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Part II: LAN Switching Technologies
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Part II: LAN Switching Technologies
by Scott Empson
CCNA Routing and Switching Portable Command Guide
About This E-Book
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents at a Glance
Contents
About the Author
About the Technical Reviewer
Dedications
Acknowledgments
Reader Services
Command Syntax Conventions
Introduction
Networking Devices Used in the Preparation of This Book
Private Addressing Used in This Book
Who Should Read This Book
Optional Sections
Organization of This Book
Did I Miss Anything?
Part I: Network Fundamentals
Chapter 1. How to Subnet
Class A–E Addresses
Converting Between Decimal Numbers and Binary
Subnetting a Class C Network Using Binary
Subnetting a Class B Network Using Binary
Binary ANDing
So Why AND?
Shortcuts in Binary ANDing
The Enhanced Bob Maneuver for Subnetting (or How to Subnet Anything in Under a Minute)
Chapter 2. VLSM
IP Subnet Zero
VLSM Example
Step 1: Determine How Many H Bits Will Be Needed to Satisfy the Largest Network
Step 2: Pick a Subnet for the Largest Network to Use
Step 3: Pick the Next Largest Network to Work With
Step 4: Pick the Third Largest Network to Work With
Step 5: Determine Network Numbers for Serial Links
Chapter 3. Route Summarization
Example for Understanding Route Summarization
Step 1: Summarize Winnipeg’s Routes
Step 2: Summarize Calgary’s Routes
Step 3: Summarize Edmonton’s Routes
Step 4: Summarize Vancouver’s Routes
Route Summarization and Route Flapping
Requirements for Route Summarization
Chapter 4. Cables and Connections
Connecting a Rollover Cable to Your Router or Switch
Using a USB Cable to Connect to Your Router or Switch
Terminal Settings
LAN Connections
Serial Cable Types
Which Cable to Use?
568A Versus 568B Cables
Chapter 5. The Command-Line Interface
Shortcuts for Entering Commands
Using the Key to Complete Commands
Console Error Messages
Using the Question Mark for Help
enable Command
exit Command
disable Command
logout Command
Setup Mode
Keyboard Help
History Commands
terminal Commands
show Commands
Using the Pipe Parameter (|) with the show Command
Part II: LAN Switching Technologies
Chapter 6. Configuring a Switch
Help Commands
Command Modes
Verifying Commands
Resetting Switch Configuration
Setting Host Names
Setting Passwords
Setting IP Addresses and Default Gateways
Setting Interface Descriptions
The mdix auto Command
Setting Duplex Operation
Setting Operation Speed
Managing the MAC Address Table
Configuration Example
Chapter 7. VLANs
Creating Static VLANs
Using VLAN Configuration Mode
Using VLAN Database Mode
Assigning Ports to VLANs
Using the range Command
Configuring a Voice VLAN
Configuring Voice and Data with Trust
Configuring Voice and Data Without Trust
Verifying VLAN Information
Saving VLAN Configurations
Erasing VLAN Configurations
Configuration Example: VLANs
2960 Switch
Chapter 8. VLAN Trunking Protocol and Inter-VLAN Communication
Dynamic Trunking Protocol (DTP)
Setting the VLAN Encapsulation Type
VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP)
Verifying VTP
Inter-VLAN Communication Using an External Router: Router-on-a-Stick
Inter-VLAN Communication on a Multilayer Switch Through a Switch Virtual Interface
Remove L2 Switchport Capability of an Interface on an L3 Switch
Configuring Inter-VLAN Communication on an L3 Switch
Inter-VLAN Communication Tips
Configuration Example: Inter-VLAN Communication
ISP Router
CORP Router
L2Switch2 (Catalyst 2960)
L3Switch1 (Catalyst 3560)
L2Switch1 (Catalyst 2960)
Chapter 9. Spanning Tree Protocol
Spanning Tree Protocol Definition
Enabling Spanning Tree Protocol
Configuring the Root Switch
Configuring a Secondary Root Switch
Configuring Port Priority
Configuring the Path Cost
