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PART II Other Topologies
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PART II Other Topologies
by Dorin O. Neacsu
Switching Power Converters, 2nd Edition
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Author
Chapter 1 Introduction to Medium- and High-Power Switching Converters
1.1 Market for Medium- and High-Power Converters
1.1.1 Technology Status
1.1.2 Transportation Electrification Systems
1.1.2.1 Automotive
1.1.2.2 Aviation
1.1.2.3 Railways
1.1.2.4 Marine Power Systems
1.1.3 Traditional Industrial Applications
1.1.3.1 Motor Drives
1.1.3.2 Grid-Tied Power Supplies
1.1.3.3 Medium Voltage
1.2 Book Coverage
1.3 Adjustable Speed Drives
1.3.1 AC/DC Converter
1.3.2 Intermediate Circuit
1.3.3 DC Capacitor Bank
1.3.4 Soft-Charge Circuit
1.3.5 DC Reactor
1.3.6 Brake Circuit
1.3.7 Three-Phase Inverter
1.3.8 Protection Circuits
1.3.9 Sensors
1.3.10 Motor Connection
1.3.11 Controller
1.4 Grid Interfaces or Distributed Generation
1.4.1 Grid Harmonics
1.4.2 Power Factor
1.4.3 DC Current Injection
1.4.4 Electromagnetic Compatibility and Electromagnetic Inference
1.4.5 Frequency and Voltage Variations
1.4.6 Maximum Power Connected at Low-Voltage Grid
1.5 Multiconverter Power Electronic Systems
1.6 Conclusion
References
PART I Conventional Power Converters
Chapter 2 High-Power Semiconductor Devices
2.1 A View on the Power Semiconductor Market
2.2 Power MOSFETs
2.2.1 Operation
2.2.2 Control
2.3 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors
2.3.1 Operation
2.3.2 Control, Gate Drivers
2.3.2.1 Requirements
2.3.2.2 Optimal Design of the Gate Resistor
2.3.3 Protection
2.4 Power Loss Estimation
2.5 Active Gate Drivers
2.6 Gate Turn-off Thyristors (GTOs)
2.7 Advanced Power Devices
2.7.1 Specialty Devices
2.7.1.1 IGCT
2.7.1.2 IGBT-RC
2.7.1.3 IGBT-RB
2.7.2 High-Frequency, High-Voltage Devices
2.7.3 Using New Substrate Materials (SiC, GaN, and so on)
2.8 Datasheet Information
Problems
References
Chapter 3 Basic Three-Phase Inverters
3.1 High-Power Devices Operated as Simple Switches
3.2 Inverter Leg with Inductive Load Operation
3.3 What Is a PWM Algorithm?
3.4 Basic Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverter: Operation and Functions
3.5 Performance Indices: Definitions and Terms Used in Different Countries
3.5.1 Frequency Analysis
3.5.2 Modulation Index for Three-Phase Converters
3.5.3 Performance Indices
3.5.3.1 Content in Fundamental (z)
3.5.3.2 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Coefficient
3.5.3.3 Harmonic Current Factor (HCF)
3.5.3.4 Current Distortion Factor
3.6 Direct Calculation of Harmonic Spectrum from Inverter Waveforms
3.6.1 Decomposition in Quasi-Rectangular Waveforms
3.6.2 Vectorial Method
3.7 Preprogrammed PWM for Three-Phase Inverters
3.7.1 Preprogrammed PWM for Single-Phase Inverter
3.7.2 Preprogrammed PWM for Three-Phase Inverter
3.7.3 Binary-Programmed PWM
3.8 Modeling a Three-Phase Inverter with Switching Functions
3.9 Braking Leg in Power Converters for Motor Drives
3.10 DC Bus Capacitor within an AC/DC/AC Power Converter
3.11 Conclusion
Problems
References
Chapter 4 Carrier-Based Pulse Width Modulation and Operation Limits
4.1 Carrier-Based Pulse Width Modulation Algorithms: Historical Importance
4.2 Carrier-Based PWM Algorithms with Improved Reference
4.3 PWM Used within Volt/Hertz Drives: Choice of Number of Pulses Based on the Desired Current Harmonic Factor
4.3.1 Operation in the Low-Frequencies Range (Below Nominal Frequency)
4.3.2 High Frequencies (>60 Hz)
4.4 Implementation of Harmonic Reduction with Carrier PWM
4.5 Limits of Operation: Minimum Pulse Width
4.5.1 Avoiding Pulse Dropping by Harmonic Injection
4.6 Limits of Operation
4.6.1 Deadtime
4.6.2 Zero Current Clamping
4.6.3 Overmodulation
4.6.3.1 Voltage Gain Linearization
