Index

Bold page numbers indicate figures, italic numbers indicate tables

action: as decentred and collaborative 331332; integration with knowledge 1719; transformation of 455457

action agenda 269270

action logics 9

action theory 249

adaptation: California, barriers to in 121; in cities 62; climate change: business-as-usual development approaches 227228; conceptualizations of 225227; defined 224; developing countries 224225; development actors, role of in 225227; disaster risk reduction (DRR) 225226; disconnection from causes of vulnerability 229; and existing agendas and ideologies 228; financing of 225; perverse outcomes from development 225; postdevelopment perspectives 229231; rebadging of existing initiatives 227228; discursive environment, importance of 235236; human security approach to 36; links with disaster risk reduction (DRR) 337338; livelihood diversification 128129; methodology for research 128; migration: decision to migrate 416417, 418; discourse on 419420; legal definition of environmental migrant 420; projected climate change impacts 414, 415, 416; as strategy 413, 418419; National Adaptation Programs of Action (NAPAs) 127; at national/local levels 126127, 128, 128131; planned/autonomous 126127; problematization of by UKCIP 236241; and resilience 108109; resilience, transition and transformation frames 235; sustainable: 140; development and social change links 363365; different values and interests 368369; factors influencing success of 150152; Integrated Coastal Zone-Management (ICZM) 147148; Kenya, dryland areas in 369; local context and vulnerabilities 368; local/global feedback 369370; local knowledge and participation 369; normative vision for change 367370; as political and contested 153; towards ICZM in Coastby 148149; transformative change process 365367; see also Agüita de la Perdiz Sur, social capital in; policy sciences as problem-oriented approach

ADAPTE project: cities, characteristics of 74; methodology 7172; research findings 73, 75, 7577, 76; spatial differences 77

adaptive management 238239

Africa: and climate conflict 5152; urban population growth 68; violent conflict in 4950

AFRICOM 5152

agency approach to capabilities approach 194

agents: people as 1112; of change 84; as recipients, not 130; creative 211; organizations 266; knowledge and capacity 268; in coping and adaptive capacity 350

Agüita de la Perdiz Sur, social capital in: background 338; citizen participation 342343; community, sense of 341342; as enabler and barrier in 341344; houses built on slopes 340; landslides in 339; local knowledge 343344; methodology 338; place attachment 341342

air pollution in urban centers 7577, 76

Alpine Shire, Victoria, Australia 404410, 406, 407, 409

Anthropocene era: choice in making, building and using 32; humanity as active change agent 2830, 306; initial formulation of human security 3132; and security 2728; use of term 27; vulnerabilities of urban life 3031; worst-case scenario for the future 31

archetypical patterns of vulnerability 9293, 96101

Asia, urban population growth in 68

Bangladesh: adaptation 127; attributes of effective network brokers 355; changes in networks 355; floods as fact of life 351352; future climate impacts 350351; information and knowledge sharing 357; leaders of social networks 355357; methodology 351; social networks in 352, 353, 354, 355, 356; Tartapara 351; wet and dry seasons 356

Bauman, Zygmunt 329

behavioral change and fossil fuels 399

Bogotá 7273, 74, 7577

Bolivia: empowerment of indigenous people 296301, 298, 299, 300; Ravelo River Basin 298, 298301, 299, 300

Boulding, Kenneth 192, 265

breakthrough conditions: empowerment 1517; integration of knowledge and action 1719; need for 9; paradigms, need to challenge 1215; perspectives 1012

bridging ties 348, 349

brown agenda for sustainable cities 380

Brundtland Report 1987 219, 379

Buenos Aires 74, 75, 7577

California’s Central Valley 120123

capabilities approach, agency approach to 194

capacities and disaster risk 259260

Center for a New American Security (CNAS) 50

Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) 50

Center on Climate Change and National Security (US) 47

Central Valley, California 120123

Chambers, Robert 258

change: fossil fuels, transition from 396399, 397; and human security 352353; humanity as active change agent 2830; links with sustainable adaptation 363365; normative vision for 367370; and resilience 113114; subjective dimensions of 454; tipping points 113114; variables, fast and slow controlling 113

