Bold page numbers indicate figures, italic numbers indicate tables
action: as decentred and collaborative 331–332; integration with knowledge 17–19; transformation of 455–457
action logics 9
action theory 249
adaptation: California, barriers to in 121; in cities 62; climate change: business-as-usual development approaches 227–228; conceptualizations of 225–227; defined 224; developing countries 224–225; development actors, role of in 225–227; disaster risk reduction (DRR) 225–226; disconnection from causes of vulnerability 229; and existing agendas and ideologies 228; financing of 225; perverse outcomes from development 225; postdevelopment perspectives 229–231; rebadging of existing initiatives 227–228; discursive environment, importance of 235–236; human security approach to 36; links with disaster risk reduction (DRR) 337–338; livelihood diversification 128–129; methodology for research 128; migration: decision to migrate 416–417, 418; discourse on 419–420; legal definition of environmental migrant 420; projected climate change impacts 414, 415, 416; as strategy 413, 418–419; National Adaptation Programs of Action (NAPAs) 127; at national/local levels 126–127, 128, 128–131; planned/autonomous 126–127; problematization of by UKCIP 236–241; and resilience 108–109; resilience, transition and transformation frames 235; sustainable: 140; development and social change links 363–365; different values and interests 368–369; factors influencing success of 150–152; Integrated Coastal Zone-Management (ICZM) 147–148; Kenya, dryland areas in 369; local context and vulnerabilities 368; local/global feedback 369–370; local knowledge and participation 369; normative vision for change 367–370; as political and contested 153; towards ICZM in Coastby 148–149; transformative change process 365–367; see also Agüita de la Perdiz Sur, social capital in; policy sciences as problem-oriented approach
ADAPTE project: cities, characteristics of 74; methodology 71–72; research findings 73, 75, 75–77, 76; spatial differences 77
Africa: and climate conflict 51–52; urban population growth 68; violent conflict in 49–50
agency approach to capabilities approach 194
agents: people as 11–12; of change 84; as recipients, not 130; creative 211; organizations 266; knowledge and capacity 268; in coping and adaptive capacity 350
Agüita de la Perdiz Sur, social capital in: background 338; citizen participation 342–343; community, sense of 341–342; as enabler and barrier in 341–344; houses built on slopes 340; landslides in 339; local knowledge 343–344; methodology 338; place attachment 341–342
air pollution in urban centers 75–77, 76
Alpine Shire, Victoria, Australia 404–410, 406, 407, 409
Anthropocene era: choice in making, building and using 32; humanity as active change agent 28–30, 306; initial formulation of human security 31–32; and security 27–28; use of term 27; vulnerabilities of urban life 30–31; worst-case scenario for the future 31
archetypical patterns of vulnerability 92–93, 96–101
Asia, urban population growth in 68
Bangladesh: adaptation 127; attributes of effective network brokers 355; changes in networks 355; floods as fact of life 351–352; future climate impacts 350–351; information and knowledge sharing 357; leaders of social networks 355–357; methodology 351; social networks in 352, 353, 354, 355, 356; Tartapara 351; wet and dry seasons 356
Bauman, Zygmunt 329
behavioral change and fossil fuels 399
Bolivia: empowerment of indigenous people 296–301, 298, 299, 300; Ravelo River Basin 298, 298–301, 299, 300
breakthrough conditions: empowerment 15–17; integration of knowledge and action 17–19; need for 9; paradigms, need to challenge 12–15; perspectives 10–12
brown agenda for sustainable cities 380
Brundtland Report 1987 219, 379
California’s Central Valley 120–123
capabilities approach, agency approach to 194
capacities and disaster risk 259–260
Center for a New American Security (CNAS) 50
Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) 50
Center on Climate Change and National Security (US) 47
Central Valley, California 120–123
Chambers, Robert 258
change: fossil fuels, transition from 396–399, 397; and human security 352–353; humanity as active change agent 28–30; links with sustainable adaptation 363–365; normative vision for 367–370; and resilience 113–114; subjective dimensions of 454; tipping points 113–114; variables, fast and slow controlling 113
child mortality, prospects for 93–95, 94, 95
choice in making, building and using 32