4.7 Conclusion
Problems
References
Chapter 5 Vectorial PWM for Basic Three-Phase Inverters
5.1 Review of Space Vector Theory
5.1.1 History and Evolution of the Concept
5.1.2 Theory: Vectorial Transforms and Advantages
5.1.2.1 Clarke Transform
5.1.2.2 Park Transform
5.1.3 Application to Three-Phase Control Systems
5.2 Vectorial Analysis of the Three-Phase Inverter
5.2.1 Mathematical Derivation of Current Space Vector Trajectory in Complex Planes for Six-Step Operation (with Resistive and Resistive-Inductive Loads)
5.2.2 Definition of Flux of a (Voltage) Vector and Ideal Flux Trajectory
5.3 SVM Theory: Derivation of Time Intervals Associated to Active and Zero States by Averaging
5.4 Adaptive SVM: DC Ripple Compensation
5.5 Link to Vector Control: Different Forms and Expressions of Time Interval Equations in (d, q) Coordinate System
5.6 Definition of Switching Reference Function
5.7 Definition of Switching Sequence
5.7.1 Continuous Reference Function: Different Methods
5.7.2 Discontinuous Reference Function for Reduced Switching Loss
5.8 Comparison between Different Vectorial PWM
5.8.1 Loss Performance
5.8.2 Comparison of Total Harmonic Distortion/HCF
5.9 Overmodulation for SVM
5.10 Volt-per-Hertz Control of PWM Inverters
5.10.1 Low-Frequency Operation Mode
5.10.2 High-Frequency Operation Mode
5.11 Improving the Transient Response in High-Speed Converters
5.12 Conclusion
Problems
References
Chapter 6 Practical Aspects in Building Three-Phase Power Converters
6.1 Selection of Power Devices in a Three-Phase Inverter
6.1.1 Motor Drives
6.1.1.1 Load Characteristics
6.1.1.2 Maximum Current Available
6.1.1.3 Maximum Apparent Power
6.1.1.4 Maximum Active (Load) Power
6.1.2 Grid Applications
6.2 Protection
6.2.1 Overcurrent
6.2.2 Fuses
6.2.3 Overtemperature
6.2.4 Overvoltage
6.2.5 Snubber Circuits
6.2.5.1 Theory
6.2.5.2 Component Selection
6.2.5.3 Undeland Snubber Circuit
6.2.5.4 Regenerative Snubber Circuits for Very Large Power
6.2.5.5 Resonant Snubbers
6.2.5.6 Active Snubbering
6.2.6 Gate Driver Faults
6.3 System Protection Management
6.4 Reduction of Common Mode EMI through Inverter Techniques
6.5 Typical Building Structures of the Conventional Inverter Depending on the Power Level
6.5.1 Packages for Power Semiconductor Devices
6.5.2 Converter Packaging
6.5.3 Enclosures
6.6 Auxiliary Power
6.6.1 Requirements
6.6.2 IC for Power Supplies
6.6.3 Operation of a Flyback Power Converter
6.7 Conclusion
Problems
References
Chapter 7 Thermal Management and Reliability
7.1 Thermal Management
7.1.1 Theory
7.1.2 Transient Thermal Impedance
7.2 Theory of Reliability and Lifetime—Definitions
7.3 Failure and Lifetime
7.3.1 System Failure Rate
7.3.2 Component Failure Rate
7.3.3 Failure Rate for Diverse Components Used in Power Electronics
7.3.4 Failure Modes for a Power Semiconductor Device
7.3.5 Wear-Out Mechanisms in Power Semiconductors
7.4 Lifetime Calculation and Modeling
7.4.1 Problem Setting
7.4.2 Accelerated Tests for Electronic Equipment
7.4.2.1 Using the Activation Energy Method
7.4.2.2 Temperature Cycling
7.4.2.3 Accelerated Tests for Power Cycling
7.4.3 Modeling with Physics of Failure
7.5 Standards and Software Tools
7.5.1 Standards
7.5.2 Software Tools
7.5.2.1 Tools Derived from Theory of Reliability
7.5.2.2 Tools Derived from Microelectronics
7.5.2.3 Power Electronics Specifics
7.6 Factory Reliability Testing of Semiconductors
7.7 Design for Reliability
7.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Implementation of Pulse Width Modulation Algorithms
8.1 Analog Pulse Width Modulation Controllers
8.2 Mixed-Mode Motor Controller ICs
8.3 Digital Structures with Counters: FPGA Implementation
8.3.1 Principle of Digital PWM Controllers
8.3.2 Bus Compatible Digital PWM Interfaces
8.3.3 FPGA Implementation of Space Vector Modulation Controllers
