Index
AAC (advanced audio coding) with MPEG-2, 519–25
AALs (ATM adaptation layers), 718–21
common part convergence sublayer (CPCS), 721
convergence sublayer (CS), 719
FEC, REED-Solomon, 720
headers, 720
and MPEG applications, 719
segmentation and reassembly (SAR) sublayer, 718–19
single-program transport streams (SPTS), 719
timing codes, embedded, 720
unstructured data transfer, 718
acoustic impedance, 203
anechoic chamber, 217
diffusers, 218
microphones, 212
reverberation, 218
temperature gradients and inversion, 215
see also Loudspeakers; Sound, physics of; Wave acoustics/wave theory
Adaptive Spectral Perceptual Entropy Coding (ASPEC), 507, 516
ADCs (analogue to digital convertors):
ADC clipping, 180
Nyquist rate PCM, 256
sigma DPCM, 259
see also DAC (digital-to-analogue convertors/conversion)
Adders:
ADSL (asymmetric digital subscriber line), 448, 674
Advanced audio coding (AAC) with MPEG-2, 519–25
AES/EBU interface, transmission techniques, 662–8
equalization characteristics, recommended, 663–4
eye pattern specification, 663–4
standard configuration, 663
AGC (automatic gain control) system, 537, 604
aliasing/anti-aliasing filters, 138–9
spatial aliasing, 324
Alphanumeric characters,
representation of, 10
Alternate mark inversion (AMI)
ALU (arithmetic logic unit), 73
AMI (alternate mark inversion)
Analog colour television signals, 353–6
Analogue to digital convertors see ADCs
Anamorphic lenses, 392
Anechoic chamber, 217
Anti-aliasing function and oversampling, 263
Anti-image filter, 138
aperture ratio, 143
resampling, 145
zero-order-hold (ZOH) system, 143–4
Application independence, 715
ASCII (American standard code for
information interchange), 9
ASI (asynchronous serial interface), 662
ASPEC (Adaptive Spectral Perceptual
anamorphic lenses for cameras, 392
conversion 4:3 to 16:9 ratios, 393–4
conversion 16:9 to 4:3 ratios, 392–3
Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), 674
Asynchronous networks, 91
Asynchronous transfer mode see
AALs (ATM adaptation layers); ATM
ATLANTIC encoder/research project, 491
ATM (asynchronous transfer mode), 87, 90–1, 657, 715–18
addressing structure, 718
application independence, 715
cell routing mechanism, 716
virtual channels/links, 717
see also AALs (ATM adaptation layers)
block diagram, 701
data segment sync, 702
and error correction in digital television, 689, 696
inner precoder, 706
and NTSC transmitters, 705
randomizer, 701
Attentional selectivity (cocktail party effect), 224
ASPEC (Adaptive Spectral
Perceptual Entropy Coding), 507, 516
DCT (discrete frequency transform), 501
DFT (discrete frequency transform), 501
listening tests, 495
MDCT (modified discrete frequency transform), 501, 516, 521
MPEG Audio coding layers I, II and III, 507
MUSICAM (Masking pattern
adapted Universal Sub-band
Integrated Coding), 507
near instantaneous companding, 498
noise masking ratio (NMR), 495–6
and PCM codes, 494
quadrature mirror filter (QMF), 502–6, 516
sound quality measurement, 494–6
window functions, 500
see also Dolby AC-3 transform coders
Audio, digital and sound aspects see
Digital audio; Sound, physics of;
Sound radiation mechanism
peak program meter (PPM), 180–1
Volume Unit (VU) meter, 180
Audio systems, impedance matching, 177–8
Auditory canal/meatus, 183
Automatic gain control (AGC) system, 537, 604
Azimuth recording and rotary heads, 541–2
B-ISDN (broadband ISDN), 673, 715–17
Back channels, 655
Bandwidth:
and picture definition, 338–40
Bartlett window, 104
Baseline wander, 546
Bel, 177
see also deciBel (dB)
Bell, Alexander Graham, 668
BER (bit error rate), 21–2, 24, 25, 567–8, 573
Bi-phase mark/FM/Manchester code, 554–5, 605
Bidirectional coding/coders, 458–61, 470–3, 474, 678
ADCs (analogue to digital convertors), 44, 47
adders:
for broadcast luminance signals, 45
for colour difference signals, 45–6
counters, 44
electrical representation, 4
hexadecimal notation, 8
LSB (least significant bit), 6, 42–4
modulo arithmetic, 44
MSB (most significant bit), 6, 42–4, 47–52, 58
octal notation, 8
offset binary streams, 46
overflow, 44
radix points, 7
two's complement system, 46–50
underflow, 44
wraparound, 44
see also Floating-point coding
Birefringence effect, 279
Bit error rate (BER), 21–2, 24, 25, 567–8, 573
Bit interleave, 591
Bit rate reduction see Compression
Bit(s):
definition, 6
see also Binary coding/system
Black body concept, 275
Black crushing, CRTs, 398
Block matching, motion-estimation, 377
Blumlein pair stereo microphones, 250
Bootstrap programs, 70
Brillouin zones, 325
Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN), 673, 715–17
Broadcast luminance signals, binary
coding for, 45
channel coding, 687
multi-level Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QUAM), 689–91
and OFDM, 692–6
phase-shift keying (PSK), 687–8
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), 687–8
Broadcasting, digital television see
Television broadcasting, digital
automatic equalization, 659–60
constant impedance, 531
see also Transmission lines
Camera shake compensation, 386–8
Candela, 282
Cassettes, digital video, 637–40
Cathode ray tubes (CRTs), colour, 401–2
dynamic convergence, 402
static convergence, 402
see also Colour television;
Micromirror projectors; Plasma
displays
Cathode ray tubes (CRTs),
anode, 397–8
black crushing, 398
brightness and contrast control, 398
EHT voltage, 398
gamma characteristics, 398
getters, 396
main components, 397
PLUGE (Picture Line-Up
GEnerator), 398–400
pulse cross monitor, 401
Cathode ray tubes (CRTs), projection, 403
keystoning, 403
CD (Compact Disc):
characteristics, 601
integrated circuits with, 15
sampling rates, 256