cities: adaptation of 62; basic human needs 174–175; challenges for human security 375; climate change implications 175–176; future research 176–177; and global environmental change 172–176; Global Environmental Change and Human Security (GECHS) Science Plan 170–171, 176; growth in 56, 375; inequity and injustice, as centers of 380; knowledge to meet for challenges 375–376; and political violence 58–60; problems due to growth in 56–57; research challenges 63–64; research into human security 171–172; and social disorder 60–61, 61; sustainable: brown agenda 380; design perspectives on 381; developed/developing countries 386; emergent phenomena 384; fair-share perspectives on 381; free market perspectives 381; global level 385; green agenda 379–380; integrating perspectives 383–386; models of 380–382; perspectives on 379–382; reconciling perspectives on 382–383; resilience and vulnerability 386; scale, importance of 384–385; self-reliant perspectives on 381; socio-economic variables 385; systems approach 383, 384; urban environmental transition 382–383; urbanization science 384–387; trends and projections 57–58, 376–377, 377, 378; Urbanization and Global Environmental Change (UGEC) project 171, 176; vulnerability of 30–31, 62; wildfires 182–183; see also ADAPTE project; health risks in urban centers
citizenship: as decentred and collaborative 331–332; global 456; as individual responsibility 329–330; participation 342
climate change: business-as-usual development approaches 227–228; conceptualizations of 225–227; defined 224; developing countries 224–225; development actors, role of in 225–227; disaster risk reduction (DRR) 225–226; disconnection from causes of vulnerability 229; and existing agendas and ideologies 228; financing of 225; perverse outcomes from development 225; postdevelopment perspectives 229–231; rebadging of existing initiatives 227–228; equality gap 36–37; financial crisis 2007 120–123; health risks in urban centers 68–69; as human security issue, literature on 35–37; and migration 37–39; as security issue 34–35; and violent conflict 39; vulnerability to in urban centers 69–72, 72
climate conflict: Africa 51–52; Center for a New American Security (CNAS) 50; Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) 50; environmental conflict model 48; environmental refugees 48–49; militarization of humanitarian aid 47, 51–52; narratives of 47–50; ungoverned spaces 51; violent conflict in Africa 49–50; see also adaptation
clumsy solutions: cultural theory: Brent Spar 427; egalitarian actors 425, 426, 429; fatalism 425, 426, 429; hierarchies 424–426, 425, 428; individual actors 425, 428, 429; organizing, four ways of 424–427, 425; use of 427–428; development 429–431; and elegant failures 435; to human security 428–429; Kathmandu 429–431; long-term perspectives 436–439, 437, 438; North Atlantic Islands: Faroe Islands 439–440, 445; Greenland 442–447; Iceland 441–442, 445; inevitability of outcomes 445–447; lessons learned 445; Norse settlement of 439; outcomes of settlement of 439–445; sustainable development 428; traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) 437–438
coastal zones: divergent interests of citizens 150–151; hard shoreline protection, problems with 148–149; institutional/policy conflicts 151–152; Integrated Coastal Zone-Management (ICZM) 147–148; integration, lack of in managing 152; private property-defenders 151; safety v. scenery 150; sea level rise in low-level 62; towards ICZM in Coastby 148–149; vulnerability of 173–174; waterfront planning 150; see also fisheries in Northern Norway
conflict, violent: and climate change 39; and urbanization 58–60
consent to sacrifice 88
consultation, IDPs and disasters 160–161
critical realism 309
cultural change and fossil fuels 397–398
cultural theory: Brent Spar 427; egalitarian actors 425, 426, 429; fatalism 425, 426, 429; hierarchies 424–426, 425, 428; individualists 425, 426, 429; organizing, four ways of 424–427, 425; sustainable development 428; use of 427–428
de-growth movement 209
democracy 52, 85, 87, 89, 192, 259, 329, 403
demographic systems 265
density of urban centers 68–69
design perspectives on sustainable cities 381
development: aid as payment for services 220; archetypical patterns of vulnerability 92–93, 96–101; business-as-usual approaches 227–228; child mortality, prospects for 93–95, 94, 95; clumsy solutions 429–431; compared to human security 91; de-growth movement 209; discourse on since 1950 217; ethics of 194; future for 198–199; Global Integrated Sustainability Model (GISMO) 92; and globalization 192; impact on the environment 204; links with sustainable adaptation 363–365; methodology for research 91–93; Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 218; new style of 191–192, 193–194; perverse outcomes from 225; postdevelopment perspectives on climate change adaptation 229–231; problematizing 207–210; role of actors in climate change adaptation 225–227; small-holder farmers in dryland areas 96–101, 97, 98; states’ role in 196–197; strengthening human security 100–101