8.3.4 Deadtime Digital Controllers
8.4 Markets for General-Purpose and Dedicated Digital Processors
8.4.1 History of Using Microprocessors/ Microcontrollers in Power Converter Control
8.4.2 DSPs Used in Power Converter Control
8.4.3 Parallel Processing in Multiprocessor Structures
8.5 Software Implementation in Low-Cost Microcontrollers
8.5.1 Software Manipulation of Counter Timing
8.5.2 Calculation of Time Interval Constants
8.6 Microcontrollers with Power Converter Interfaces
8.7 Motor Control Coprocessors
8.8 Using the Event Manager within Texas Instrument’s DSPs
8.8.1 Event Manager Structure
8.8.2 Software Implementation of Carrier-Based PWM
8.8.3 Software Implementation of SVM
8.8.4 Hardware Implementation of SVM
8.8.5 Deadtime
8.8.6 Individual PWM Channels
8.9 Using Flash Memories
8.10 About Resolution and Accuracy of PWM Implementation
8.11 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Practical Aspects in Closed-Loop Control
9.1 Role, Schematics
9.2 Current Measurement—Synchronization with PWM
9.2.1 Shunt Resistor
9.2.2 Hall Effect Sensors
9.2.3 Current Sensing Transformer
9.2.4 Synchronization with PWM
9.3 Current Sampling Rate—Oversampling
9.4 Current Control in (a,b,c) Coordinates
9.5 Current Transforms (3->2)—Software Calculation of Transforms
9.6 Current Control in (d, q)—Models—PI Calibration
9.7 Anti-Wind-Up Protection—Output Limitation and Range Definition
9.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10 Intelligent Power Modules
10.1 Market and Technology Considerations
10.1.1 History
10.1.2 Advantages and Drawbacks
10.1.3 IGBT Chip
10.1.4 Gate Driver
10.1.5 Packaging
10.1.6 Other Approaches
10.2 Review of IPM Devices Available
10.3 Use of IPM Devices
10.3.1 Local Power Supplies
10.3.2 Clamping the Regenerative Energy
References
PART II Other Topologies
Chapter 11 Resonant Three-Phase Converters
11.1 Reducing Switching Losses through Resonance versus Advanced PWM Devices
11.2 Do We Still Get Advantages from Resonant High Power Converters?
11.3 Zero Voltage Transition of IGBT Devices
11.3.1 Power Semiconductor Devices under Zero Voltage Switching
11.3.2 Step-Down Conversion
11.3.3 Step-Up Power Transfer
11.3.4 Bi-Directional Power Transfer
11.4 Zero Current Transition of IGBT Devices
11.4.1 Power Semiconductor Devices under Zero Current Switching
11.4.2 Step-Down Conversion
11.4.3 Step-Up Conversion
11.5 Possible Topologies of Quasi-Resonant Converters
11.5.1 Pole Voltage
11.5.2 Resonant DC Bus
11.6 Special PWM for Three-Phase Resonant Converters
Problems
References
Chapter 12 Component-Minimized Three-Phase Power Converters
12.1 Solutions for Reduction of Number of Components
12.1.1 New Inverter Topologies
12.1.2 Direct Converters
12.2 B4 Inverter
12.2.1 Vectorial Analysis of the B4 Inverter
12.2.2 Definition of PWM Algorithms for the B4 Inverter
12.2.3 Influence of DC Voltage Variations and Method for Their Compensation
12.3 Two-Leg Converter Used in Feeding a Two-Phase IM …
12.4 Z-Source Inverter
12.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13 AC/DC Grid Interface Based on the Three-Phase Voltage Source Converter
13.1 Particularities—Control Objectives—Active Power Control
13.2 Meaning of PWM in the Control System
13.2.1 Single-Switch Applications
13.2.2 Six-Switch Converters
13.2.3 Topologies with Current Injection Devices
13.3 Closed-Loop Current Control Methods
13.3.1 Introduction
13.3.2 PI Current Loop
13.3.3 Transient Response Times
13.3.4 Limitation of the (vd,vq) Voltages
13.3.5 Minimum Time Current Control
13.3.6 Cross-Coupling Terms
13.3.7 Application of the Whole Available Voltage on the d-Axis
13.3.8 Switch Table and Hysteresis Control
13.3.9 Phase Current Tracking Methods
13.3.9.1 P-I-S controller
13.3.9.2 Feed-Forward Controller
13.4 Grid Synchronization