child mortality, prospects for 9395, 94, 95

choice in making, building and using 32

cities: adaptation of 62; basic human needs 174175; challenges for human security 375; climate change implications 175176; future research 176177; and global environmental change 172176; Global Environmental Change and Human Security (GECHS) Science Plan 170171, 176; growth in 56, 375; inequity and injustice, as centers of 380; knowledge to meet for challenges 375376; and political violence 5860; problems due to growth in 5657; research challenges 6364; research into human security 171172; and social disorder 6061, 61; sustainable: brown agenda 380; design perspectives on 381; developed/developing countries 386; emergent phenomena 384; fair-share perspectives on 381; free market perspectives 381; global level 385; green agenda 379380; integrating perspectives 383386; models of 380382; perspectives on 379382; reconciling perspectives on 382383; resilience and vulnerability 386; scale, importance of 384385; self-reliant perspectives on 381; socio-economic variables 385; systems approach 383, 384; urban environmental transition 382383; urbanization science 384387; trends and projections 5758, 376377, 377, 378; Urbanization and Global Environmental Change (UGEC) project 171, 176; vulnerability of 3031, 62; wildfires 182183; see also ADAPTE project; health risks in urban centers

citizenship: as decentred and collaborative 331332; global 456; as individual responsibility 329330; participation 342

climate change: business-as-usual development approaches 227228; conceptualizations of 225227; defined 224; developing countries 224225; development actors, role of in 225227; disaster risk reduction (DRR) 225226; disconnection from causes of vulnerability 229; and existing agendas and ideologies 228; financing of 225; perverse outcomes from development 225; postdevelopment perspectives 229231; rebadging of existing initiatives 227228; equality gap 3637; financial crisis 2007 120123; health risks in urban centers 6869; as human security issue, literature on 3537; and migration 3739; as security issue 3435; and violent conflict 39; vulnerability to in urban centers 6972, 72

climate conflict: Africa 5152; Center for a New American Security (CNAS) 50; Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) 50; environmental conflict model 48; environmental refugees 4849; militarization of humanitarian aid 47, 5152; narratives of 4750; ungoverned spaces 51; violent conflict in Africa 4950; see also adaptation

clumsy solutions: cultural theory: Brent Spar 427; egalitarian actors 425, 426, 429; fatalism 425, 426, 429; hierarchies 424426, 425, 428; individual actors 425, 428, 429; organizing, four ways of 424427, 425; use of 427428; development 429431; and elegant failures 435; to human security 428429; Kathmandu 429431; long-term perspectives 436439, 437, 438; North Atlantic Islands: Faroe Islands 439440, 445; Greenland 442447; Iceland 441442, 445; inevitability of outcomes 445447; lessons learned 445; Norse settlement of 439; outcomes of settlement of 439445; sustainable development 428; traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) 437438

coastal zones: divergent interests of citizens 150151; hard shoreline protection, problems with 148149; institutional/policy conflicts 151152; Integrated Coastal Zone-Management (ICZM) 147148; integration, lack of in managing 152; private property-defenders 151; safety v. scenery 150; sea level rise in low-level 62; towards ICZM in Coastby 148149; vulnerability of 173174; waterfront planning 150; see also fisheries in Northern Norway

community, sense of 341342

complacency 316, 321, 323

conflict, violent: and climate change 39; and urbanization 5860

consent to sacrifice 88

consultation, IDPs and disasters 160161

critical realism 309

cultural change and fossil fuels 397398

cultural systems 266267

cultural theory: Brent Spar 427; egalitarian actors 425, 426, 429; fatalism 425, 426, 429; hierarchies 424426, 425, 428; individualists 425, 426, 429; organizing, four ways of 424427, 425; sustainable development 428; use of 427428

de-growth movement 209

defeatism 316, 321

democracy 52, 85, 87, 89, 192, 259, 329, 403

demographic systems 265

density of urban centers 6869

design perspectives on sustainable cities 381

development: aid as payment for services 220; archetypical patterns of vulnerability 9293, 96101; business-as-usual approaches 227228; child mortality, prospects for 9395, 94, 95; clumsy solutions 429431; compared to human security 91; de-growth movement 209; discourse on since 1950 217; ethics of 194; future for 198199; Global Integrated Sustainability Model (GISMO) 92; and globalization 192; impact on the environment 204; links with sustainable adaptation 363365; methodology for research 9193; Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 218; new style of 191192, 193194; perverse outcomes from 225; postdevelopment perspectives on climate change adaptation 229231; problematizing 207210; role of actors in climate change adaptation 225227; small-holder farmers in dryland areas 96101, 97, 98; states’ role in 196197; strengthening human security 100101

