Contents

About the Author

About the Technical Reviewer

Acknowledgments

Introduction

image Chapter 1: R Fundamentals

Downloading and Installing R

Getting Orientated

The R Console and Command Prompt

Functions

Objects

Simple Objects

Vectors

Data Frames

The Data Editor

Workspaces

Error Messages

Script Files

Summary

image Chapter 2: Working with Data Files

Entering Data Directly

Importing Plain Text Files

CSV and Tab-Delimited Files

DIF Files

Other Plain Text Files

Importing Excel Files

Importing Files from Other Software

Using Relative File Paths

Exporting Datasets

Summary

image Chapter 3: Preparing and Manipulating Your Data

Variables

Rearranging and Removing Variables

Renaming Variables

Variable Classes

Calculating New Numeric Variables

Dividing a Continuous Variable into Categories

Working with Factor Variables

Manipulating Character Variables

Concatenating Character Strings

Extracting a Substring

Searching a Character Variable

Working with Dates and Times

Adding and Removing Observations

Adding New Observations

Removing Specific Observations

Removing Duplicate Observations

Selecting a Subset of the Data

Selecting a Subset According to Selection Criteria

Selecting a Random Sample from a Dataset

Sorting a Dataset

Summary

image Chapter 4: Combining and Restructuring Datasets

Appending Rows

Appending Columns

Merging Datasets by Common Variables

Stacking and Unstacking a Dataset

Stacking Data

Unstacking Data

Reshaping a Dataset

Summary

image Chapter 5: Summary Statistics for Continuous Variables

Univariate Statistics

Statistics by Group

Measures of Association

Covariance

Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient

Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient

Hypothesis Test of Correlation

Comparing a Sample with a Specified Distribution

Shapiro-Wilk Test

Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test

Confidence Intervals and Prediction Intervals

Summary

image Chapter 6: Tabular Data

Frequency Tables

Creating Tables

Displaying Tables

Creating Tables from Count Data

Creating a Table Directly

Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test

Tests of Association Between Categorical Variables

Chi-Square Test of Association

Fisher’s Exact Test

Proportions test

Summary

image Chapter 7: Probability Distributions

Probability Distributions in R

Probability Density Functions and Probability Mass Functions

Finding Probabilities

Finding Quantiles

Generating Random Numbers

Summary

image Chapter 8: Creating Plots

Simple Plots

Histograms

Normal Probability Plots

Stem-and-Leaf Plots

Bar Charts

Pie Charts

Scatter Plots

Scatterplot Matrices

Box Plots

Plotting a Function

Exporting and Saving Plots

Summary

image Chapter 9: Customizing Your Plots

Titles and Labels

Axes

Colors

Plotting Symbols

Plotting Lines

Shaded Areas

Adding Items to Plots

Adding Straight Lines

Adding a Mathematical Function Curve

Adding Labels and Text

Adding a Grid

Adding Arrows

Overlaying Plots

Adding a Legend

Multiple Plots in the Plotting Area

Changing the Default Plot Settings

Summary

image Chapter 10: Hypothesis Testing

Student’s T-Tests

One-Sample T-Test

Two-Sample T-Test

Paired T-Test

Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test

Analysis of Variance

Kruskal-Wallis Test

Multiple Comparison Methods

Tukey’s HSD Test

Other Pairwise T-Tests

Pairwise Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Tests

Hypothesis Tests for Variance

F-Test

Bartlett’s Test

Summary

image Chapter 11: Regression and General Linear Models

Building the Model

Simple Linear Regression

Multiple Linear Regression

Interaction Terms

Polynomial Terms

Transformations

The Intercept Term

Including Factor Variables

Updating a Model

Stepwise Model Selection Procedures

Assessing the Fit of the Model

Coefficient Estimates

Plotting the Line of Best Fit

Model Diagnostics

Residual Analysis

Leverage

Cook’s Distances

Making Predictions

Summary

image Appendix A: Add-On Packages

Viewing a List of Available Add-on Packages

Installing and Loading Add-On Packages

Windows Users

Mac Users

Linux Users

image Appendix B: Basic Programming with R

Creating New Functions

Conditional Statements

Conditions

If Statement

If/else Statement

The switch Function

Loops

For Loop

While Loop

Summary

image Appendix C: Datasets

apartments

bigcats

bottles

brains

CIAdata1, CIAdata2

coffeeshop

concrete

CPIdata

customers

endangered

fiveyearreport

flights

fruit

grades1

people

people2

powerplant

pulserates

resistance

supermarkets

vitalsigns

WHOdata

Index

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