disaster risk reduction (DRR) 225–226; action agenda 269–270; capacities 259–260; generalized vulnerability 258; knowledge and skills 260–262; links with adaptation to climate change 337–338; new agendas, need for 267–270; participation at local level 262–263; policy agenda 268–269; research agenda 267–268; resources, access to 260; social capital and knowledge 260; social products, disasters as 257–258; systems thinking 265–267; Tanzania 263–265; vulnerability 257–259; see also Agüita de la Perdiz Sur, social capital in
disasters and internally displaced persons: consultation and participation 160–161; definition of IDPs 158; discrimination 159–160; evacuation and relocation 159–160, 161–162; humanisation 165–166; Hurricane Katrina 159, 160, 162, 164–165; regulatory developments 164–165; and rights 157–159; rights approach 163–165; state/non-state actors 158; transformational responses 163; tsunami of 2004 160, 162, 163–164; UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement 158, 161, 162
discourses: conceptual environments created by 234–235; dominant, need to challenge 12–15; on poverty and climate change: aid as payment for services 220; defining discourse 217; development since 1950 217; environment since 1970 218–219; North/South relationship 216–217, 220; resilience, transition and transformation frames 235; UK Climate Impact Programme (UKCIP): adaptation, problematization of 236–241; discursive environment, importance of 235–236; implication for human security 241–244; importance of discourse analysis 235–236; ontology and epistemology 238–239; political rationale 240–241; problematization, concept of 236
discrimination, IDPs and disasters 159–160
disempowerment, roots of 284–285
dominant poverty knowledge: alternative perspectives to 210–211; characteristics of 205–207; as economistic 205–206; explained 203–205; growth, impact on the environment 204; link with prosperity 204; responsibility of individuals 206; spatially static, poverty as 207; technical matter, poverty as 206
double exposure framework 117, 118–123, 119
dryland areas, small-holder farmers in 96–101, 97, 98
Ecological Footprint model 327
economic systems 266
egalitarian actors in cultural theory 425, 426, 429
emergency management: origins of 181–182; wildfires: commercial interests 187; environmental impact of war on 186–187; media framing as threatening 185–186; militarization of language 185; reasons for increase in 182–183; safety or security 187–188; securitizing 185–187, 187–188; as security issue 183–185; urban settlements, growth of 182–183
empowerment: as change process 280–281; for the common good 288–290; definition compared to human security 279, 282, 283; development and use of concept 280; disempowerment, roots of 284–285; double-edged normative character of 288; human rights 280; indigenous people in Bolivia 296–301, 298, 299, 300; individual and collective, need for 15–17; initial stage of 289; internal and external 286–288; mixed results in the water sector 295; and participation 287–288; power as at the core of 281–282; and strategic life choices 282, 284
environmental conflict model 48
equality gap: and climate change 36–37; health risks in urban centers 69; internally displaced persons (IDPs) and disasters 159–160; and modern value systems 5
erosion management: citizen-engagement in 151; divergent interests of citizens 150–151; hard shoreline protection, problems with 148–149; institutional/ policy conflicts 151–152; Integrated Coastal Zone-Management (ICZM) 147–148; integration, lack of 152; private property-defenders 151; safety v. scenery 150; towards ICZM in Coastby 148–149; waterfront planning 150
ethics: development 194; development and globalization 192; environmental change as challenge for 192–195; and human security 197–198; new development style 191–192, 193–194; profound change needed for sustainability 191–192; public good, human security as 195–197; responsibility 318–319; states’ roles in development 196–197
evacuation and relocation after disasters 159–160, 161–162
expert-systems, loss of knowledge due to 251–253
fair-share perspectives on sustainable cities 381
fairness and responsibility 318
fatalism in cultural theory 425, 426, 429
financial crisis 2007: California’s Central Valley 120–123; and climate change 120–123; double exposure framework 117, 118–123, 119; housing crisis in California 122