see also Optical disk
principles/technology
Central processing unit (CPU), 15, 72–3
CFF (critical flicker frequency), 290–1
Channel coding, 30–1, 551–3, 687
density ratio, 552
see also Codes, coding and decoding
Characteristic impedance of
Chips (integrated circuits), 15
chromaticity diagram, 307–13, 314–16
CMYK (cyan, magenta, yellow and black) colours, 13
Cocktail party effect, 224
Codecs, and compression, 441
Codes, coding and decoding:
coding gain (compression), 438
crossinterleaving, 594
cyclic (redundancy) codes, 575–80
equalization techniques, 563–4
and error propagation, 575
FM/Manchester/bi-phase mark
group code recording (GCR), 556–7
jitter, 551
modified frequency modulation
Non-Return to Zero (NRZ), 553
pattern sensitivity, 559
run-length-limited (RLL) codes, 558
see also Binary coding/system;
Channel coding; Compression;
Error detection/correction/
concealment; Floating-point
coding; JPEG; MPEG; PCM
(pulse code modulation); Reed-
Solomon (R-S) codes
Coincident pair stereo microphones, 250
additive colour matching, 305
CIE chromaticity diagram, 307–13, 314–16
CIE colour matching functions, 306
colour bleed, 485
colour matching functions, 314–16
colour mixture curves, 307
eye rods and cones functions, 303
eye/HVS compensation ability, 302–4
eye's peak photopic response, 313
Grassman's Law, 304
hue, 312
Maxwell's triangle, 303–4, 307
NTSC primary colours, 317
PAL primary colours, 317
representation problems, 300–1
saturation, 313
spectral power distributions (SPDs), 274–5, 276–7, 302–4
subtractive colour matching, 305
trichromatic coefficients, 311
tristimulus values/units, 283, 307, 316–18
white and the chromaticity
Colour difference signals, binary
analog/digital timing relationships, 363
colour difference
component vectorscope, 350
composite video signals, 353, 355
demodulation of composite signals, 355
primary colours, 317
quadrature modulation, 354, 355
test colour bar signals, 349–50
see also Cathode ray tubes (CRTs),
colour; Colour; Digital colour
signals; Micromirror projectors;
Plasma displays
Comb filtering, for hearing directivity, 225–6
Commercial television:
and convergent technology, 33–5
and programmable video recorders (PVRs), 34–5
Common part convergence sublayer (CPCS), 721
Communication systems:
ATM (asynchronous transfer mode), 657
back channels, 655
computer industry networks, 655
layer concept, 656–8
SANs (storage area networks), 655
TCP (transmission control protocol), 657
see also AES/EBU; ASI; MPEG; SDI; SDTI
Compact Disc see CD
Companding/companders:
near instantaneous companding, 498
Component vectorscope, 350
Composite/non-composite video
Compression:
analog compression schemes, 440
asymmetrical, 438
benefits of, 437
bidirectional coding/coders, 458–461, 470–4, 474
and codecs, 441
coder complexity, 442
coding gain, 438
compression factor, 438
DVD (digital video (versatile) disk), 447
elementary streams, 32
and entropy, 441
expanders, 438
format types summary, 506
Huffman code, 443, 444, 446–9, 499, 525
I and P (intra and predictive)
coding, 457–8
interlace as compression, 439–40
Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) lossless
lossless and lossy coding, 439, 443–4
with PCM (pulse code modulation), 440–1
profiles, levels and layers, 448–50
program streams, 32
redundancy, 441
slices, 474
spatial compression, 462–6
standards see JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
compression standards; MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group)
standards/coders/decoders
statistical multiplexing, 443
subjectively lossless systems, 442
transport stream, 32
see also Audio compression;
Companding/companders;
Dolby AC-3 transform coders;
JPEG; MPEG
Computer industry, networks for, 655
Computer and television formats see
Television and computer formats,
conversion between
Computers for convergent systems, 69–72
bootstrap programs, 70
firmware, 70
operating systems, 70
rendering, 70
ROM and RAM, 72
software verification, 71
see also CPU (central processing unit)
Concatenation:
naive concatenation, 488
and synchronization, 566
with compression, 33
Conditional branching, 69
Cone of confusion, hearing, 224–5
failure of, 352
Convergence sublayer (CS), 719
Convergent systems:
related services and products, 1–2
Conversion, principles of, 9–14
Conversion between formats see
Television and computer formats,
conversion between
Convertors see ADCs (analogue to digital convertors); DAC (digitalto-analogue convertors/conversion); Flash convertors
Convolution interleave, 592–4 and crossinterleaving, 594
Convolution randomizing, with SDI, 559, 659
Correction of errors see Error detection/correction/concealment
Counters, binary coding, 44
CPCS (common part convergence sublayer), 721
CPU (central processing unit), 15, 72–3
kernel set, 77
programmable timers, 76
stack/stack pointer, 74
virtual addresses, 76
see also Computers for convergent systems
CRC (cyclic redundancy codes), 580
Critical bandwidth, HAS, 188–9, 192
Critical flicker frequency (CFF), 290–1
Crossed pair stereo microphones, 250
Crossinterleaving, 594
Crossover networks, loudspeaker, 411, 431–2
CRTs see Cathode ray tubes (CRTs), colour; Cathode ray tubes (CRTs), monochrome; Cathode ray tubes (CRTs), projection; Plasma displays
CS (convergence sublayer), 719
Cycles-per-picture width (cpw), 135
cyclic redundancy codes (CRC), 580
DAC (digital-to-analogue
see also ADCs (analogue to digital convertors)
Data channels:
baseline wander, 546
eye patterns, 548
peak detectors, 546
peak shift distortion, 545
phase-locked loops (PLL), 550–1
slicing and jitter rejection, 546–51
voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs), 550–1, 681–2
see also Codes, coding and decoding
Data reduction see Compression
Data segment sync, ATSC system, 702
Datacines, 367
dB(A), 179
dB(SPL), 179
dB(W), 176
DCT see Discrete cosine transform
De-interlacing, with motion compensation, 389–90
see also dB(A); dB(m); dB(SPL); dB(u); dB(W)
Definition and bandwidth, 338–40
Density ratio (DR), channel code, 552
Deserialization, and synchronizing, 565–7
DFT see Discrete Fourier transform; Discrete frequency transform
Diffusers, acoustic, 218
anti-aliasing function, 263
digital audio mixing, 46
digital representation, 13
Nyquist frequency/sampling rate and PCM, 256
power spectral density (PSD), 265–6
pseudo-video audio recording, 255
white-noise-dithered quantizer, 265
Digital Betacam, coding for, 561, 565
Digital coding see Codes, coding and decoding
Digital colour signals, 356–63
analog relationships, 363
co-siting, 357
colour difference working, 357, 361
resolution, 360
sampling rates, 357
sync pattern, 362
Digital filtering, 159
Digital multiplexing, surround sound, 173
Digital signal processors see DSPs
Digital sound broadcasting, 172
Digital television broadcasting see ATSC; DVB; Television broadcasting, digital
Digital video effects (DVE) equipment, 387–8
Digital video tape recorder see DVTR
Digital video (versatile) disk see DVD
Digital-to-analogue
convertors/conversion (DAC), 165–7
see also ADCs (analogue to digital convertors)
Dim encoder, 491
Direct memory access (DMA), 613–15
Discrete cosine transform (DCT), 128–32
with audio compression, 501
and interlaced pictures, 475–80
and slices, 474
two-dimensional, 131
Discrete Fourier transform (DFT), 120–6
butterfly stage, 125–9
Discrete frequency transform (DFT), with audio compression, 501
Discrete multitone technique (DMT), 675
defect handling systems, 617
DMA (direct memory access), 613–15
interfaces, 613
Raid (redundant array of
SCSI bus/interface, 613
video data handling, 616
Disk drives/storage see CD (Compact Disc); Disk controllers; DVD (digital video (versatile) disk); Magnetic disks/disk drives; Magnetic recording heads; Magnetic recording principles and technology; Optical disk principles/technology; RAID (redundant array of inexpensive disks); Winchester disk technology
Display processors, 408
Distributed mode loudspeakers (DML), 418
subtractive dither, 156
DMA (direct memory access), 613–15
DML (distributed mode loudspeakers), 418–19
DMT (discrete multitone technique), 675
Dolby AC-3 transform coders, 525–7
MDCT (modified discrete cosine transform), 525
time-domain aliasing cancellation (TDAC), 525
Dolby Surround sound, 242, 245–7
Dolph window, 104
Domains:
DPCM (differential PCM), 257–9
DR (density ratio), channel code, 552
DSPs (digital signal processors), 81–6
advantages over CPUs, 81
for image processing, 84
interior structure, 83
purpose of, 14
for spatial interpolation (resizing), 83
DTMF (dual tone multi frequency) touch-tone dialling, 671
Dual-motion estimators, 470
Duality, and transforms, 117–20
DV (consumer format digital video tape) and DVCPRO (professional digital video tape), 644–53
block diagram of DVC signal system, 650
error correction strategy, 649–51
segmentation, 645
tape format and dimensions, 645–9
tape type, 644
DVCPRO, 653
tracking technique, 649
see also DVTR (digital video tape recorder)
OFDM, 692–6
PCR (program clock reference), 700
Program Association Tables (PAT) with, 700
pseudo-random sequence generator, 60
QUAM with, 699
and transforms, 96
transmitter, 697
DVD (digital video (versatile) disk), 629–33
chucking, 630
compression standards, 447
data path, 630
laser safety, 630
track following, 633
see also Optical disk principles/technology
DVE (digital video effects) equipment, 387–8
DVTR (digital video tape recorder), 633–7
Ampex DCT format, 634
DV format, 634
DVCPRO format, 634
picture in shuttle, 644
see also DV (consumer format digital video tape) and DVCPRO (professional digital video tape); Rotary head tape transport
Ear, the, 182–5
basilar membrane, 185
Eustachian tube, 184
frequency discrimination, 187–92
helicotrema, 184
incus, 183
malleus, 183
meatus/auditory canal, 183
nerve firings, 185
Reissner's membrane, 184
tympanic membrane, 183
see also Human auditory system
(HAS); Music and the ear
Electronic exchanges, 671
Electrostatic loudspeakers, 78
Elementary stream, MPEG-2 coder, 481–2
Embedded servos, 612
Encoders, dim encoder, 491
Entropy, and compression, 441
Equalization and data separation for
transmission lines and magnetic
Equivalent rectangular bandwidth (ERB), 190
Erasable optical disks, 601
Erasure, error correction by, 589–91
ERB (equivalent rectangular bandwidth), 190
Error detection/correction/
BER (bit error rate), 21–2, 567–8, 573
digital television broadcasting, 696–7
error propagation, 575
forward error correction schemes (FEC), 569, 720
magnetic recording, 23
optical recording, 23
read after write strategy, 26
redundancy strategy, 26, 28
retry strategy, 26
see also Codes, coding and decoding; Gaussian
distribution; Noise
Expanders, compression, 438
Exponents, floating-point coding, 55
Eye patterns, data channels, 548–9, 562
aqueous humour, 287
astigmatism, 287
critical flicker frequency (CFF), 290–1
dynamic resolution, 297
hypermetropia (long-sightedness), 287
luminous efficiency function, 288–9
MTF estimates for, 290
myopia (short-sightedness), 287
peak photopic response, 313
persistence of vision, 290
photopic vision, 288
presbyopia, 287
Pulfrich effect, 290
Purkinje effect, 288
visual accommodation, 287
vitreous humour, 287
see also Colour; Gamma; Human visual system (HVS)
Fades, 53
Failure of constant luminance, 352
