- Cover
- Title Page
- Copyright
- Part 1: General Physics Phenomena
- Chapter 1: Physics of Dielectrics
- Chapter 2: Physics of Charged Dielectrics: Mobility and Charge Trapping
- 2.1. Introduction
- 2.2. Localization of a charge in an “ideally perfect” and pure polarizable medium
- 2.3. Localization and trapping of carriers in a real material
- 2.4. Detrapping
- 2.5. Bibliography
- Chapter 3: Conduction Mechanisms and Numerical Modeling of Transport in Organic Insulators: Trends and Perspectives
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Molecular modeling applied to polymers
- 3.3. Macroscopic models
- 3.4. Trends and perspectives
- 3.5. Conclusions
- 3.6. Bibliography
- Chapter 4: Dielectric Relaxation in Polymeric Materials
- 4.1. Introduction
- 4.2. Dynamics of polarization mechanisms
- 4.3. Orientation polarization in the time domain
- 4.4. Orientation polarization in the frequency domain
- 4.5. Temperature dependence
- 4.6. Relaxation modes of amorphous polymers
- 4.7. Relaxation modes of semi-crystalline polymers
- 4.8. Conclusion
- 4.9. Bibliography
- Chapter 5: Electrification
- 5.1. Introduction
- 5.2. Electrification of solid bodies by separation/contact
- 5.3. Electrification of solid particles
- 5.3.1. Theoretical work by Masuda et al.
- 5.3.2. Experimental work by Touchard et al. [TOU 91]
- 5.3.2.1. Experimental device
- 5.3.2.2. Results
- 5.3.2.2.1. Influence of the impact angle
- 5.3.2.2.2. Influence of the impact speed on the normal component
- 5.3.2.2.3. Influence of the size of the particles
- 5.3.2.2.4. Comparison of results obtained on the three targets
- 5.3.2.2.5. Evolution of the total charge of a particle according to the number of impacts
- 5.4. Conclusion
- 5.5. Bibliography
- Part 2: Phenomena Associated with Environmental Stress – Ageing
- Chapter 6: Space Charges: Definition, History, Measurement
- Chapter 7: Dielectric Materials under Electron Irradiation in a Scanning Electron Microscope
- 7.1. Introduction
- 7.2. Fundamental aspects of electron irradiation of solids
- 7.3. Physics of insulators
- 7.3.1. General points
- 7.3.2. Insulators under electron irradiation
- 7.3.2.1. Microscopic phenomena
- 7.3.2.2. Macroscopic phenomena: charging effects
- 7.3.2.3. Parameters governing the charge phenomena
- 7.4. Applications: measurement of the trapped charge or the surface potential
- 7.5. Conclusion
- 7.6. Bibliography
- Chapter 8: Precursory Phenomena and Dielectric Breakdown of Solids
- Chapter 9: Models for Ageing of Electrical Insulation: Trends and Perspectives
- Part 3: Characterization Methods and Measurement
- Chapter 10: Response of an Insulating Material to an Electric Charge: Measurement and Modeling
- 10.1. Introduction
- 10.2. Standard experiments
- 10.3. Basic electrostatic equations
- 10.4. Dipolar polarization
- 10.5. Intrinsic conduction
- 10.6. Space charge, injection and charge transport
- 10.7. Which model for which material?
- 10.8. Bibliography
- Chapter 11: Pulsed Electroacoustic Method: Evolution and Development Perspectives for Space Charge Measurement
- Chapter 12: FLIMM and FLAMM Methods: Localization of 3-D Space Charges at the Micrometer Scale
- Chapter 13: Space Charge Measurement by the Laser-Induced Pressure Pulse Technique
- 13.1. Introduction
- 13.2. History
- 13.3. Establishment of fundamental equations for the determination of space charge distribution
- 13.4. Experimental setup
- 13.5. Performances and limitations
- 13.6. Examples of use of the method
- 13.7. Use of the LIPP method for surface charge measurement
- 13.8. Perspectives
- 13.9. Bibliography
- Chapter 14: The Thermal Step Method for Space Charge Measurements
- 14.1. Introduction
- 14.2. Principle of the thermal step method (TSM)
- 14.3. Numerical resolution methods
- 14.4. Experimental set-up
- 14.5. Applications
- 14.5.1. Materials
- 14.5.1.1. Influence of molar weight and cooling rate on the presence of space charges in polyethylene [TOU 98]
- 14.5.1.2. Revealing the heterogenity of composite materials (charged epoxy resin)
- 14.5.1.3. Evolution of space charges in materials for cables subjected to an alternative electrical constraint (50 Hz)
- 14.5.2. Components
- 14.5.2.1. Monitoring of the internal electric field of a cable subjected to electrical and thermal stress
- 14.5.2.2. Monitoring of the ageing of micaceous composite insulation from a power alternator winding
- 14.5.2.3. Characterization of Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) structures for micro and nanoelectronics
- 14.5.1. Materials
- 14.6. Conclusion
- 14.7. Bibliography
- Chapter 15: Physico-Chemical Characterization Techniques of Dielectrics
- Chapter 16: Insulating Oils for Transformers
- 16.1. Introduction
- 16.2. Generalities
- 16.3. Mineral oils
- 16.4. Synthetic esters or pentaerythritol ester
- 16.5. Silicone oils or PDMS
- 16.6. Halogenated hydrocarbons or PCB
- 16.7. Natural esters or vegetable oils
- 16.8. Security of employment of insulating oils
- 16.9. Conclusion and perspectives
- 16.10. Bibliography
- Chapter 17: Electrorheological Fluids
- Chapter 18: Electrolytic Capacitors
- 18.1. Introduction
- 18.2. Generalities
- 18.3. Electrolytic capacitors
- 18.4. Aluminum liquid electrolytic capacitors
- 18.5. (Solid electrolyte) tantalum electrolytic capacitors