Configuring the Switch Priority of a VLAN
Configuring STP Timers
Verifying STP
Cisco STP Toolkit
PortFast
BPDU Guard
Changing the Spanning-Tree Mode
Extended System ID
Enabling Rapid Spanning Tree
Troubleshooting Spanning Tree
Configuration Example: PVST+
Core Switch (3560)
Distribution 1 Switch (3560)
Distribution 2 Switch (3560)
Access 1 Switch (2960)
Access 2 Switch (2960)
Spanning-Tree Migration Example: PVST+ to Rapid-PVST+
Access 1 Switch (2960)
Access 2 Switch (2960)
Distribution 1 Switch (3560)
Distribution 2 Switch (3560)
Core Switch (3560)
Chapter 10. EtherChannel
EtherChannel
Interface Modes in EtherChannel
Guidelines for Configuring EtherChannel
Configuring Layer 2 EtherChannel
Configuring L3 EtherChannel
Verifying EtherChannel
Configuration Example: EtherChannel
DLSwitch (3560)
ALSwitch1 (2960)
ALSwitch2 (2960)
Part III: Routing Technologies: IPv4 and IPv6
Chapter 11. Configuring a Cisco Router
Router Modes
Entering Global Configuration Mode
Configuring a Router Name
Configuring Passwords
Password Encryption
Interface Names
Moving Between Interfaces
Configuring a Serial Interface
Configuring a Fast Ethernet Interface
Configuring a Gigabit Ethernet Interface
Assigning IPv6 Addresses to Interfaces
Creating a Message-of-the-Day Banner
Creating a Login Banner
Setting the Clock Time Zone
Mapping a Local Hostname to a Remote IP Address
The no ip domain-lookup Command
The logging synchronous Command
The exec-timeout Command
Saving Configurations
Erasing Configurations
show Commands
EXEC Commands in Configuration Mode: The do Command
Configuration Example: Basic Router Configuration
Boston Router
Chapter 12. Static Routing
Configuring an IPv4 Static Route on a Router
Static Routes and Recursive Lookups
The permanent Keyword (Optional)
Floating Static Routes and Administrative Distance (Optional)
Configuring an IPv4 Default Route on a Router
Verifying IPv4 Static Routes
Configuration Example: IPv4 Static Routes
Boston Router
Buffalo Router
Bangor Router
Static Routes in IPv6
Floating Static Routes in IPv6
Default Routes in IPv6
Verifying and Troubleshooting IPv6
Chapter 13. RIP Next Generation (RIPng)
Implementing RIP Next Generation
Verifying and Troubleshooting RIPng
Configuration Example: RIPng
Austin Router
Houston Router
Chapter 14. EIGRP and EIGRPv6
Configuring Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) for IPv4
Adjusting the EIGRP for IPv4 Metric Weights
Adjusting the EIGRPv6 Metric Weights
Configuring EIGRPv6 on an Interface
EIGRP Router ID
EIGRP Timers
EIGRP Auto-Summarization for IPv4
EIGRP Manual Summarization for IPv4
EIGRPv6 Summary Addresses
Passive EIGRP Interfaces
Equal-Cost Load Balancing: Maximum Paths
Unequal-Cost Load Balancing: Variance
Bandwidth Use
Verifying EIGRP and EIGRPv6
Troubleshooting EIGRP and EIGRPv6
Configuration Example: EIGRP
Austin Router
Houston Router
Configuration Example: EIGRPv6
R3 Router
R2 Router
R1 Router
Chapter 15. OSPFv2 and OSPFv3
OSPFv2 Versus OSPFv3
Configuring OSPF
Using Wildcard Masks with OSPF Areas
Configuring Multiarea OSPF
Multiarea OSPF Router Types
Loopback Interfaces
Router ID
DR/BDR Elections
Passive Interfaces
Modifying Cost Metrics
OSPF auto-cost reference-bandwidth
Timers
Propagating a Default Route
Route Summarization
Interarea Route Summarization
External Route Summarization
IPv6 and OSPFv3
Enabling OSPF for IPv6 on an Interface
Interarea OSPFv3 Route Summarization
Enabling an IPv4 Router ID for OSPFv3
Verifying OSPFv2 and OSPFv3 Configurations
Troubleshooting OSPFv2 and OSPFv3
Configuration Example: Single-Area OSPF
Austin Router
Houston Router
Galveston Router
Configuration Example: Multiarea OSPF
ASBR Router
ABR-1 Router
ABR-2 Router
Internal Router
Configuration Example: IPv6 and OSPFv3
R3 Router
R2 Router
R1 Router
R4 Router
Part IV: WAN Technologies
Chapter 16. Understanding Point-to-Point Protocols