Faraday effect, with optical disks, 544
Fast Fourier transform (FFT), 127–8
on MPEG Layer II, 514
FDM (frequency division multiplexing), 90
FEC (forward error-correcting scheme), 569, 720
FFT see Fast Fourier transform FIFO chip (silo), 62–7, 616
Figure-of-eight microphone, 231
Film projection and convergent systems, 320–3
colour accuracy/correction, 323
static and dynamic resolution, 322–3
strobing problems, 322
Film weave, compression problems with, 487
Filters/filtering, 97–100, 100–7
anti-aliasing filters, 139
anti-image filter, 138
Bartlett window, 104
convolution by, 100
Dolph window, 104
effects of, 94
Gibb's phenomenon, 102
Hann window, 104
IIR (infinite-impulse response filters), 100
Kaiser window, 104
phase-linear characteristics, 94–5
reconstruction filters, 138
sampling and quantizing, 102
FIR (finite-impulse response) filters see Filters/filtering
Firewire (IEEE 1394–1995), 713–15
bus management arbitration system, 714
in networks, 707
Firmware, 70
with audio oversampling, 260–1
Flash guns, MPEG-2 problems with, 487
Flash-point coding, 54
Flat panel distributed mode loudspeakers (DML), 418
Flicker:
computer screens, 370
Critical flicker frequency (CFF), 290–1
film projection problems, 320–1
and motion compensation, 375
double precision, 56
exponents, 55
flash-point coding, 54
limited precision, 56
mantissae, 55
FM/Manchester/bi-phase mark code, 554–5, 605
Forward error-correcting schemes (FEC), 569, 720
Fourier analysis/transforms, 117
see also Discrete Fourier transform (DFT); Fast Fourier transform (FFT)
Fractional ratio conversion, 114–16
Frequency division multiplexing (FDM), 90
Frequency domain:
FIR filters, 102
computer graphics standards problems, 296
definition, 293
gamma correction, 294
on LCD displays, 297
and near black and near white levels, 293–4
retention in digital domain, 294
and television/computer conversion, 371–3
Gaussian distribution, 17–18, 24, 164
GCR (group code recording), 556–7
Gibb's phenomenon, 102
Granules, on MPEG layer II, 514–15
Grassman's Law, 304
group code recording (GCR), 556–7
Group of pictures (GOP), 453–4,
Haas (precedence) effect, 222–3
Hann window, 104
Hard disk drives see CD (Compact Disc); Disk controllers; DVD (digital video (versatile) disk); Magnetic disks/disk drives; Magnetic recording heads; Magnetic recording principles and technology; Optical disk principles/technology; RAID (redundant array of inexpensive disks); Winchester disk technology
Harmonic distortion in audio equipment, 193
HAS see Human auditory system
HDTV (high definition TV), 450
Heads see Magnetic recording heads
Hearing, directional ability, 219–26
attentional selectivity (cocktail party effect), 224
inter-aural delay (IAD), 220–1, 223
low frequencies, 219
pinna, part played by, 225
precedence (Haas) effect, 222–3
see also Human auditory system (HAS); Sound level and loudness; Sound, physics of
Hearing, general see Ear; Human auditory system (HAS)
Heisenberg inequality, 120
Hexadecimal notation, 8
High definition TV (HDTV), 450
Hubs, 707
Hue, 312
Huffman code/coding, 443, 444, 466–9, 483, 499, 525
Human auditory system (HAS):
critical bandwidth, 188–9, 192
and the ear, 182
equivalent rectangular bandwidth (ERB), 190
finite time discrimination/
resolution, 190
frequency discrimination, 187–92
pitch discrimination, 188
and sound level and loudness, 186–7
see also Ear; Hearing, directional ability; Music and the ear
digital faders, 79
remote handsets, 78
Human visual system (HVS):
background strobing, 285–7, 300–1
and concept of reality, 286
optic eye axis, 298–300, 331–2
see also Colour; Eye; Gamma
I and P (intra and predictive) coding, 457–8, 471
IAD (inter-aural delay), 220–1, 223
IDN (integrated digital network), 672–3
IIR (infinite-impulse response) filters, 100
Image processing with DSPs, 84
Image rotation, MPEG-2 problems with, 487
Image stabilizing cameras, 386–8
Impedance matching, audio systems, 177–8
Impulse response testing, 94
Infinite-impulse response (IIR) filters, 100
Insertion loss, 179
Integrated circuits, 15
Integrated digital network (IDN), 672–3
Integrated services digital network (ISDN), 672–4
Intensity stereo, 244
Inter-aural delay (IAD), 220–1, 223
Interfaces:
production related, 658–9
see also AES/EBU; ASI; SCSI; SDI; SDTI
with computer-generated images, 345
with digital compression, 344–5
display processors with, 408–9
Yeltsin walk, 478
bit interleave, 591
Interpolation/interpolators, 10
see also Sampling-rate conversion
Interrupts, computer, 74–6, 85
Intersymbol interference, 561
Inverse square law for sound, 207
Inverse transforming, 464
ISDN (integrated services digital network), 672–4
ISO-JPEG see JPEG
ISO-MPEG see MPEG
Isochronous networks, 91
Jitter:
in data channels, 551
jitter margin, 553
jitter rejection, 548
JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) compression standards, 31–2, 451
Motion JPEG, 451
Judder:
avoidance with motion compensation, 382–3
Kaiser-Bessel derived (KBD) window, 104, 521
Kell factor, 339
Kernel set, 77
Kerr effect, with optical disks, 544
LAN (local area network), 706
scanning, 405
see also DVD (digital video (versatile) disk); Optical disk principles/technology
Layer concept, communication systems, 656–8
physical medium dependent layer, 656–7
protocol layer, 657
transmission convergence layer, 656–7
see also AALs (ATM adaptation layers); MPEG
LCD displays, gamma considerations, 297
Least significant bit (LSB), 6, 42, 150
Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) lossless codes, 443–4
black body concept, 275
blue scattering, 276
candela, 282
colour temperature concept, 276, 277