disaster risk reduction (DRR) 225226; action agenda 269270; capacities 259260; generalized vulnerability 258; knowledge and skills 260262; links with adaptation to climate change 337338; new agendas, need for 267270; participation at local level 262263; policy agenda 268269; research agenda 267268; resources, access to 260; social capital and knowledge 260; social products, disasters as 257258; systems thinking 265267; Tanzania 263265; vulnerability 257259; see also Agüita de la Perdiz Sur, social capital in

disasters and internally displaced persons: consultation and participation 160161; definition of IDPs 158; discrimination 159160; evacuation and relocation 159160, 161162; humanisation 165166; Hurricane Katrina 159, 160, 162, 164165; regulatory developments 164165; and rights 157159; rights approach 163165; state/non-state actors 158; transformational responses 163; tsunami of 2004 160, 162, 163164; UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement 158, 161, 162

discourses: conceptual environments created by 234235; dominant, need to challenge 1215; on poverty and climate change: aid as payment for services 220; defining discourse 217; development since 1950 217; environment since 1970 218219; North/South relationship 216217, 220; resilience, transition and transformation frames 235; UK Climate Impact Programme (UKCIP): adaptation, problematization of 236241; discursive environment, importance of 235236; implication for human security 241244; importance of discourse analysis 235236; ontology and epistemology 238239; political rationale 240241; problematization, concept of 236

discrimination, IDPs and disasters 159160

disempowerment, roots of 284285

dominant poverty knowledge: alternative perspectives to 210211; characteristics of 205207; as economistic 205206; explained 203205; growth, impact on the environment 204; link with prosperity 204; responsibility of individuals 206; spatially static, poverty as 207; technical matter, poverty as 206

double exposure framework 117, 118123, 119

dryland areas, small-holder farmers in 96101, 97, 98

dynamic conservatism 195196

Ecological Footprint model 327

economic systems 266

egalitarian actors in cultural theory 425, 426, 429

Eilenburg 249255

emergency management: origins of 181182; wildfires: commercial interests 187; environmental impact of war on 186187; media framing as threatening 185186; militarization of language 185; reasons for increase in 182183; safety or security 187188; securitizing 185187, 187188; as security issue 183185; urban settlements, growth of 182183

empowerment: as change process 280281; for the common good 288290; definition compared to human security 279, 282, 283; development and use of concept 280; disempowerment, roots of 284285; double-edged normative character of 288; human rights 280; indigenous people in Bolivia 296301, 298, 299, 300; individual and collective, need for 1517; initial stage of 289; internal and external 286288; mixed results in the water sector 295; and participation 287288; power as at the core of 281282; and strategic life choices 282, 284

environmental conflict model 48

environmental refugees 4849

equality gap: and climate change 3637; health risks in urban centers 69; internally displaced persons (IDPs) and disasters 159160; and modern value systems 5

erosion management: citizen-engagement in 151; divergent interests of citizens 150151; hard shoreline protection, problems with 148149; institutional/ policy conflicts 151152; Integrated Coastal Zone-Management (ICZM) 147148; integration, lack of 152; private property-defenders 151; safety v. scenery 150; towards ICZM in Coastby 148149; waterfront planning 150

ethics: development 194; development and globalization 192; environmental change as challenge for 192195; and human security 197198; new development style 191192, 193194; profound change needed for sustainability 191192; public good, human security as 195197; responsibility 318319; states’ roles in development 196197

evacuation and relocation after disasters 159160, 161162

expert-systems, loss of knowledge due to 251253

fair-share perspectives on sustainable cities 381

fairness and responsibility 318

Faroe Islands 439440, 445

fatalism in cultural theory 425, 426, 429

financial crisis 2007: California’s Central Valley 120123; and climate change 120123; double exposure framework 117, 118123, 119; housing crisis in California 122