fire management: origins of 181–182; wildfires: commercial interests 187; environmental impact of war on 186–187; media framing as threatening 185–186; militarization of language 185; reasons for increase in 182–183; safety or security 187–188; securitizing 185–187, 187–188; as security issue 183–185; urban settlements, growth of 182–183
fisheries: Northern Norway: aging fisher population 141; case study sites 137; climate changes 135; community, relevance of research to 137–138; global market mechanisms 142; importance of 136, 137; knowledge of the environment 136; local climate elements 139–141; local knowledge, inclusion in research 138–139, 143–144; ocean temperature 139–140; outmigration 141; polar lows 140; regulation and management 136, 141–142; social context 141–142; storms and extreme weather 140; Uganda, management of in 131
footprint models 327
fossil fuels: behavioral change 399; cultural change 397–398; empty world to full world 392–393; integral approach 394–399, 395, 397; peak oil 393–394; psychological change 398–399; system change 396, 397; transition initiative 397–398; worldviews, change of 397–398
free market perspectives on sustainable cities 381
future: action, transformation of 455–457; human-environmental integration 311–312; knowledge, transformation of 453–454; migration and climate change 38; policy, transformation of 454–455; research agenda 267–268; vision for 455; worst-case scenario 31
global environmental change: and cities 172–176; and human insecurities, link between 5; humanity as active change agent 28–30; threat and challenges of 1; vulnerability due to 99–100
Global Environmental Change and Human Security (GECHS) project 21, 170–171, 176, 203, 316
Global Environmental Outlook (GEO5) (UN) 30
Global Integrated Sustainability Model (GISMO) 92
globalization: California’s Central Valley 120–123; double exposure framework 118–123, 119; and environmental change 172–173; housing crisis in California 122
Great Transformation (Polanyi) 208
green agenda for sustainable cities 379–380
growth: de-growth movement 209; impact on the environment 204
handprint imagery: limits of individual agency 329–331; politics of 328–329; social handprint 331–332; as unchallenging systemic causes 329, 330; use of 327–328
health risks in urban centers: ADAPTE project: cities, characteristics of 72–73, 74; methodology 71–72; research findings 73, 75, 75–77, 76; spatial differences 77; air pollution 75–77, 76; and climate change 68–69; equality gap 69; form and density of urban centers 68–69; informal settlements 69; integrated approaches, need for 71; population growth 68; smaller centers 68; socioeconomic factors 70, 78; temperature 75, 75–77; vulnerability to climate change 69–72, 72
housing crisis in California 122
human-environmental integration: application of 308; International Human Dimensions Programme (IHDP) 305, 308–309; obstacles to 305–306; power of GEC as phenomenon in 310–311; progress towards 305; reinterpretation of GEC 307–308; research agenda 311–312; separability 306–307; social science interventions 306, 308–310
human rights: disasters and internally displaced persons 157–159, 163–165; empowerment 280
human security: adaptation, approach to 36; in a changing world 352–353; and choice in making, building and using 32; climate change as issue of, literature on 35–37; concept of 3–4; context for 4–6; defined 1–2; initial formulation 31–32; objective/ subjective aspects 4; use of concept 35–36; see also insecurity, human
humanity as active change agent 28–30
Hurricane Katrina 30–31, 159, 160, 162, 164–165
indigenous knowledge and culture, see local/national levels
individual agency, limits of 329–331
individualists in cultural theory 425, 426, 429
industrialised countries, responsibility of 318
informal settlements 69
inherent urban vulnerability 70
insecurity, human 2, 4, 6, 9 35, 39, 63, 285, 457
institutionalisation of vulnerable conditions: action theory 249; cause and effect as ineffective 248; consequences of 250–251; expert-systems, loss of knowledge due to 251–253; framework 253–255, 254; loss of knowledge due to 251; process of 249; rules of, objectivity of 249; surprise at 2002 floods 249–250; and transformation 255
integral theory and fossil fuels 394–399, 395, 397
Integrated Coastal Zone-Management (ICZM): adoption of 148; defined 147–148; factors influencing success of 150–152; towards ICZM in Coastby 148–149
Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) 295, 297, 301
internally displaced persons (IDPs) and disasters: consultation and participation 160–161; definition of IDPs 158; discrimination 159–160; evacuation and relocation 159–160, 161–162; humanisation 165–166; Hurricane Katrina 159, 160, 162, 164–165; regulatory developments 164–165; rights approach 157–159, 163–165; state/non-state actors 158; transformational responses 163; tsunami of 2004 160, 162, 163–164; UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement 158, 161, 162