and the human visual system (HVS), 274–5
modulation transfer function (MTF), 283–5, 290
nit, 282
perceived contrast, 285
Planck's Constant, 277
refraction, 278
spatial frequency, 284
spectral power distributions (SPDs), 274–5, 276–7
surround effect, 285
tristimulus values/units, 283, 307, 316–18
see also Polarization of light
Listening tests, 495
Logarithms:
and the deciBel, 175
use of, 174–5
AND gates, 39, 40
negative/low true logic, 39
NOR gates, 39
OR gates, 39, 40
positive/high true logic, 39
XOR gates, 39
see also Storage elements
Lossless and lossy coding, 439, 443–4
Loudspeakers:
auxiliary bass radiators (ABRs), 429–30
bandpass enclosures, 430
beaming, 411
crossover networks, 411, 431–2
dispersion drive effects, 420
electrostatic, 417
flat panel distributed mode loudspeakers (DML), 418–19
infinite baffle concept, 428
low frequency reproduction, 428–31
phased arrays, 421
positioning considerations, 211–12
room/location considerations, 411–15
smear, 435
spatial illusion, 413
squawkers, 411
for stereo and surround sound, 434–5
stereo working, 212
surround sound systems, 418–19
transmission line speakers, 429–30
tweeters, 411
see also Moving coil loudspeakers
LSB (least significant bit), 6, 42, 150
M-S (Mid and Side) stereo, 253–5
Magnetic disk controllers see Disk
controllers Magnetic disks/disk drives, 602–6
attributes, 16
multiplatter arrangement, 602–4
terminology, 603
track seeking/following, 606–8
see also Winchester disk technology
Magnetic recording heads, 535–6, 603–4
HDA for Winchester technology, 610
intersymbol interference, 561
magneto-resistive (M-R) heads, 539
Magnetic recording principles and technology, 535–41
AGC (automatic gain control)
azimuth recording and rotary heads, 541–2
baseline wander, 546
comb filters effect, 539
equalization separation, 544–6
gated peak detection/detectors, 537–8
jitter rejection, 548
magneto-resistive (M-R) heads, 539–40
peak detection, 546
phase-locked loops (PLLs), 550–1
relative costs, 16
slicing and jitter rejection, 546–51
see also Magnetic tape; Winchester disk technology
Magnetic tape systems, read after write, 569
Magnetism, as a binary store, 6
Magneto-optical recording, 542–4
Manchester/FM/bi-phase mark code, 554, 605
Mantissae, floating-point coding, 55
Masking pattern adapted Universal Sub-band Integrated Coding (MUSICAM), 507
Masking threshold, MPEG Audio coding layer I, 510–12
Maxwell's triangle, 303–4, 307
MDCT (modified discrete cosine transform):
with audio compression, 501, 516–17, 521
with Dolby AC-3 transform coders, 525
Metadata, 187
MFM (modified frequency modulation)/Miller code, 555–6, 605
Microinstructions, 73
Micromirror projectors, 405–6
Microphones:
capacitor/condensor microphone, 239–40
directional characteristics, 229–35
electret microphone, 240, 241
end-fire configuration, 232
feedback/howl round, 231
figure-of-eight microphone, 231
moving iron/variable reluctance, 237
noise:
thermal, 235
unwanted pick up, 235
omnidirectional microphones, 230
phantom powering, 240, 241, 242
piezo-electric/crystal microphone, 237
pressure gradient (PG) microphone, 229–30
as pressure transducers, 204–5
pressure zone microphone (PZM), 229
sensitivity specifications, 235
shotgun microphone, 233
side-fire configuration, 233
telephone, 669
variable directivity microphones, 232, 240, 241
velocity microphone, 229
as velocity transducers, 204
Microphones for stereo and surround, 250–3
crossed cardioid configuration, 251
crossed pair, coincident pair,
Blumlein pair configuration, 250
five cardioid configuration, 252
M-S (Mid and Side) configuration, 254–5
and pan-pot audio, 250
tetrahedron configuration, 252–3
Microsequencers, 69
Mixes and fades, 53
Modified discrete frequency transform (MDCT), with audio compression, 501, 516–17, 521
Modified frequency modulation (MFM)/Miller code, 555–6, 605
Modulation see Broadcast modulation;
Delta modulation; MFM; MTF; PCM
Modulation transfer function (MTF), 283–5, 290, 329
Modulo arithmetic, 44
MOS memories, bit errors in, 23
MOS (metal oxide semiconductor), 42
Most significant bit (MSB), 6, 42–4, 47–52, 58
Motion estimation/compensation, 375–89
background handling, 381
and background strobing, 375
block matching, 377
compensated picture rate conversion, 378–84
and flicker, 375
for judder avoidance, 382
motion-compensated standards convertor, 379–84
and noise reducers, 375
slow motion improvement, 382, 384
see also Eye tracking; MPEG; Optic flow axis
Motion JPEG, 451
Motion-compensated coders, 454–7
Moving coil loudspeakers, 415–17, 421–8
coil configurations, 424
magnets, 425
mass control region, 423
rare earth magnets for, 426
stiffness control region, 423
television distortion from stray flux, 425–6
tweeters, 428
woofers, 426–7
MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group) standards/coders/decoders:
and AALs (ATM adaptation layers), 719
bidirectional coding, 678
compression standards, 445–8
and DCT coefficients, 466
group of pictures (GOP), 453–4, 459–60, 461, 491
and I and P coding, 457–8
inter-coded compression, 452–3
and interlaced pictures, 474–5
intra-coding compression, 451–3
Motion JPEG, 451
motion-compensated coders, 454–7
MPEG audio compression, 506–25
MPEG Layer I (audio coding), 507, 509–13
decoder for, 513
noise masking ratio (NMR), 512
sub-band compression, 510
MPEG Layer II (MUSICAM) (audio Coding), 507, 514–16
decoder for, 515–16
SCFSI (scale factor select information), 514
MPEG Layer III (MP3) (audio Coding), 507, 516–19
MPEG-1:
main features, 445, 474
MPEG-2:
AAC (advanced audio coding), 519–25
bidirectional coding, 459–61
composite video problems, 486
with digital TV broadcasting, 675–7