fire management: origins of 181182; wildfires: commercial interests 187; environmental impact of war on 186187; media framing as threatening 185186; militarization of language 185; reasons for increase in 182183; safety or security 187188; securitizing 185187, 187188; as security issue 183185; urban settlements, growth of 182183

fisheries: Northern Norway: aging fisher population 141; case study sites 137; climate changes 135; community, relevance of research to 137138; global market mechanisms 142; importance of 136, 137; knowledge of the environment 136; local climate elements 139141; local knowledge, inclusion in research 138139, 143144; ocean temperature 139140; outmigration 141; polar lows 140; regulation and management 136, 141142; social context 141142; storms and extreme weather 140; Uganda, management of in 131

food security 175, 268

footprint models 327

fossil fuels: behavioral change 399; cultural change 397398; empty world to full world 392393; integral approach 394399, 395, 397; peak oil 393394; psychological change 398399; system change 396, 397; transition initiative 397398; worldviews, change of 397398

Foucault, M. 84, 217

free market perspectives on sustainable cities 381

free press 85, 87, 89

Freire, P. 285, 286, 287, 289

Fukushima 8889

future: action, transformation of 455457; human-environmental integration 311312; knowledge, transformation of 453454; migration and climate change 38; policy, transformation of 454455; research agenda 267268; vision for 455; worst-case scenario 31

global environmental change: and cities 172176; and human insecurities, link between 5; humanity as active change agent 2830; threat and challenges of 1; vulnerability due to 99100

Global Environmental Change and Human Security (GECHS) project 21, 170171, 176, 203, 316

Global Environmental Outlook (GEO5) (UN) 30

Global Integrated Sustainability Model (GISMO) 92

globalization: California’s Central Valley 120123; double exposure framework 118123, 119; and environmental change 172173; housing crisis in California 122

Gore, Al 47, 52, 183

Great Transformation (Polanyi) 208

green agenda for sustainable cities 379380

Greenland 442447

growth: de-growth movement 209; impact on the environment 204

handprint imagery: limits of individual agency 329331; politics of 328329; social handprint 331332; as unchallenging systemic causes 329, 330; use of 327328

health risks in urban centers: ADAPTE project: cities, characteristics of 7273, 74; methodology 7172; research findings 73, 75, 7577, 76; spatial differences 77; air pollution 7577, 76; and climate change 6869; equality gap 69; form and density of urban centers 6869; informal settlements 69; integrated approaches, need for 71; population growth 68; smaller centers 68; socioeconomic factors 70, 78; temperature 75, 7577; vulnerability to climate change 6972, 72

hierarchies 424426, 425, 428

housing crisis in California 122

human-environmental integration: application of 308; International Human Dimensions Programme (IHDP) 305, 308309; obstacles to 305306; power of GEC as phenomenon in 310311; progress towards 305; reinterpretation of GEC 307308; research agenda 311312; separability 306307; social science interventions 306, 308310

human rights: disasters and internally displaced persons 157159, 163165; empowerment 280

human security: adaptation, approach to 36; in a changing world 352353; and choice in making, building and using 32; climate change as issue of, literature on 3537; concept of 34; context for 46; defined 12; initial formulation 3132; objective/ subjective aspects 4; use of concept 3536; see also insecurity, human

humanity as active change agent 2830

Hurricane Katrina 3031, 159, 160, 162, 164165

Iceland 441442, 445

indigenous knowledge and culture, see local/national levels

individual agency, limits of 329331

individualists in cultural theory 425, 426, 429

industrialised countries, responsibility of 318

informal settlements 69

inherent urban vulnerability 70

insecurity, human 2, 4, 6, 9 35, 39, 63, 285, 457

institutionalisation of vulnerable conditions: action theory 249; cause and effect as ineffective 248; consequences of 250251; expert-systems, loss of knowledge due to 251253; framework 253255, 254; loss of knowledge due to 251; process of 249; rules of, objectivity of 249; surprise at 2002 floods 249250; and transformation 255

integral theory and fossil fuels 394399, 395, 397

Integrated Coastal Zone-Management (ICZM): adoption of 148; defined 147148; factors influencing success of 150152; towards ICZM in Coastby 148149

Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) 295, 297, 301

internally displaced persons (IDPs) and disasters: consultation and participation 160161; definition of IDPs 158; discrimination 159160; evacuation and relocation 159160, 161162; humanisation 165166; Hurricane Katrina 159, 160, 162, 164165; regulatory developments 164165; rights approach 157159, 163165; state/non-state actors 158; transformational responses 163; tsunami of 2004 160, 162, 163164; UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement 158, 161, 162

International Human Dimensions Programme (IHDP) 212, 171, 305312

Japan: Fukushima 8889; Minamata disease 8688

Kaldor, M. 85, 87

Kathmandu, clumsy solutions in 429431

Katrina, Hurricane 3031, 159, 160, 162, 164165

Kenya, dryland areas in 369

knowledge: blind spots in 453454; for challenges of urbanization 375376; disaster risk reduction (DRR) 260262; expert-systems, loss of due to 251253; integration with action 1719; local, benefits of in disasters 343344; new, and social network theory 350; sharing in social network in Bangladesh 357; subjective dimensions of changes 454; surprise as uncovering limits of 250; transformation of 453454; and uncertainty 84

language 266267

Latin America, see ADAPTE project

leadership: during disasters 342343; new type of 456457

levels in integral theory 395396

life choices and empowerment 282, 284

livelihood diversification 128129

local/national levels: action informed by local communities 332; adaptation at local level 126127, 128, 128129; adaptation at national level 127, 129131; internally displaced persons (IDPs) and disasters 160161; knowledge and disaster risk reduction (DRR) 260262; knowledge/participation and sustainable adaptation 369; local/ global feedback 369370; local input to national policy 129130; local knowledge, benefits of in disasters 343344; local knowledge, inclusion in research 138139, 143144; methodology for research 128; National Adaptation Programs of Action (NAPAs) 127, 129131; participation in disaster risk reduction (DRR) 262263; postdevelopment perspectives on climate change adaptation 230231; Tanzania, disaster risk reduction (DRR) in 263265; vulnerabilities 368; water management 130; see also empowerment; fisheries in Northern Norway

long-term perspectives 436439, 437, 438

Lovelock, James 31

Maldives 418

Mead, Margaret 195

Meadows, D.H. 1718

Mexico City 7273, 74, 7577, 76

migration: as adaptation strategy 413, 418419; and climate change 3739; decision to migrate 413, 416417, 418; discourse on adaptation 419420; environmental refugees 4849; legal definition of environmental migrant 420; outmigration from fisheries in Northern Norway 141; projected climate change impacts 414, 415, 416; sense of place 413; uncertainty about flows of 420

militarization: of humanitarian aid 47, 5152; wildfires 185187

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 174, 218

Minamata disease 8688

mitigation: adaptation 322; adaptation instead of 197; costs 323; current debates 36; discourses 364; feasible 316; impediments to 321; negative impacts of 212; safe levels 306; urban centers 68; urban-rural linkages 173

mortality: air pollution in urban centers 7577, 76; child, prospects for 9395, 94, 95; temperature in urban centers 75, 7577

multidisciplinary approach, need for 454

Myers, Norman 4849

narratives: circular 204; generalized 267 the evolution of security 8; on risk and vulnerability 15; security and conflict 4750; urban vulnerability 67;

National Adaptation Programs of Action (NAPAs) 127131, 264265

National Climate Change Strategy (NCCS), South Africa 130

national/local levels: adaptation at local levels 126127, 128, 128129; adaptation at national levels 127, 129131; conflicts 131; local/global feedback 369370; local input to national policy 129130; local knowledge, inclusion in research 138139; methodology for research 128; National Adaptation Programs of Action (NAPAs) 127, 129131; structural constraints 131; water management 130; see also fisheries in Northern Norway

national security: Africa 5152; Center for a New American Security (CNAS) 50; Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) 50; Center on Climate Change and National Security (US) 47; climate conflict narratives 4750; environmental conflict model 48; environmental refugees 4849; militarization of humanitarian aid 47, 5152; Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR) ( US) 47; and resilience 111112; ungoverned spaces 51; violent conflict in Africa 4950

needs, basic human 174175

North Atlantic Islands, Norse settlements of: beginnings 439; Faroe Islands 439440, 445; Greenland 442478; Iceland 441442, 445; inevitability of outcomes 445447; long-term perspectives 436439, 437, 438; outcomes of 439445