Problems
References
Chapter 14 Parallel and Interleaved Power Converters
14.1 Comparison between Converters Built of High-Power Devices and Solutions Based on Multiple Parallel Lower-Power Devices
14.2 Hardware Constraints in Paralleling IGBTs
14.3 Gate Control Designs for Equal Current Sharing
14.4 dvantages and Disadvantages of Paralleling Inverter Legs with Respect to Using Parallel Devices
14.4.1 Inter-Phase Reactors
14.4.2 Control System
14.4.3 Converter Control Solutions
14.4.4 Current Control
14.4.5 Small-Signal Modeling for (d, q) Control in a Parallel Converter System
14.4.6 (d, q) versus (d, q, 0) Control
14.5 Interleaved Operation of Power Converters
14.6 Circulating Currents
14.7 Selection of the PWM Algorithm
14.8 System Controller
14.9 Conclusion
Problems
References
Chapter 15 AC/DC and DC/AC Current Source Converters
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Current Commutation
15.3 Using Switching Functions to Define Operation
15.4 PWM Control
15.4.1 Trapezoidal Modulation
15.4.2 Harmonic Elimination Programmed Modulation
15.4.3 Sinusoidal Modulation
15.4.4 Space Vector Modulation
15.5 Optimization of PWM Algorithms
15.5.1 Minimum Squared Error
15.5.2 Circular Corona
15.5.3 Reducing the Low Harmonics from the Geometrical Locus
15.5.4 Comparative Results
15.6 Resonance in the AC-Side of the CSI Converter-Filter Assembly
15.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 16 AC/AC Matrix Converters as a 9-Switch Topology
16.1 Background
16.2 Implementation of the Power Switch
16.3 Current Commutation
16.4 Clamping the Reactive Energy
16.5 PWM Algorithms
16.5.1 Sinusoidal Carrier-Based PWM
16.5.2 Space Vector Modulation Considering All Possible Switching Vectors
16.5.2.1 Selection of the Closest Rotating and Stationary Vectors
16.5.2.2 Definition of Time Intervals
16.5.3 Space Vector Modulation Considering Stationary Vectors Only
16.5.4 Indirect Matrix Converter (Sparse Converter)
16.5.5 Implementation of PWM Control
16.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17 Multilevel Converters
17.1 Principle and Hardware Topologies
17.1.1 H-Bridge Modules
17.1.2 Flying Capacitor Multilevel Converter
17.1.3 Diode-Clamped Multilevel Converter
17.1.4 Combination Converters
17.2 Design and Rating Considerations
17.2.1 Semiconductor Ratings
17.2.2 Passive Filters
17.3 PWM Algorithms
17.3.1 Principle
17.3.2 Sinusoidal PWM
17.3.3 Space Vector Modulation
17.3.4 Harmonic Elimination
17.4 Application Specifics
17.4.1 HVDC Lines
17.4.2 FACTS
17.4.3 Motor Drives
References
Chapter 18 Use of IPM within a “Network of Switches” Concept
18.1 Grid Interface for Extended Power Range
18.2 Matrix Converter Made Up of VSI Power Modules
18.2.1 Conventional Matrix Converter Packaged with VSI Modules
18.2.2 Dyadic Matrix Converter with VSI Modules
18.3 Multilevel Converter Made Up of Multiple Power Modules
18.4 New Topology Built of Power Modules and Its Applications
18.4.1 Cyclo-Converters
18.4.2 Control System
18.4.3 PWM Generator
18.5 Generalized Vector Transform
18.6 IPM in IGBT-Based AC/AC Direct Converters Built of Current Source Inverter Modules
18.6.1 Hardware Development
18.6.2 Product Requirements
18.6.3 Performance
18.7 Using MATLAB-Based Multimillion FFT for Analysis of Direct AC/AC Converters
18.7.1 Introduction to Harmonic Analysis of Direct or Matrix Converters
18.7.2 Parameter Selection
18.7.3 FFT in MATLAB
18.7.4 Analysis of a Direct Converter
18.7.5 Automation of Multipoint THD and HCF Analysis
18.7.6 Comments on Computer Performance
References
Index
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Chapter 10 Intelligent Power Modules
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Chapter 11 Resonant Three-Phase Converters
Part II
Other Topologies
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