filter bank, 521
flash gun problems, 487
Huffman coding, 525
image rotation video problems, 487
judder video problems, 486
Kaiser-Bessel derived (KBD) window, 521
low-complexity profile (LC), 519
M/S format, 524
main features, 445
motion compensation, 478
predictive coder working, 522–3
processing, and concatenation loss, 487–93
program specific information (PSI), 682–3, 686
scale factor bands, audio, 523
scaleable sampling rate (SSR) profile, 519
SDI (serial data interface), 490
spatial and temporal redundancy, 455–7
temporal noise shaping (TNS), 522
MPEG-4, main features, 445, 457
MPEG-AAC (advanced audio coding), 450
with networks, 709
PES (packetized elementary stream), 678–80
PID (packet identification code), 680, 682–3
prediction errors, 454
profiles, levels and standards, 448–50
residuals, 454
and slices, 474
spatial coding, 451
spatial compression, 462–6
SPTS (single program transport stream), 679
temporal compression, 452
time stamps, PTS and DTS, 678–80
and variable-length coding, 22
MSB (most significant bit), 6, 42–4, 47–52, 58
MTF (modulation transfer function), 283–5, 290, 329
Multi-level Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QUAM), 689–91, 699
Multiplexing:
frequency division multiplexing (FDM), 90
and networks, 90
principles, 86
remultiplexing, 685–6
statistical multiplexing, 87–8
time-division multiplexing (TDM), 90
Multiplication in binary, 53–4
dissonance, 194
equal-tempered scale, 194
harmonic distortion in audio equipment, 193
harmonious/consonant sound, 192
just diatonic scale, 194
pitch discrimination ability, 196–7
MUSICAM (Masking pattern adapted Universal Sub-band Integrated Coding), 507, 514–16
N-ISDN (narrow-band ISDN), 673–4
Naive concatenation, 488
Near instantaneous companding, 498
adaptation, 708
arbitration considerations, 706–13
asynchronous, 91
ATM (asynchronous transfer mode), 715–18
Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN), 673, 715–17
congestion, 89
Firewire (IEEE 1394–1995), 707, 713–15
hubs, 707
isochronous, 91
LAN (local area network), 706
with MPEG data, 709
multiplexing, 90
protocol facilities, 707–8
SDH (synchronous digital hierarchy), 716
SONET (synchronous optical network), 716
synchronous, 91
telephone system, 88
token ring systems, 711–13
Nit (luminance), 282
NLL (numerically locked loop), 61–2, 681
NMR see Noise masking ratio
Noise:
Gaussian distribution, 17–18, 24
noise pumping, 485
and probability, 16–18
quantified statistically, 17
slicing effects, 5
Noise masking ratio (NMR), 495–6
with MPEG Layer I, 512
with MPEG Layer III, 517
Noise reduction, and motion
compensation, 375
NRZ (Non-Return to Zero) code, 553
NTSC see Colour television
Numerically locked loop (NLL), 61–2, 681
Nyquist frequency/sampling rate, 138, 141
in channel coding, 553
oversampling in audio, 259, 263–4
PCM, 256
Octal notation, 8
OFDM (orthoganal frequency digital
modulation), 692–6
Offset binary streams, 46, 361
Operating systems, 70
Optic flow axis, 298–300, 331–2, 374–7
Optical disk principles/technology, 542–4, 619–29
attributes, 16
cylindrical lens focusing, 622–3
diffraction grating tracking, 627–8
erasable optical disks, 601
Faraday effect, 544
Kerr effect, 544
Knife edge system focusing, 625
magneto-optical disks, 543–4, 619–20
polarizing beams and prisms, 620–1
reading technology, 620, 621–2
rerecordable/eraseable optical
spectrum shaping, 31
thermomagnetic-optics, 620
track seeking/following, 606–8, 625–9
write-once-read-many (WORM) disks, 601
see also CD; DVD
Optical filters/filtering, 94, 409–10
Optical principles see Wave theory of light
Orthoganal frequency digital
modulation (OFDM), 692–6
Overflow, binary coding, 44
anti-aliasing function, 263
and noise shaping, 259
Nyquist rate filtering, 259, 263–4
oversampling factor, 263
PCM recording, 262
power spectral density (PSD), 265–6
white-noise-dithered quantizer, 265
Packet identification code (PID), 680, 682–3
Packetized elementary stream (PES), 678–80
Packets, 87
ID codes for, 87
PAL see Colour television
Pan-pot (panoramic potentiometer), 244–5, 250
Panning, coder problems with, 485
Parallel transmission, 14
Parity:
and error detection/correction, 570–3
redundant bits, 572
PAT (Program Association Table), 683, 684, 686, 700
Pattern sensitivity, 559
PCM (pulse code modulation), 11, 14
filtering effect of, 95
and oversampling in audio, 262
PCR (Program Clock Reference), 680–2, 686, 700
pdf (probability distribution function), 161–5
Peak detection, 546
Peak program meter (PPM), 180–1
Perceived contrast, 285
PES (packetized elementary stream), 678–80
PG (pressure gradient) microphone, 229–30
Phase-locked loops (PLLs), 60–1, 550–1
Phase-shift keying (PSK), 687–8
phon, 186
Photometry, 273
see also Light
Physical medium dependent layer, 656–7
Picture rate conversion, motion
Picture in shuttle, 644
PID (packet identification code), 680, 682–3
Pinna, and hearing directivity, 225
Pixels:
pixel spacing, 12
square pixels, 13
Planck's black body concept, 275
Planck's Constant, 277
Plasma displays, 404
contouring/posterizing, 404
PLL (phase-locked loop), 60–1, 550–1
PLUGE (Picture Line-Up GEnerator), CRTs, 398–400
PMT (Program Map Table), 683, 684, 686
birefringence effect, 279
Power distribution, 531
Power spectral density (PSD), 265–6
PPM (peak program meter), 180–1
Precedence (Haas) effect, 222–3
Prediction errors, 454
Predictive (P) coding, 457–8, 469–70, 471
Pressure gradient (PG) microphone, 229–30
Pressure zone microphone (PZM), 229
Printing, colour printing, 13
Probability see Noise, and probability
Probability distribution function (pdf), 161–5
Processors see CPU (central processing unit) Product codes, 594–6