North/South relationship 216217, 219, 220, 221

Northern Norway, see Norway, fisheries in

Norway, fisheries in: aging fisher population 141; case study sites 137; climate changes 135; community, relevance of research to 137138; global market mechanisms 142; importance of 136, 137; knowledge of the environment 136; local climate elements 139141; local knowledge, inclusion in research 138139, 143144; ocean temperature 139140; outmigration 141; polar lows 140; regulation and management 136, 141142; social context 141142; storms and extreme weather 140

ocean temperature and fisheries in Northern Norway 139140

oil, peak 393394; see also fossil fuels

organizing, four ways of 424427, 425

Ostrom, Elinor 110

paradigms 2, 6, 9, 1214, 18, 228230, 306307, 309, 366, 453

participation: disaster risk reduction 342343; and empowerment 287288; formal, improving 343; internally displaced persons (IDPs) and disasters 160161; leadership during disasters 342343; relationship-building with public organisations 343; see also empowerment

past, study of 436439, 437, 438

peak oil 393394; see also fossil fuels

perspectives: different, need for 1012; long-term 436439, 437, 438

place attachment 341342

Polanyi, Karl 208

polar lows 140

policy, transformation of 454455

policy agenda 268269

policy sciences as problem-oriented approach: application 404; as broader approach 402; and complexity 403404; contextuality 404; diversity of methods 404; and pragmatism 403; problem orientation 404; tourism sector at Alpine Shire, Australia 404410, 406, 407, 409; values as underpinning interests 402403

political systems 267

population growth: Asia and Africa 68; and political violence 5860; problems due to 5657; scale of 68; and social disorder 6061, 61; and vulnerability 100; see also urbanization

postdevelopment perspectives on climate change adaptation 229231

poverty: alternative perspectives on 210211; dominant poverty knowledge 203205; characteristics of 205207; as economistic 205206; growth, impact on the environment 204; link with prosperity 204; responsibility of individuals 206; as spatially static 207; technical matter, poverty as 206; and growth 207210; problematizing development 207210; REDD+ 220221

power: 5, 15, 49, 88, 113, 160, 195198, 205, 209211, 217, 219, 225, 235, 242, 261, 267, 280282, 284291, 294296, 302, 305312, 322, 327, 331, 352, 353, 365369, 442, 444, 447, 453456

pragmatism 403

Pressure and Release (PAR) model 253

problem-oriented approach, policy sciences as: application 404; as broader approach 402; and complexity 403404; contextuality 404; diversity of methods 404; and pragmatism 403; problem orientation 404; tourism sector at Alpine Shire, Australia 404410, 406, 407, 409; values as underpinning interests 402403

problematization, concept of 236

psychological change and fossil fuels 398399

public good, human security as 195197

quadrants in integral theory 394395, 395

Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR) (US) 47

REDD+ and poverty reduction 220221

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (REDD+), see REDD+ and poverty reduction

reflexive legal rationality 161

resettlement after disasters 159160, 161162

resilience: and adaptation 108109; and change 113114; definition and origin 107; and environmental change 108111, 109; and human security 112113; individuals and their agency 112113; and national security 111112; policy prescriptions on 109; and research on human security 113114; and security 111113; social ecological systems 108, 109; stability/dynamics 112; sustainable cities 386; tipping points 113114; transformative capacity of 114; use of concept 107108

resources, access to 260

responsibility: addressing negative attitudes 323324; all or nothing attitude 321; barriers to action 320; capacity to act 319; complacency 316, 321322; defeatism 316, 321; fairness 318; industrialised countries 318; and other urgent issues 319320; as part of human security 316; prudential and ethical 317321; wait and see attitude 321322

rights: disasters and internally displaced persons 157159, 163165; empowerment 280