Configuring High-Level Data Link Control Encapsulation on a Serial Line
Configuring Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) on a Serial Line (Mandatory Commands)
Configuring PPP on a Serial Line (Optional Commands): Compression
Configuring PPP on a Serial Line (Optional Commands): Link Quality Monitoring
Configuring PPP on a Serial Line (Optional Commands): Authentication
Verifying and Troubleshooting a Serial Link/PPP Encapsulation
Configuration Example: PPP with CHAP Authentication
Boston Router
Buffalo Router
Configuring Multilink Point-to-Point Protocol
Branch Router
HQ Router
Verifying and Troubleshooting MLPPP
Configuring a DSL Connection Using Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet
Step 1: Configure PPPoE (External Modem)
Step 2: Configure the Dialer Interface
Step 3: Define Interesting Traffic and Specify Default Routing
Step 4: Configure NAT (Choose 1 Method Only)
Step 4a: Configure NAT Using an ACL
Step 4b: Configure NAT Using a Route Map
Step 5: Configure DHCP Service
Step 6: Apply NAT Programming
Step 7: Verify a PPPoE Connection
Chapter 17. External Border Gateway Protocol (eBGP)
Configuring Border Gateway Protocol
BGP and Loopback Addresses
Configuration Example: eBGP
eBGP Multihop
Verifying BGP Connections
Troubleshooting BGP Connections
Chapter 18. Configuring Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) Tunnels
Configuring a GRE Tunnel
Branch Router
HQ Router
Verifying a GRE Tunnel
Chapter 19. Quality of Service (QoS)
High Availability for Voice and Video
Configuring Basic QoS
Verifying Basic QoS
Auto-QoS
Restrictions for Auto-QoS
Configuring Auto-QoS: 2960-X/3650/3750
Verifying Auto QoS: 2960-X/3650/3750
Configuring Auto-QoS: 6500
Verifying Auto-QoS Information: 6500
Part V: Infrastructure Services
Chapter 20. DHCP
Configuring a DHCP Server on an IOS Router
Using Cisco IP Phones with a DHCP Server
Verifying and Troubleshooting DHCP Configuration
Configuring a DHCP Helper Address
DHCP Client on a Cisco IOS Software Ethernet Interface
Configuration Example: DHCP
Edmonton Router
Gibbons Router
Chapter 21. First Hop Redundancy Protocols (FHRP): Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP)
First Hop Redundancy
HSRP
Configuring HSRP on a Router
Default HSRP Configuration Settings
Verifying HSRP
HSRP Optimization Options
Preempt
HSRP Message Timers
Interface Tracking
Debugging HSRP
Configuration Example: HSRP
Router 1
Router 2
Chapter 22. Network Address Translation (NAT)
Private IP Addresses: RFC 1918
Configuring Dynamic Network Address Translation: One Private to One Public Address Translation
Configuring PAT: Many Private to One Public Address Translation
Configuring Static NAT: One Private to One Permanent Public Address Translation
Verifying NAT and PAT Configurations
Troubleshooting NAT and PAT Configurations
Configuration Example: PAT
ISP Router
Company Router
Part VI: Infrastructure Security
Chapter 23. Switch Port Security
Setting Passwords on a Switch
Configuring Static MAC Addresses
Switch Port Security
Verifying Switch Port Security
Sticky MAC Addresses
Recovering Automatically from Error-Disabled Ports
Verifying Autorecovery of Error-Disabled Ports
Configuration Example
Chapter 24. Managing Traffic Using Access Control Lists (ACL)
Access List Numbers
Using Wildcard Masks
ACL Keywords
Creating Standard ACLs
Applying Standard ACLs to an Interface
Verifying ACLs
Removing ACLs
Creating Extended ACLs
Applying Extended ACLs to an Interface
The established Keyword
The log Keyword
Creating Named ACLs
Using Sequence Numbers in Named ACLs
Removing Specific Lines in Named ACLs Using Sequence Numbers
Sequence Number Tips
Including Comments About Entries in ACLs
Restricting Virtual Terminal Access
Tips for Configuring ACLs
IPv6 ACLs
Verifying IPv6 ACLs
Configuration Examples: IPv4 ACLs