Program Association Table (PAT), 683, 684, 686, 700
Program Clock Reference (PCR), 680–2, 686, 700
Program Map Table (PMT), 683, 684, 686
Program specific information (PSI), 682–3, 686
Programmable timers, 76
Programmable video recorders (PVRs), 34–5
Programmers, hardware controlled, 67–9
Projection CRTs see Cathode ray tubes (CRTs), projection
Protocol layer, 657
PSD (power spectral density), 265–6
Pseudo-video audio recording, 255
PSI (program specific information), 682–3, 686
PSK (phase-shift keying), 687–8
Pulfrich effect, 290
Pulse code modulation see PCM
Pulse cross monitor, CRTs, 401
Purkinje effect, 288
PVRs (programmable video recorders), 34–5
PZM (pressure zone microphone), 229
QMF (quadrature mirror filter), 502–6, 516
QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying), 687–8
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QUAM), multi-level, 689–91, 699
Quadrature mirror filter (QMF), 502–6, 516
Quadrature modulator, 354
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), 687–8
QUAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation), 689–91, 699
Quantizing, 148–52
compression problems, 485
and noise/signal-to-noise ratio, 155
quantizing intervals, 150–2
requantizing and digital dither, 159–61
see also Dither
R-S codes see Reed-Solomon (R-S) codes
Radio propagation, 531
Radiometry, 273
see also Light
Radix points, 7
RAID (redundant array of
RAM (random access memory), 6, 15–16, 42, 74
for time compression/expansion, 19–20
Random access memory see RAM
Randomizing technique with channel
Read after write magnetic tape
strategy, 26
Recompression, 686
filtering/band limiting effects, 140–2
and Nyquist sampling rate, 141
reconstruction filters, 138
see also Sampling
Recording see Magnetic recording principles
Recording heads see Magnetic recording heads
Redundancy:
and compression, 441
error correction strategy, 26, 28
see also Error
detection/correction/concealment
Redundant bits, 572
Reed-Solomon (R-S) codes, 581–8
calculation of generator polynomials, 596–7
in digital television broadcasting, 696
with FEC of AAL-1, 720
primitive element, 584
with RAID arrays, 617
Refraction, acoustic, 214
Refraction of light, 278
refractive index, 278
Remultiplexing, 685–6
REN numbers, 670
Rendering process, 70
Requantizing:
and spatial compression, 464–6
Resampling, 145
Resizing with DSPs, 83
Reverberation, 218
electronic artificial, 219
reverberation time of rooms, 218
RGB (red, green and blue) colour, 13
RLC/VLC (run length code/variable length code) in MPEG, 466–70
RLL (run-length-limited) codes, 558
ROM (read-only memory), 42
for computers, 72
electric alterable, 42
for hardware programmers, 67–9
Rotary head tape transport, 634–7
picture in shuttle, 644
Rotary incremental encoder, 81–2
Run-length-limited (RLL) codes, 558, 566–7
Run-length/variable-length coding, 466–70
Sampling:
interpolation, 10
resampling, 145
spatial anti-aliasing filters, 324
zero-order-hold (ZOH) system, 143–4, 146
see also Oversampling in audio; Reconstruction; Spatial sampling
Sampling domain, FIR filters, 102
Sampling-rate conversion (interpolation), 107–17
applications, 107
decimation, 111
fractional ratio conversion, 114–16
integer-ratio changes, 109
integer-ratio conversion, 110–11
integer-ratio sampling, 111–12
interpolators, 117
rate changes by two small integers, 109
sampling jitter accuracy, 117
variable ratio conversion, 109–10, 116–17
SANs (storage area networks), 655
SAR (segmentation and reassembly sublayer), 718–19
Saturation, colour, 313
Scale factor bands, audio, 523
Scaleable sampling rate (SSR) profile, 519
and run-length/variable-length
scanning lasers, 405
and spatial and temporal
frequencies, 135
SCFSI (scale factor select information), 514
SCSI bus/interface, 613
SDH (synchronous digital hierarchy), 716
SDI (serial data interface):
automatic cable equalization, 659–60
convolution randomizing, 659
and convolution randomizing, 559
scrambling process, 659–60
transmission technique, 659–60
SDTI (serial data transport interface):
applications, 660–2
data capacity, 661
transmission technique, 660–2
Segmentation and reassembly (SAR)
Self-clocking data see Channel coding
Shannon:
on message accuracy, 25
on perfect reconstruction, 139–40
on sampling rates, 138
Shift register, 40
Shotgun microphone, 233
Sidebands, from sampling, 137–8
Sigma DPCM, 259
Signal to noise ratio (SNR), 24
and quantizing error, 155
Single program transport stream (SPTS), 679, 719
Skin effect, 531
Slices, compression, 474
noise effects, 5
purpose/principle, 4
Slide rules, 175
Slow motion improvement, with motion compensation, 382, 384
SNR see Signal to noise ratio
Software verification, 71
SONET (synchronous optical network), 716
Sound digital broadcasting, 172
Sound level and loudness, 186–7
phons, 186
weighting curves, 187
see also Hearing, directional ability
Sound level metering see Audio level metering
diffraction, 202
gas adiabatic changes, 198–9
gas elasticity, 198–9
gas isothermal changes, 198
gas pressure/motion changes, 198
percussion events, 200
reflection, 202
sinusoidal vibration, 200
sound as a power scalar quantity, 206
sound as a wave motion, 202
speed of sound, 199
volume velocity concept, 206
see also Acoustics; wave
acoustics/wave theory
Sound pressure level (SPL), 174
measurement units, 179
Sound quality with compression, 494–6
listening tests, 495
see also Audio compression; Stereo and surround sound
Sound radiation mechanism, 203–7
inverse square law application, 207
reverberant conditions, 207
volume velocity concept, 206
Spatial aliasing, 324
spatial anti-aliasing filters, 324
Spatial aperture effect, 328–9