Rilke, R.M. 166

risk and systems thinking 265267

risk society theory 71

Rural Development: Putting the Last First (Chambers) 258

rural-to-urban migration 5657

Santiago 7273, 74, 7577

scale, importance of 384385

science: approaches to 482 change within 21; developmental 135136; earths system 7, 29, 32; ecological 136; nescience 84; policy 431432, 455; post-normal 10; power, 341, 422; resilience 107; risk society theory 71; social 16, 139, 220, 239, 295, 483, 333337; sustainability 293; of urbanization 18, 376, 411415; use of 215

sea level rise: and cities 59; coastal cities 62

security: in the Anthropocene era 2728; as climate change issue 3435; defined 4

self-reliant perspectives on sustainable cities 381

Sen, Amartya 85, 193, 194, 259

small-holder farmers in dryland areas 96101, 97, 98

social capital: Agüita de la Perdiz Sur: background 338; community, sense of 341342; as enabler and barrier in 341344; houses built on slopes 340; landslides in 339; local knowledge 343344; methodology 338; place attachment 341342; and knowledge 260

social change, links with sustainable adaptation 208, 238, 296, 301, 306, 364, 437

social disorder and urbanization 6061, 61

social ecological systems and resilience 108, 109

social handprint 331332

social network theory: actors in networks 349350; adaptive capacity 350; Bangladesh: attributes of effective brokers 355; changes in networks 355; floods as fact of life 351352; future climate impacts 350351; information and knowledge sharing 357; leaders 355357; methodology 351; networks in 352, 353, 354, 355, 356; Tartapara 351; wet and dry seasons 356; framework 348350; networks defined 349350; new knowledge development 350; weak ties 348, 349

social products, disasters as 257258

social science interventions 306, 308310

social vulnerability 3, 7, 77, 121, 150, 204, 250, 258

socio-cultural systems 266267

socioeconomic factors and health effects of hazards 70, 78

South Africa: adaptation at local level 128, 128129; conflict between local/ national levels 131; National Climate Change Strategy (NCCS) 130; structural constraints from institutions 131

Sri Lanka, tsunami of 2004 160

states, role in development 196197

stress bundles 173

sustainability: adaptation: development and social change links 363365; different values and interests 368369; Kenya, dryland areas in 369; local context and vulnerabilities 368; local/global feedback 369370; local knowledge and participation 369; normative vision for change 367370; transformative change process 365367; cities: brown agenda 380; design perspectives on 381; developed/developing countries

386; emergent phenomena 384; fair-share perspectives on 381; free market perspectives 381; global level 385; green agenda 379380; integrating perspectives 383386; models of 380382; perspectives on 379382; reconciling perspectives on 382383; resilience and vulnerability 386; scale, importance of 384385; self-reliant perspectives on 381; socio-economic variables 385; systems approach 383, 384; urban environmental transition 382383; urbanization science 384387; hierarchical myth of nature 428; profound change needed for 191192

sustainable adaptation: 127, 147, 150, 153, 344, 363371

systems approach 265267; fossil fuels 396, 397; sustainable cities 383

Tanzania: adaptation 127; adaptation at local level 128, 128129; conflict between local/national levels 131; demographic systems 265; disaster risk reduction (DRR) 263265; economic systems 266; food security 268; National Adaptation Programs of Action (NAPAs) 129; socio-cultural systems 266267; structural constraints from institutions 131; technological systems 266

technological systems 9, 266

temperature in urban centers 75, 7577

Thailand, tsunami of 2004 160

Toffler, Alvin 191

tourism sector at Alpine Shire, Australia 404410, 406, 407, 409

traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) 437438

transdisciplinary approach, need for 454

transformation: accelerating 27;action 455457; adaptation as 240; breakthrough conditions, need for 9; challenges to the idea of 255;p defined 1920; deliberate 366, 367, 370, 453; and institutionalisation of vulnerable conditions 255; internally displaced persons (IDPs) and disasters 163; knowledge 453454; policy 454455; resilience, capacity of for 114; social 208209, 211, 280, 307, 452; socioeconomic 208; success of 2; sustainable adaptation as change process 365; toward sustainability 6; types of 257, 286; of worldviews 9

transition initiative 397398

tsunami of 2004 83, 84, 109, 120, 157, 160165, 257, 259

Uganda: adaptation 127; adaptation at local level 128, 128129; fisheries management 131; National Adaptation Programs of Action (NAPAs) 129130; structural constraints from institutions 131