- 18.6. Models and characteristics
- 18.7. Failures of electrolytic capacitors
- 18.8. Conclusion and perspectives
- 18.9. Bibliography
- Chapter 19: Ion Exchange Membranes for Low Temperature Fuel Cells
- 19.1. Introduction
- 19.2. Homogenous cation-exchange membranes
- 19.3. Heterogenous ion exchange membranes
- 19.4. Polymer/acid membranes
- 19.5. Characterization of membranes
- 19.5.1. Nernst-Planck flux equation
- 19.5.2. Osmotic phenomena and electric potential
- 19.5.3. Ionic diffusion in ion exchange membranes
- 19.5.4. Electromotive force of concentration cells and transport number
- 19.5.5. Conductivity
- 19.5.6. Electro-osmosis
- 19.5.7. Thermodynamics of irreversible processes and transport numbers
- 19.6. Experimental characterization of ion exchange membranes
- 19.6.1. Water sorption
- 19.6.2. Determination of the ion exchange capacity
- 19.6.3. Measurements of transport number and mobility of protons in membranes
- 19.6.4. Measurement of conductivity
- 19.6.5. Electro-osmotic measurements
- 19.6.6. Measurements of the permeability of reformers in membranes: methanol permeability in vapour phase
- 19.7. Determination of membrane morphology using the SEM technique
- 19.8. Thermal stability
- 19.9. Acknowledgements
- 19.10. Bibliography
- Chapter 20: Semiconducting Organic Materials for Electroluminescent Devices and Photovoltaic Conversion
- 20.1. Brief history
- 20.2. Origin of conduction in organic semiconductors
- 20.3. Electrical and optical characteristics of organic semiconductors
- 20.4. Application to electroluminescent devices
- 20.5. Application to photovoltaic conversion
- 20.6. The processing of organic semiconductors
- 20.7. Conclusion
- 20.8. Bibliography
- Chapter 21: Dielectric Coatings for the Thermal Control of Geostationary Satellites: Trends and Problems
- Chapter 22: Recycling of Plastic Materials
- Chapter 23: Piezoelectric Polymers and their Applications
- 23.1. Introduction
- 23.2. Piezoelectric polymeric materials
- 23.3. Electro-active properties of piezoelectric polymers
- 23.3.1. Ferroelectricity
- 23.3.2. Semi-crystalline polymers: Fluorinated polymers and odd polyamides
- 23.3.3. Amorphous Poly(vinylidene cyanide) copolymers
- 23.3.4. Influence of chemical composition and physical structure on the electro-active properties of polymers
- 23.3.5. Protocols of polarization
- 23.3.6. Piezoelectricity
- 23.3.7. Reduction of the number of independent coefficients – Matrix notation
- 23.3.8. Piezoelectric constitutive equations
- 23.3.9. Comparison of piezoelectric properties
- 23.4. Piezoelectricity applications
- 23.5. Transducers
- 23.6. Conclusion
- 23.7. Bibliography
- Chapter 24: Polymeric Insulators in the Electrical Engineering Industry: Examples of Applications, Constraints and Perspectives
- Chapter 10: Response of an Insulating Material to an Electric Charge: Measurement and Modeling
- List of Authors
- Index
A, B
ageing
amorphous polymer
arc commutation
band gap
bioconcentration
biomedical
breakdown voltage
C
cellulose insulations
characterization
techniques
charge
transfer
trapping
chemical
coatings
composite
membranes
composition
band
current
absorption
discharge
D
detrapping
dielectric
breakdown
relaxation
strength
direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC)
disorder
E
eco-design
electric
charges
field
electrical
ageing
ageing models
breakdown
characteristics
stresses
tree
electroacoustic
electroconvection
electrokinetic effects
electroluminescence
electrolytic capacitors
electron irradiation
electronic paramagnetic resonance
electrorheological
effect
fluids
electrorheology
electrostatic
phenomena
electroviscous effects
F
ferroelectricity
fire point
FLAMM
flash point
FLIMM
fluorescence microscopy
forbidden band
fuel cells
G, H
gap
genotoxicity
giant
Havriliak and Negami equation
hopping
hydrophones
I
incineration
infrared spectrophotometry
insulating
liquids
material
oils
insulator
internal electric field
intrinsic conduction
isolant
L, M
laser induced pressure pulse method (LIPP)
leakage current
mechanical
mechanisms
membranes
mineral oil
mirror effect
mobility
molecular mobility
MOS structure
N, O
natural ester
non-destructive technique
non-destructive testing (NDT)
organic
materials
semiconductor
P
partial discharges
penetration depth
photovoltaics
piezoelectric effect
plastic
polarization
electronic
energy
mechanisms
polaron
poly(vinylidene fluoride – trifluoroethylene) P(VDF-TrFE)
poly(vinylidene fluoride) PVDF
polyamides
polychlorobiphenyls (PCB)
polyelectrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC)
polymeric
polymers
Poole–Frenkel
potential and limitations
potential decline
power cables
precursors
proton conductivity
proton exchange membranes (PEM)
R
recyclability
recycling
relaxation mode
rheological characteristics
S
SCLC
secondary emission
semi-crystalline polymers
silicone oil
solid insulating materials
space charge
measurement
space environment
stationary
supercapacitor
surface
charges
potential
suspensions
synthetic ester
T
thermal
control
step method
thermostimulated currents
thin film deposition
toxicity
transient conduction currents
transmitting
transducers
transport
dispersive
number
trapping
breakdown
triboelectrification
U, V, W
ultrasonic
vegetable oil
waste
water trees
Williams–Landel–Ferry
-
No Comment