Contents
1.1 Book Content and Organization
2 Drivers for Telecommunication Network Evolution
2.1 Market of Telecom Carriers
2.1.1 Customer Base Impact on the Economics of Carriers
2.1.3 Seamless Fixed and Mobile Service Convergence
2.1.4 Prices Fall and Overall Market Scenario
2.1.5 Telecommunication Market Value Chain
2.2 Requirements for Next Generation Networks
2.2.1 Network Operational Costs
2.2.2 Requirements for Next Generation Equipment
2.2.3 Requirements for Next generation Network Control Plane
2.2.4 Summary of Requirements for Next Generation Networks
3 Networks Fundamentals and Present Architectures
3.1 Network Infrastructure Architecture
3.1.2 Access Network Architecture
3.1.3 Metro Network and Core Network Architectures
3.2 Network Functional Architecture
3.2.1 Core Network Vertical Architecture
3.2.1.4 Control Plane and Management Plane
3.2.3.1 Transport Layer: Transmission Control Protocol
3.2.3.2 Transport Layer: User Datagram Protocol
3.2.3.3 Internet Layer: Internet Protocol
3.2.4.1 Protocols to Support Management Functionalities
3.2.5 Multi-Protocol Label Switching
3.2.6 Synchronous Optical Network (SDH/SONET)
3.2.7 Optical Transport Network (OTN)
3.2.7.2 Optical Multiplex Section
3.2.8 Telecommunication Management Network
3.2.8.1 Embedded Software Layer
3.2.8.2 Element Management Layer
3.2.8.3 Network Management Layer
3.2.8.4 Service Management Layer
3.2.8.5 Business Management Layer
3.2.9 Central Management in IP Networks
3.3 Network Convergence over IP
3.3.1 Packet over SDH/SONET Model
3.3.2 IP over Next Generation SONET/SDH
3.3.2.1 General Framing Procedure
3.3.2.3 Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation
3.3.4 IP over Ethernet over OTN
3.4 Comparison among Different Core Architectures
3.4.1 Architectures Functional Comparison
3.4.1.2 Network Scalability: Core Network
3.4.1.3 Network Scalability: Metro Network
3.4.2 Network Dimensioning and Cost Estimation
3.4.3 Test Networks and Traffic Model
4 Technology for Telecommunications: Optical Fibers, Amplifiers, and Passive Devices
4.2 Optical Fibers for Transmission
4.2.1 Single-Mode Transmission Fibers
4.2.3 linear Propagation in an Optical Fiber
4.2.4 Fiber Chromatic Dispersion
4.2.5 Polarization Mode Dispersion
4.2.6 Nonlinear Propagation in Optical Fibers
4.2.7.1 Kerr-Induced Self-Phase Modulation
4.2.7.2 Kerr-Induced Cross-Phase Modulation
4.2.7.3 Kerr-Induced Four-Wave Mixing
4.2.11 Polarization Maintaining and Other Special Telecom Fibers
4.3.1 Basic Theory of Optical Amplifiers
4.3.1.2 Stationary Behavior of a Two-Level Amplifier
4.3.1.3 Dynamic Behavior of a Two-Level Amplifier
4.3.1.4 Amplifiers Functional Classification and Multistage Amplifiers
4.3.2 Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers
4.3.4 Hybrid Raman-EDFA Amplifiers
4.4.1 Fixed Wavelength Optical Filters
4.4.1.3 Thin-Film Interference Filters
4.4.2.2 Mach Zehnder Interferometer
4.4.3 WDM Multiplexers and Demultiplexers
5 Technology for Telecommunications: Integrated Optics and Microelectronics
5.2.1 Fixed-Wavelength Edge-Emitting Semiconductor Lasers
5.2.1.1 Semiconductor Laser Principle
5.2.1.2 Semiconductor Laser Modeling and Dynamic Behavior
5.2.1.4 Source Fabry–Perot Lasers
