Category
Audio Adapters (Sound Cards)
Backup Software
Batteries
BIOS
Books, Magazines, and Documentation
Cables, Connectors, and Cable Management
Cases/Chassis
CD/DVD Drives and Media
Chipsets
Diagnostics Software and Hardware
Distributors
Floppy Drives
Graphics Adapters and Chipsets
Hard and Removable Disk Drives, Drive Controllers, and Network Storage
Hardware (Screws, Mounting Brackets, and So On)
Keyboards
KVM Switches
Memory
Mouse Devices
Miscellaneous
Modems (Analog, DSL, Cable Modem, Broadband)
Monitors and Display Devices
Motherboards
Networking
Online Services
Optical Drives and Media
Power Protection and UPSs
Power Supplies and Redundant Power Supplies
Printers, Printer Parts, and Supplies
Processors and Processor Upgrades
RAID
Removable Media
Repair Services
Retail and Direct Mail
SCSI Accessories
Software
Speakers
Standards Bodies and Organizations
Supplies (Chemicals, Cleaners, and So On)
Systems (Desktop, Server, and Mobile)
Tape Drives, Autoloaders, Libraries, and Media
Index