Configuration Examples: IPv6 ACLs
Chapter 25. Device Hardening
Securing Cisco Device According to Recommended Practices
Securing Cisco IOS Routers Checklist
Components of a Router Security Policy
Configuring Passwords
Password Encryption
Configuring SSH
Verifying SSH
Restricting Virtual Terminal Access
Disabling Unneeded Services
Part VII: Infrastructure Management
Chapter 26. Backing Up and Restoring Cisco IOS Software and Configurations
Boot System Commands
The Cisco IOS File System
Viewing the Cisco IOS File System
Commonly Used URL Prefixes for Cisco Network Devices
Deciphering IOS Image Filenames
Backing Up Configurations to a TFTP Server
Restoring Configurations from a TFTP Server
Backing Up the Cisco IOS Software to a TFTP Server
Restoring/Upgrading the Cisco IOS Software from a TFTP Server
Restoring the Cisco IOS Software from ROM Monitor Mode Using Xmodem
Restoring the Cisco IOS Software Using the ROM Monitor Environmental Variables and tftpdnld Command
Secure Copy
Configuring a Secure Copy Server
Verifying and Troubleshooting Secure Copy
Configuration Example: Using Secure Copy
Chapter 27. Password Recovery Procedures and the Configuration Register
The Configuration Register
A Visual Representation of the Configuration Register
What the Bits Mean
The Boot Field
Console Terminal Baud Rate Settings
Changing the Console Line Speed: CLI
Changing the Console Line Speed: ROM Monitor Mode
Password-Recovery Procedures for Cisco Routers
Password Recovery for 2960 Series Switches
Chapter 28. Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) and Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP)
Cisco Discovery Protocol
Configuring CDP
Verifying and Troubleshooting CDP
CDP Design Tips
Link Layer Discovery Protocol (802.1AB)
Configuring LLDP (802.1AB)
Verifying and Troubleshooting LLDP
Chapter 29. IOS Tools
Configuring a Device to Accept a Remote Telnet Connection
Using Telnet to Remotely Connect to Other Devices
Verifying Telnet
Internet Control Message Protocol Redirect Messages
The ping Command
Examples of Using the ping and the Extended ping Commands
The traceroute Command
Chapter 30. Device Monitoring
Device Monitoring
Simple Network Management Protocol
Configuring SNMP
Securing SNMPv1 or SNMPv2
Securing SNMPv3
Verifying SNMP
Configuration Backups
Implementing Logging
Configuring Syslog
Syslog Message Format
Syslog Severity Levels
Syslog Message Example
Configuring NetFlow
Verifying NetFlow
Network Time Protocol
Network Time Protocol Configuration
Verifying NTP
Setting the Clock on a Router
Using Time Stamps
Chapter 31. Cisco IOS Licensing
Cisco Licensing Earlier Than IOS 15.0
Cisco Licensing for the ISR G2 Platforms: IOS 15.0 and Later
Verifying Licenses
Cisco License Manager
Cisco Smart Software Manager
Installing a Permanent License
Installing an Evaluation License
Backing Up a License
Uninstalling a License
Chapter 32. Basic Troubleshooting
Viewing the Routing Table
Clearing the Routing Table
Determining the Gateway of Last Resort
Determining the Last Routing Update
OSI Layer 3 Testing
OSI Layer 7 Testing
Interpreting the show interface Command
Clearing Interface Counters
Using CDP to Troubleshoot
The traceroute Command
The show controllers Command
debug Commands
Using Time Stamps
Operating System IP Verification Commands
The ip http server Command
The netstat Command
The arp Command
Part VIII: Appendixes
Appendix A. Binary/Hex/Decimal Conversion Chart
Appendix B. Create Your Own Journal Here
Index
Inside Front Cover
Inside Back Cover
What Do You Want to Do Today?
Code Snippets
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Chapter 5. The Command-Line Interface
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Chapter 6. Configuring a Switch
Part II: LAN Switching Technologies
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