5.2.3 Vertical Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers
5.2.4.1 Multisection Widely Tunable Lasers
5.2.4.2 External Cavity Lasers
5.5 Optical Modulation Devices
5.5.2 electro-Absorption Modulators
5.5.3 Integrated Optical Components
5.5.3.1 Electrons and Photons in Planar Integrated Circuits
5.5.3.2 Digital and Analog Planar Integrated Circuits
5.5.3.4 Integrated Optics Cost Scaling with Volumes
5.5.3.5 Integrated Planar III–V Components
5.6.1 Micromachining Electromechanical Switches (MEMS)
5.6.2 Liquid Crystals Optical Switches
5.6.3 Wavelength-Selective Switches
5.7.1 Development of CMOS Silicon Technology
5.7.1.1 CMOS Speed Evolution up and beyond the 32 nm Node
5.7.1.2 CMOS Single-Switch Power Consumption
5.7.1.3 CMOS Circuit Cost Trends
5.7.2 Application-Specific Integrated Circuits
5.7.3 Field Programmable Gate Array
5.7.3.1 Programmable Connection Network
5.7.4 Digital Signal Processor
5.7.4.1 DSP Hardware Architecture
5.7.4.2 DSP-Embedded Instruction Set
5.8 Electronics for Transmission and Routing
5.8.1 Low-Noise Receiver Front End
5.8.2 Distortion Compensation Filters
5.8.3 Electronic Dispersion Post-Compensation
5.8.3.1 Feed-Forward/Decision Feedback Equalizer
5.8.3.2 Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation Equalizers
5.8.4 Pre-Equalization and Pre-Distortion Equalizers
5.8.5 Forward Error Correction
5.8.5.1 FEC Definition and Functionalities
5.8.5.2 BCH and the Reed–Solomon Codes
5.8.5.4 ITU-T OTN Standard and Advanced FEC
5.8.6 Content Addressable Memories
5.9 Interface Modules and Transceivers
5.9.1 MSA Transmitting–Receiving Modules
5.9.2 Transceivers for Carrier-Class Transmission
5.9.2.1 SFP Transceivers for Telecommunications
5.9.2.2 XFP Transceivers for Telecommunications
6 Transmission Systems Architectures and Performances
6.2 Intensity Modulation and Direct Detection Transmission
6.2.1 Fiber-Optic Transmission Systems
6.2.1.1 Wavelength Division Multiplexing
6.2.1.2 Transmission System Performance Indicators
6.2.2 Ideal IM–DD Transmission
6.2.3 Analysis of a Realistic Single-Channel IM–DD System
6.2.3.1 Evaluation of the BER in the Presence of Channel Memory
6.2.3.2 NRZ Signal after Propagation
6.2.3.3 RZ Signal after Propagation
6.2.3.4 Realistic Receiver Noise Model
6.2.3.5 Performance Evaluation of an Unrepeated IM-DD System
6.2.4 Performance of Non-Regenerated NRZ Systems
6.2.4.1 Dispersion-Compensated NRZ IM-DD Systems
6.2.5 Performance of Non-Regenerated Return to Zero Systems
6.2.6 Unrepeated Wavelength Division Multiplexing Systems
6.2.6.1 Linear Interference in Wavelength Division Multiplexing Systems
6.2.6.2 Nonlinear Interference in Wavelength Division Multiplexing Systems
6.2.6.3 Jitter, Unperfected Modulation, Laser Linewidth, and Other Impairments
6.3 Intensity Modulation and Direct Detection Systems Using Optical Amplifiers
6.3.1 Long-Haul and Ultra-Long-Haul Transmission: Performance Evaluation
6.3.2 Design of Long-Haul Transmission Systems
6.3.2.1 Erbium-Doped Optical Fiber Amplifier Amplified Systems Design
6.3.2.2 Long-Haul Transmission at 40 Gbit/s
6.3.2.3 Long-Haul Transmission: Realistic Systems Characteristics
6.3.3 Design of Ultra-Long-Haul Transmission Systems