UK Climate Impact Programme (UKCIP): adaptation, problematization of 236241; discursive environment, importance of 235236; implication for human security 241244; importance of discourse analysis 235236; ontology and epistemology 238239; political rationale 240241; problematization, concept of 236

UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement 158, 161, 162

uncertainty: characteristics of 84; conflict resolution mechanisms 87; consent to sacrifice 88; democracy 85, 87, 89; free press 85, 87, 89; Fukushima 8889; and human security studies 8486; importance of perspective 83; and knowledge 84; Minamata disease 8688; processes, importance of 8586, 89; of threats 8384

ungoverned spaces 51

United Nations University Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS) 85

urban centers, see health risks in urban centers; urbanization

urban environmental transition 382383

urban life, vulnerabilities of 3031

urbanization: basic human needs 174175; challenges for human security 375; climate change implications 175176; development, link to 58; future research 176177; global environmental change 172176; Global Environmental Change and Human Security (GECHS) Science Plan 170171, 176; growth in 56, 375; inequity and injustice, cities as centers of 380; knowledge to meet for challenges 375376; and political violence 5860; problems due to 5657; research challenges 6364; research into human security 171172; and social disorder 6061, 61; sustainable: brown agenda 380; design perspectives on 381; developed/developing countries 386; emergent phenomena 384; free market perspectives 381; global level 385; green agenda 379380; integrating perspectives 383386; models of 380382; perspectives on 379382; reconciling perspectives on 382383; resilience and vulnerability 386; scale, importance of 384385; self-reliant perspectives on 381; socio-economic variables 385; systems approach 383, 384; urban environmental transition 382383; urbanization science 384387; trends and projections 5758, 376377, 377, 378; Urbanization and Global Environmental Change (UGEC) project 171, 176; vulnerability, addressing 62; wildfires 182183; see also health risks in urban centers

Urbanization and Global Environmental Change (UGEC) project 171, 176

values 27, 11, 1415, 17, 18, 20, 3537, 40, 88, 91, 119, 121, 149153, 161, 173, 192, 212, 238239, 245, 259260, 281, 285, 289, 290, 295, 306, 316, 323324, 330331, 364366, 368371, 387, 398400, 403410, 413, 452, 454455

variables, fast and slow controlling 113

Vietnam 419

violent conflict: Africa 4950; and climate change 39; and urbanization 5860

vision for the future 455

vulnerability: action theory 249; archetypical patterns of 9293, 96101; cause and effect analysis as ineffective 248; of cities, addressing 62; coastal zones 173174; consequences of institutionalisation 250251; disaster risk 257259; due to global environmental change 99100; expert-systems, loss of knowledge due to 251253; framework for institutionalisation 253255, 254; frameworks 118, 235; generalized vulnerability 258; as impact 70; inherent urban vulnerability 70; and local context 368; loss of knowledge due to institutionalisation 251; and population growth 100; process of institutionalisation 249; rules of institutionalisation, objectivity of 249; small-holder farmers in dryland areas 96101, 97, 98; social vulnerability 258; surprise at 2002 floods 249250; sustainable cities 386; systems thinking 265267; of urban life 3031; see also health risks in urban centers

wait and see attitude 321322

water: empowerment, results of in the sector 295; empowerment of indigenous people in Bolivia 296301, 298, 299, 300; Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) 294, 297; scarcity 100, 121, 175, 294, 296

weak ties 348, 349

White, G. 257, 258

Wilber, Ken 393394, 400

wildfires: commercial interests 187; environmental impact of war on 186187; media framing as threatening 185186; militarization of language 185; origins of fire and emergency management 181182; reasons for increase in 182183; safety or security 187188; securitizing 185187, 187188; and security 181183; as security issue 183185; urban settlements, growth of 182183

worldviews 2, 4, 5, 9, 13, 18, 113, 211, 392, 397400, 402, 410, 454

Young, Iris 331

youth 56, 53, 198, 456

..................Content has been hidden....................

You can't read the all page of ebook, please click here login for view all page.
Reset
3.15.4.251