International Human Dimensions Programme (IHDP) 212, 171, 305–312
Japan: Fukushima 88–89; Minamata disease 86–88
Kathmandu, clumsy solutions in 429–431
Katrina, Hurricane 30–31, 159, 160, 162, 164–165
Kenya, dryland areas in 369
knowledge: blind spots in 453–454; for challenges of urbanization 375–376; disaster risk reduction (DRR) 260–262; expert-systems, loss of due to 251–253; integration with action 17–19; local, benefits of in disasters 343–344; new, and social network theory 350; sharing in social network in Bangladesh 357; subjective dimensions of changes 454; surprise as uncovering limits of 250; transformation of 453–454; and uncertainty 84
Latin America, see ADAPTE project
leadership: during disasters 342–343; new type of 456–457
levels in integral theory 395–396
life choices and empowerment 282, 284
livelihood diversification 128–129
local/national levels: action informed by local communities 332; adaptation at local level 126–127, 128, 128–129; adaptation at national level 127, 129–131; internally displaced persons (IDPs) and disasters 160–161; knowledge and disaster risk reduction (DRR) 260–262; knowledge/participation and sustainable adaptation 369; local/ global feedback 369–370; local input to national policy 129–130; local knowledge, benefits of in disasters 343–344; local knowledge, inclusion in research 138–139, 143–144; methodology for research 128; National Adaptation Programs of Action (NAPAs) 127, 129–131; participation in disaster risk reduction (DRR) 262–263; postdevelopment perspectives on climate change adaptation 230–231; Tanzania, disaster risk reduction (DRR) in 263–265; vulnerabilities 368; water management 130; see also empowerment; fisheries in Northern Norway
long-term perspectives 436–439, 437, 438
Lovelock, James 31
Maldives 418
Mead, Margaret 195
Mexico City 72–73, 74, 75–77, 76
migration: as adaptation strategy 413, 418–419; and climate change 37–39; decision to migrate 413, 416–417, 418; discourse on adaptation 419–420; environmental refugees 48–49; legal definition of environmental migrant 420; outmigration from fisheries in Northern Norway 141; projected climate change impacts 414, 415, 416; sense of place 413; uncertainty about flows of 420
militarization: of humanitarian aid 47, 51–52; wildfires 185–187
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 174, 218
mitigation: adaptation 322; adaptation instead of 197; costs 323; current debates 36; discourses 364; feasible 316; impediments to 321; negative impacts of 212; safe levels 306; urban centers 68; urban-rural linkages 173
mortality: air pollution in urban centers 75–77, 76; child, prospects for 93–95, 94, 95; temperature in urban centers 75, 75–77
multidisciplinary approach, need for 454
narratives: circular 204; generalized 267 the evolution of security 8; on risk and vulnerability 15; security and conflict 47–50; urban vulnerability 67;
National Adaptation Programs of Action (NAPAs) 127–131, 264–265
National Climate Change Strategy (NCCS), South Africa 130
national/local levels: adaptation at local levels 126–127, 128, 128–129; adaptation at national levels 127, 129–131; conflicts 131; local/global feedback 369–370; local input to national policy 129–130; local knowledge, inclusion in research 138–139; methodology for research 128; National Adaptation Programs of Action (NAPAs) 127, 129–131; structural constraints 131; water management 130; see also fisheries in Northern Norway
national security: Africa 51–52; Center for a New American Security (CNAS) 50; Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) 50; Center on Climate Change and National Security (US) 47; climate conflict narratives 47–50; environmental conflict model 48; environmental refugees 48–49; militarization of humanitarian aid 47, 51–52; Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR) ( US) 47; and resilience 111–112; ungoverned spaces 51; violent conflict in Africa 49–50
North Atlantic Islands, Norse settlements of: beginnings 439; Faroe Islands 439–440, 445; Greenland 442–478; Iceland 441–442, 445; inevitability of outcomes 445–447; long-term perspectives 436–439, 437, 438; outcomes of 439–445
North/South relationship 216–217, 219, 220, 221
Northern Norway, see Norway, fisheries in
Norway, fisheries in: aging fisher population 141; case study sites 137; climate changes 135; community, relevance of research to 137–138; global market mechanisms 142; importance of 136, 137; knowledge of the environment 136; local climate elements 139–141; local knowledge, inclusion in research 138–139, 143–144; ocean temperature 139–140; outmigration 141; polar lows 140; regulation and management 136, 141–142; social context 141–142; storms and extreme weather 140
