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Part One: Understanding the World
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Part One: Understanding the World
by Oivind Andersson
Experiment!: Planning, Implementing and Interpreting
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Part One: Understanding the World
Chapter 1: You, the Discoverer
1.1 Venturing into the Unknown
1.2 Embarking on a Ph.D.
1.3 The Art of Discovery
1.4 About this Book
1.5 How to Use this Book
Further Reading
Chapter 2: What is Science?
2.1 Characteristics of the Scientific Approach
2.2 The Inductive Method
2.3 The Hypothetico-Deductive Method
2.4 Consequences of Falsification
2.5 The Role of Confirmation
2.6 Perception is Personal
2.7 The Scientific Community
2.8 Summary
Further Reading
Chapter 3: Science's Childhood
3.1 Infancy
3.2 Ionian Dawn
3.3 Divine Mathematics
3.4 Adolescence – Revolution!
3.5 The Children of the Revolution
3.6 Summary
Further Reading
Chapter 4: Science Inclined to Experiment
4.1 Galileo's Important Experiment
4.2 Experiment or Hoax?
4.3 Reconstructing the Experiment
4.4 Getting the Swing of Things
4.5 The Message from the Plane
4.6 Summary
Chapter 5: Scientists, Engineers and Other Poets
5.1 Research and Development
5.2 Characteristics of Research
5.3 Building Theories
5.4 The Relationship between Theory and Reality
5.5 Creativity
5.6 Summary
Further Reading
Part Two: Interfering with theWorld
Chapter 6: Experiment!
6.1 What is an Experiment?
6.2 Questions, Answers and Experiments
6.3 A Gallery of Experiments
6.4 Reflections on the Exhibition
6.5 Summary
Further Reading
Chapter 7: Basic Statistics
7.1 The Role of Statistics in Data Analysis
7.2 Populations and Samples
7.3 Descriptive Statistics
7.4 Probability Distribution
7.5 The Central Limit Effect
7.6 Normal Probability Plots
7.7 Confidence Intervals
7.8 The t-Distribution
7.9 Summary
Further Reading
Chapter 8: Statistics for Experiments
8.1 A Teatime Experiment
8.2 The Importance of Randomization
8.3 One-Sided and Two-Sided Tests
8.4 The t-Test for One Sample
8.5 The Power of a Test
8.6 Comparing Two Samples
8.7 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
8.8 A Measurement System Analysis
8.9 Other Useful Hypothesis Tests
8.10 Interpreting p-Values
8.11 Correlation
8.12 Regression Modeling
8.13 Summary
Further Reading
Chapter 9: Experimental Design
9.1 Statistics and the Scientific Method
9.2 Designs with One Categorical Factor
9.3 Several Categorical Factors: the Full Factorial Design
9.4 Are Interactions Important?
9.5 Factor Screening: Fractional Factorial Designs
9.6 Determining the Confounding Pattern
9.7 Design Resolution
9.8 Working with Screening Designs
9.9 Continuous Factors: Regression and Response Surface Methods
9.10 Summary
Further Reading
Chapter 10: Phase I: Planning
10.1 The Three Phases of Research
10.2 Experiment 1: Visual Orientation in a Beetle
10.3 Experiment 2: Lift-Off Length in a Diesel Engine
10.4 Finding Out What is Not Known
10.5 Determining the Scope
10.6 Tools for Generating Hypotheses
10.7 Thought Experiments
10.8 Planning Checklist
10.9 Summary
Chapter 11: Phase II: Data Collection
11.1 Generating Understanding from Data
11.2 Measurement Uncertainty
11.3 Developing a Measurement System
11.4 Measurement System Analysis
11.5 The Data Collection Plan
11.6 Summary
Further Reading
Chapter 12: Phase III: Analysis and Synthesis
12.1 Turning Data into Information
12.2 Graphical Analysis
12.3 Mathematical Analysis
12.4 Writing a Scientific Paper
12.5 Writing a Ph.D. Thesis
12.6 Farewell
12.7 Summary
Further Reading
Appendix
Standard Normal Probabilities
Probability Points for the t-Distribution
Index
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Chapter 1: You, the Discoverer
Part One
Understanding the World
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