Spatial compression, 462–6
Spatial frequency (light), 284
Spatial interpolation (resizing) with DSPs, 83
Spatial sampling, 135–7, 324–7
Brillouin zones, 325
display processors for, 408
square pixels, 325
transform duality, 325
SPDs (spectral power distributions), 274–5, 276–7
Spectrum shaping, 31
SPL see Sound pressure level
SPTS (single program transport stream), 679, 719
Square pixels, 325
SSR (scaleable sampling rate) profile, 519
Standards convertor, motion-compensated, 379–84
Standing waves, acoustic, 215
Statistical multiplexing, 87–8, 443
stuffing/packing, 88
STATMUX (statistical multiplier), 685
Stereo and surround sound, 242–50
by digital multiplexing, 173
and the cocktail effect, 249–50
compatibility surround/stereo/
mono sound, 249
Dolby Surround sound, 242, 245–7
five-channel surround sound, 24
intensity stereo, 244
M-S (Mid and Side) stereo, 253–5
pan-pot (panoramic potentiometer), 244–5
Pro-logic decoder, 247
smear, 435
see also Microphones for stereo and surround; Sound quality with compression
Storage elements:
shift register, 40
see also Logic elements
see also CD (Compact Disc); Disk controllers; DVD (digital video (versatile) disk); Magnetic disks/disk drives; Magnetic recording heads; Magnetic recording principles; Optical disk principles/technology; RAID (redundant array of inexpensive disks); Winchester disk technology
Stuffing/packing, statistical
multiplexing, 88
Subjectively lossless systems, 442
Subtractive dither, 156
Surround effect, 285
Surround sound see Stereo and surround sound
Synchronizing (sync) systems, 334–8
composite/non-composite signals, 334–5
and concatenation, 566
run-length-limited codes, 566–7
sync tip, 335
Synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH), 716
Synchronous networks, 91
Synchronous optical network (SONET), 716
Tape storage, attributes, 16
TCP (transmission control protocol), 657
TDAC (time-domain aliasing
cancellation), with Dolby AC-3
TDM (time-division multiplexing), 90
colour correction, 369
patch generation, 368
Telecommunications network, 88
Telephone based systems, 668–75
ADSL (asymmetric digital subscriber line), 674
AMI (alternate mark inversion) coding, 672–3, 674
B-ISDN (broadband ISDN), 673, 715–17
bandwidth for speech, 669
dialling, 669
DMT (discrete multitone technique), 675
E1 system, 673
electronic exchanges, 671
IDN (integrated digital network), 672–3
impedance of lines, 669
ISDN (integrated services digital network), 672–4
microphones, 669
N-ISDN (narrow-band ISDN), 673–4
REN numbers, 670
T1 system, 673
time-division multiplexing of speech, 672
touch-tone dialling (DTMF), 671
uniselectors, 671
Television broadcasting, digital, 675–7
error correction, 696
Reed-Solomon codes usage, 686
signal strength and picture quality, 676
transport stream, 677
see also ATSC; DVB
Television and computer formats, conversion between, 369–74
array sizes, 370
colorimetry problems, 374
computer gamma standard problem, 372
flicker, 370
RGB colour, 371
Television signals see Colour television; Commercial television
Temporal aperture effects, 331–2
Temporal noise shaping (TNS), 522
Temporal sampling, 135
Thermomagnetic-optics, 620
Time compression/expansion, 19–20
Time stamps, MPEG coding, 678–80
Time-division multiplexing (TDM), 90
Time-domain, and transforms, 95–7
Time-domain aliasing cancellation (TDAC), with Dolby AC-3
Timebase correction, 61–7
TNS (temporal noise shaping), 522
Token ring systems, 711–13
Touch-tone dialling (DTMF), 671
Transform duality, 325
Heisenberg inequality, 120
see also Discrete cosine transform (DCT); Discrete Fourier transform (DFT); Fourier analysis/transforms; Wavelet transform
Transmission channel types, 530–2
Transmission control protocol (TCP), 657
Transmission convergence layer, 656–7
characteristic impedance, 534–5
see also Data channels
Transport stream:
CAT (Conditional Access Table), 683
digital TV broadcasting, 677
PAT (Program Association Table), 683, 684
PMT (Program Map Table), 683, 684, 686
PSI (program specific information), 682–3
recompression, 686
remultiplexing, 685–6
STATMUX (statistical multiplexer), 685
transport stream multiplexer, 681
Trellis coding, ATSC system, 702–3
Trichromatic coefficients, 311
Tristimulus values/units, 283, 307, 316–18
Two's complement system, 46–50
Underflow, binary coding, 44
Unison, musical, 191
Unstructured data transfer, 718
VBV (video buffer verifier), 481
VCO (voltage-controlled oscillator), 60–1, 550–1
VCXO (voltage controlled crystal
oscillator), 681
Velocity microphone, 229
Video buffer verifier (VBV), 481
Video signals, digital representation, 13
Video-On-Demand, 448
Virtual addresses, 76
Virtual channels/links, ATM, 717
Voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), 60–1, 550–1
voltage controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO), 681
Volume Unit (VU) meter, 180
Volume velocity concept for sound, 206
VU (Volume Unit) meter, 180
Wave acoustics/wave theory, 207–19
constructive and destructive
interference, 207–10
far and near fields, 210–11
pulsating spheres, 210
refraction, 214
wavefronts, 208–10
see also Acoustics
refraction, 278
Wavelet transform, 132–4
Weighting curves, sound level, 187
White-noise-dithered quantizer, 265
Wien's Law, 275
Winchester disk technology, 610–12
basic principles, 601
embedded servos, 612
head disk assemblies (HDAs), 610
landing areas, 611
see also Magnetic disks/disk
drives; Magnetic recording principles
WORM (write-once-read-many) disks, 601
Wraparound, binary coding, 44
Write-once-read-many (WORM) disks, 601
Yeltsin walk, 478
Zero-order-hold (ZOH) system, 143–4, 146
with interlaced pictures, 477