6.3.3.1 Ultra-Long-Haul Transmission at 10 Gbit/s: Draft Design
6.3.3.2 Ultra-Long-Haul Transmission Systems: Penalties, Evaluation, and Simulation Results
6.3.3.3 Ultra-Long-Haul Transmission at 40 Gbit/s
6.3.3.4 Ultra-Long-Haul Systems with Electronic Pre-Compensation
6.3.4.1 Single-Span Systems with Intensity Modulation and All Raman Amplification
6.3.4.3 Single-Span Systems with Electronic Pre-Distortion at 10 Gbit/s
6.3.5 Metropolitan Optical Rings
6.3.5.1 Transmission in Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing Metropolitan Ring
6.3.5.2 Transmission in Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing Metropolitan Ring
6.4 Alternative Modulation Formats
6.4.1 Single Side Band Modulation
6.5 Hardware Architecture of Optical Transmission Systems
6.5.1 Mechanical Structure of a Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing System
7 Switching Systems: Architecture and Performances
7.2 Space Division Switch Fabrics
7.2.2.1 Strictly Nonblocking Clos Networks
7.2.2.2 Rearrangeable Nonblocking Clos Networks
7.2.2.3 Blocking Clos Networks
7.2.2.4 Control of a Clos Switch
7.2.2.5 Dimensions and Power Consumption
7.2.2.6 Clos Switch Fabric Modularity
7.2.3.1 Routing through a Banyan Network
7.2.3.2 Modularity of a Banyan Network
7.2.3.3 Real Estate and Power Consumption of a Banyan Network
7.2.3.4 Variation on Basic Banyan Networks
7.3 Time Division Switch Fabrics
7.3.1 Time Slot Interchange–Based Switch Fabrics
7.3.2 Bus-Based Switch Fabrics
7.3.2.1 Switch Fabric Based on a Slotted Random Access Bus
7.3.2.2 Switch Fabric Based on an Unslotted Random Access Bus
7.3.2.3 Switch Fabric Based on a Carrier Sense Multiple Access Bus
7.3.2.4 Switch Fabric Based on Variations of the Carrier Sense Multiple Access Bus
7.3.3 Delay in Bus-Based Switch Fabrics
7.4 Wavelength Division Switch Fabrics
7.5 Hardware Platforms for Switching Network Elements
7.5.1 Fast Backplanes for Switching Equipment
7.5.1.1 High-Speed Electrical Backplanes
7.5.1.3 Optical Backplanes Based on Monolithic Optical Integration
7.5.1.4 Protocols for Very High-Speed Backplanes
7.6 On the Performances of Core Switching Machines
7.6.1 Capacity, Throughput, and Channel Utilization
7.7 Circuit Switching in the Transport Layer
7.7.3 Connection Survivability
7.7.4.1 OXCs with WDM or Gray Interfaces
7.7.4.2 OXC with an Electronic Switch Fabric
7.7.4.3 OXC with an Optical Switch Fabric
7.7.5 Optical Add-Drop Multiplexer
7.8 Packet Switching at MPLS and IP Layers: Routers
7.8.1 Generalities on IP/MPLS Routers and Routers Classification
7.8.3.1 Binary Trie–Based Algorithms
7.8.3.2 Hardware-Based Algorithms
7.8.3.3 Comparison between Forwarding Table Lookup Algorithms
7.8.4 Broadband Remote Access Servers and Edge Routers
7.8.5 Practical Routers Implementations
7.9 Packet Switching at Ethernet Layer: Carrier Class Ethernet Switches
7.9.1 Generalities on Carrier Class Ethernet Switches
7.9.2 Architecture of a Carrier Class Ethernet Switch
8 Convergent Network Management and Control Plane
8.2.2 ASON Standard Interfaces
8.2.3 ASON Control Plane Functionalities
8.2.3.4 Call and Connection Control
8.3.1 GMPLS Data Paths and Generalized Labels Hierarchy
8.3.2.1 Open Shortest Path First with Traffic Engineering
