Contents

Preface to the fifth edition

1      Characteristics of the medium

Radio makes pictures

Radio speaks to millions

Radio speaks to the individual

The speed of radio

Radio has no boundaries

The transient nature of radio

Radio on demand

Radio as background

Radio is selective

Radio lacks space

The personality of radio

The simplicity of radio

Radio is low cost

Radio for the disadvantaged

Radio teaches

Radio has music

Radio can surprise

Radio can suffer from interference

Radio for the individual

Radio for society

The public servant

Types of radio station

‘Outside’ pressures

Personal motivations

2      The radio studio

Studio layout

The studio desk, mixer, control panel, console or board

Computers

Digital compression

Digital audio workstation

Tape formats

Editing principles

Editing practice

CDs, albums and other discs

Microphones

Stereo

Equipment faults

3      Ethics

Declarations of intent

Objectivity, impartiality and fairness

Watchdog

Bad practice

The status of the media

4      Writing for the ear

Who are you talking to?

What do you want to say?

The storage of talk

Words

Structure and signposting

Pictures and stories

Double meanings

The script

5      News – policy and practice

Codes of Practice

Objectivity

Legality

News values

Investigative reporting

Campaigning journalism

The news reporting function

Accuracy

Intelligibility in the writing

Being fair

Giving offence

Causing distress

Civil disturbance and war reporting

A summary

The newsroom operation

Style book

Radio car, mobile phone

Equipment in the field

The news conference and press release

6      Interviewing

The basic approach

Types of interview

Securing the interviewee

What the interviewee should know

Preparation before the interview

The pre–interview discussion

Question technique

Question ‘width’

Devil’s advocate

Multiple questions

Leading questions

Non-questions

Non-answers

Non-verbal communication

During the interview

Winding up

After the interview

Style

Interviewing ‘cold’

Interviewing through a translator

Location interviews

The triangle of trust

7      Vox pop

Phrasing the question

Interviewing children

Choosing the site

The recorder

Putting the question

The editing

8      Cues and links

Information for the broadcaster

Information for the listener

Links

9      Newsreading and presentation

The seven Ps

Newsreading

Pronunciation

Vocal stressing

Inflection

Quotation marks

Alterations

Corrections

Lists and numbers

Station style

Continuity presentation

Errors and emergencies

Headphones

Trails and promos

10    The discussion

Format

Selection of participants

The chairperson

Preparation

Advice to contributors

Contributor nerves

Starting the programme

Speaker control

Subject control

Technical control

Ending the programme

11    Phone-ins

Technical facilities

Programme classification

The open line

Support staff

Choosing the calls

The role of the presenter

Presenter style

Reference material

Studio operation

Additional telephone facilities

Use of ‘delay’

The specific subject

‘Early lines’

Consumer affairs

The need to be fair

Linking programmes together

Personal counselling

The presenter as listener

Non-broadcasting effort

Anonymity

Phone-in checklist

12    Listener participation

Letters and e-mails

Programme follow-up

Texting

Helpline

Visitors

Special involvement

Travelling roadshow

Major events

13    Music programming

Attitudes to music

Clock format

Computerized selection

Requests and dedications

Choosing music

Item order

Prefading to time

Preparing letters and cards

Programme technique

Guest programmes

DJ programmes

14    Sequences and magazines

Programme title

Signature tune

Transmission time

The presenter

Linking style

Information content

Programme construction

Programme variety

Programme ideas

Voice piece

Interview

Discussion

Music

Sound effects

Listener participation

Features

Drama

Item order

Production method

Responding to emergency

15    Making commercials

Copy policy

The target audience

The product or service ‘premise’

Writing copy

Voicing and treatment

Music and effects

Stereo

Humour in advertising

16    Outside broadcasts (remotes)

Planning

Visiting the site

Communications to base

People

Hazard assessment

Equipment

Safety

Accommodation

Programme research

Liaison with the base studio

Publicity

Conflicts of approach

Tidiness

Gratuities

17    Commentary

Attitude to the listener

Preparation

Working with the base studio

Sport

Communicating mood

Coordinating the images

Content and style

News action

Sports action

Actuality and silence

The ending

An example

Coping with disaster

18    Music recording

Reproduction of internal balance

Creation of a synthetic balance

Studio layout

Microphones for music

Frequency control

Dynamic control

Echo

Channel delay

Mixing technique

Recording technique

Production points

19    Drama – principles

Adapting for radio

The idea

Story construction

The setting

Characterization

Dialogue

Radio as story

Get the evocative bits

Rough the drama

Prune and polish

Truth vs drama

Script layout

The actors

The acoustic

Sound effects

Music

Production technique

20    Documentary and feature programmes

The documentary

Planning

Research

Structure

Collecting the material

Impression and truth

Music

Compilation

Programme sequence

The ending

Contributors

Programmes in real time

The feature

21    The work of the producer

Ideas

The audience

Resource planning

Preparation of material

The studio session

Taste

Ending the session

Post-production

Programme administration

Technician, editor, administrator and manager

22    The executive producer

Station management

Staff development

Scheduling

Rescheduling

Strategic planning

Commissioning programmes

Codes of Practice

Complaints

Website

Archival policy

23    Programme evaluation

Production evaluation

Programme quality

Audience evaluation

Personal meters

Research panels

Questionnaires

Letter response

Cost evaluation

24    Training

Triggers for training

Learning objectives

Course organization

Stretching imagination

Editorial selection

News priorities

News exercise

Voicework

Personal motivation

Vox pop

Commentary

Drama

New challenges for old producers

Maintaining output

Assessing quality

Training evaluation

25    Back-announcement

CD-ROM

Websites

Glossary

Further reading – a selection

Index

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