8.3.2.2 IS–IS Routing Protocol
8.3.2.3 Brief Comparison between OSPF-TE and IS–IS
8.3.2.4 Resource Reservation Protocol with Traffic Engineering Extensions
8.3.2.5 Constrained Routing Label Distribution Protocol
8.3.2.6 Comparison between RSVP-TE and CR-LDP
8.3.2.7 Line Management Protocol
8.4 Design and Optimization of ASON/GMPLS Networks
8.4.1 Detailed Example: Design Target and Issues
8.4.1.1 Basic Examples of Network Design
8.4.1.2 Design for Survivability
8.4.2 Design Based on Optimization Algorithms
8.4.2.1 Optimized Design Hypotheses
8.4.2.4 Design in Unknown Traffic Conditions
8.4.3 Routing Policies–Based Design
8.4.3.3 Comparison among the Considered Algorithms
8.5 GMPLS Network Design for Survivability
8.5.1 Survivability Techniques Performance Evaluation
8.5.2 Protection versus Restoration
8.5.2.5 Quantitative Comparison
8.5.3 Multilayer Survivability Strategies
8.5.3.1 Multilayer Survivability
8.5.3.2 QoS-Driven Multilayer Survivability
8.6 Impact of ASON/GMPLS on Carriers OPEX
9 Next Generation Transmission Systems Enabling Technologies, Architectures, and Performances
9.2 100 Gbit/s Transmission Issues
9.2.1 Optical Signal to Noise Ratio Reduction
9.2.2 Fiber Chromatic Dispersion
9.2.2.1 Impact of Chromatic Dispersion on 100 Gbit/s Transmission
9.2.2.2 Tunable Optical Dispersion Compensator
9.2.3 Fiber Polarization Mode Dispersion
9.2.3.1 Impact of Polarization Mode Dispersion on 100 Gbit/s Transmission
9.2.3.2 Polarization Mode Dispersion Compensation
9.2.4.1 Fiber Nonlinear Propagation
9.2.4.3 Electrical Front End Adaptation
9.3 Multilevel Optical Transmission
9.3.1 Optical Instantaneous Multilevel Modulation
9.3.2 Practical Multilevel Transmitters
9.3.2.1 Multilevel Differential Phase Modulation (M-DPSK)
9.3.2.2 Multilevel Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (M-QAM)
9.3.2.3 Multilevel Polarization Modulation (M-PolSK)
9.3.2.4 Multilevel Four Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (M-4QAM)
9.3.3 Multilevel Modulation Receivers
9.3.3.1 Four Quadrature Receiver
9.3.3.2 M-DPSK Optimum Receiver
9.3.4 Ideal Performances of Multilevel Systems
9.3.4.1 M-QAM and M-4QAM with Quadrature Receiver
9.3.4.2 M-PolSK with Stokes Parameters Receiver
9.3.4.3 M-DPSK with Direct Detection Receiver
9.3.4.4 Comparison among Different Modulation Formats
9.3.5 Coherent Receivers Sensitivity to Phase and Polarization Fluctuations
9.3.5.1 Phase Noise Penalty for Coherent Quadrature Receiver
9.3.5.2 Depolarization Penalty for Coherent Quadrature Receiver
9.4 Alternative and Complementary Transmission Techniques
9.4.1 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
9.4.2 Polarization Division Multiplexing
9.4.3 Channel and Pulse Polarization Diversity
9.5 Design Rules for 100 Gbit/s Long Haul Transmission Systems
9.5.1 Practical Multilevel Systems: Transmitting 100 Gbit/s on a 40 Gbit/s Line
9.5.2 Practical Multilevel Systems: Transmitting 100 Gbit/s on a 10 Gbit/s Line by 4QAM
9.5.2.1 Ideal Signal to Noise Ratio Requirements
9.5.3 Practical Multilevel Systems: Transmitting 100 Gbit/s on a 10 Gbit/s Line by PolSK
9.5.3.1 Draft Design and Power Budget
9.5.4 Practical Multilevel Systems: Native 100 Gbit/s Ultra-Long Haul Systems
9.6 Summary of Experimental 100 Gbit/s Systems Characteristics
10 Next Generation Networking: Enabling Technologies, Architectures, and Performances
10.1.1 Digital Optical Network
10.1.2 Optical Transparent Network
10.2.1 Optoelectronic Integration: ODN Enabling Technology
10.2.2 Optical Digital Network Architecture and Design
10.2.2.1 ODN Control and Management Plane
10.2.2.2 ODN Physical Layer Sub-Layering
10.2.2.3 ODN Network Elements and Data Plane
10.3 Transparent Optical Transport Network
10.3.1 Enabling Technologies for the Transparent Optical Transport Network
10.3.1.1 Nonlinear Behavior of Semiconductor Amplifiers
10.3.1.2 Wavelength Converters and Regenerators Based on Cross-Gain Modulation
10.3.1.3 Wavelength Converters and Regenerators Based on Cross-Phase Modulation
10.3.1.4 Wavelength Converters Based on Four-Wave Mixing
10.3.2 Transparent Optical Network Elements
10.3.2.1 PWP Transparent OXC: Example of Performances
10.3.2.2 PWC Transparent OXC: Example of Performances
10.3.2.3 LWC Transparent OXC: Example of Performances
10.3.3 Transport of Control Plane and Management Plane Messages
10.3.3.2 Low Frequency Subcarrier Modulated Data Channel
10.3.3.3 Optical Code Division Multiplexing
10.3.4 Design of a Transparent Optical Network: ILP Optimization
10.3.4.1 Integer Linear Programming to Dimension Transparent Optical Transport Networks
10.3.4.2 Problem of Wavelength Routing and the Use of Wavelength Converters
10.3.4.3 Problem of Transmission Impairments and the Use of Regenerators
10.3.5 Cyclic-Based Design Algorithms and Wavelength Converters Placement
10.3.5.1 Full Wavelength Conversion Cyclic Algorithm
10.3.5.2 No Wavelength Conversion Cyclic Algorithm
10.3.5.3 Partial Wavelength Conversion Cyclic Algorithm
10.3.5.4 Cost Model and Transmission Feasibility in Cyclic Algorithms
10.3.5.5 Example of Network Design and Role of Wavelength Converters
10.3.6 Translucent Optical Network: Design Methods and Regenerators Placing Problem
10.3.7 Summary: The Transparent Optical Network Status
10.4 Transparent Optical Packet Network (T-OPN)
10.4.1 Transparent Optical Packet Network Enabling Technologies
10.4.1.2 Switches: Two Examples of All-Optical Switch Fabric
10.4.1.3 Digital Optical Processing
10.4.2 Final Comment on the All-Optical Packet Network
11 The New Access Network Systems and Enabling Technologies
11.2 TDMA and TDM Overlay Passive Optical Network
11.2.2 GPON architecture and Performances
11.2.2.1 GPON Transmission Performances
11.2.2.2 GPON Frame and Adaptation Protocol
11.2.2.3 GPON Capacity per User
11.2.2.4 Functional Structure of a GPON OLT and ONU
11.2.3 NG-PON Project and the GPON WDM Overlay
11.3 WDM Passive Optical Network
11.4 WDM-PON versus GPON and XG-PON Performance Comparison
11.5 Enabling Technologies for Gbit/s Capacity Access
11.5.1 GPON Optical interfaces
11.5.1.1 GPON Interfaces Technology
11.5.1.2 GPON Interfaces Draft Cost Model
11.5.2 WDM-PON and XWDM-PON interface Technology
Appendix A: SDH/SONET Signaling
Appendix B: Spanning Tree Protocol
Appendix C: Inter-Symbol Interference Indexes Summation Rule
Appendix D: Fiber Optical Amplifiers: Analytical Modeling
Appendix E: Space Division Switch Fabric Performance Evaluation