ocean temperature and fisheries in Northern Norway 139–140
oil, peak 393–394; see also fossil fuels
organizing, four ways of 424–427, 425
Ostrom, Elinor 110
paradigms 2, 6, 9, 12–14, 18, 228–230, 306–307, 309, 366, 453
participation: disaster risk reduction 342–343; and empowerment 287–288; formal, improving 343; internally displaced persons (IDPs) and disasters 160–161; leadership during disasters 342–343; relationship-building with public organisations 343; see also empowerment
past, study of 436–439, 437, 438
peak oil 393–394; see also fossil fuels
perspectives: different, need for 10–12; long-term 436–439, 437, 438
Polanyi, Karl 208
polar lows 140
policy, transformation of 454–455
policy sciences as problem-oriented approach: application 404; as broader approach 402; and complexity 403–404; contextuality 404; diversity of methods 404; and pragmatism 403; problem orientation 404; tourism sector at Alpine Shire, Australia 404–410, 406, 407, 409; values as underpinning interests 402–403
political systems 267
population growth: Asia and Africa 68; and political violence 58–60; problems due to 56–57; scale of 68; and social disorder 60–61, 61; and vulnerability 100; see also urbanization
postdevelopment perspectives on climate change adaptation 229–231
poverty: alternative perspectives on 210–211; dominant poverty knowledge 203–205; characteristics of 205–207; as economistic 205–206; growth, impact on the environment 204; link with prosperity 204; responsibility of individuals 206; as spatially static 207; technical matter, poverty as 206; and growth 207–210; problematizing development 207–210; REDD+ 220–221
power: 5, 15, 49, 88, 113, 160, 195–198, 205, 209–211, 217, 219, 225, 235, 242, 261, 267, 280–282, 284–291, 294–296, 302, 305–312, 322, 327, 331, 352, 353, 365–369, 442, 444, 447, 453–456
pragmatism 403
Pressure and Release (PAR) model 253
problem-oriented approach, policy sciences as: application 404; as broader approach 402; and complexity 403–404; contextuality 404; diversity of methods 404; and pragmatism 403; problem orientation 404; tourism sector at Alpine Shire, Australia 404–410, 406, 407, 409; values as underpinning interests 402–403
problematization, concept of 236
psychological change and fossil fuels 398–399
public good, human security as 195–197
quadrants in integral theory 394–395, 395
Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR) (US) 47
REDD+ and poverty reduction 220–221
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (REDD+), see REDD+ and poverty reduction
reflexive legal rationality 161
resettlement after disasters 159–160, 161–162
resilience: and adaptation 108–109; and change 113–114; definition and origin 107; and environmental change 108–111, 109; and human security 112–113; individuals and their agency 112–113; and national security 111–112; policy prescriptions on 109; and research on human security 113–114; and security 111–113; social ecological systems 108, 109; stability/dynamics 112; sustainable cities 386; tipping points 113–114; transformative capacity of 114; use of concept 107–108
resources, access to 260
responsibility: addressing negative attitudes 323–324; all or nothing attitude 321; barriers to action 320; capacity to act 319; complacency 316, 321–322; defeatism 316, 321; fairness 318; industrialised countries 318; and other urgent issues 319–320; as part of human security 316; prudential and ethical 317–321; wait and see attitude 321–322
rights: disasters and internally displaced persons 157–159, 163–165; empowerment 280
Rilke, R.M. 166
risk and systems thinking 265–267
risk society theory 71
Rural Development: Putting the Last First (Chambers) 258
rural-to-urban migration 56–57
science: approaches to 482 change within 21; developmental 135–136; earths system 7, 29, 32; ecological 136; nescience 84; policy 431–432, 455; post-normal 10; power, 341, 422; resilience 107; risk society theory 71; social 16, 139, 220, 239, 295, 483, 333–337; sustainability 293; of urbanization 18, 376, 411–415; use of 215
sea level rise: and cities 59; coastal cities 62
security: in the Anthropocene era 27–28; as climate change issue 34–35; defined 4
self-reliant perspectives on sustainable cities 381
Sen, Amartya 85, 193, 194, 259
small-holder farmers in dryland areas 96–101, 97, 98
social capital: Agüita de la Perdiz Sur: background 338; community, sense of 341–342; as enabler and barrier in 341–344; houses built on slopes 340; landslides in 339; local knowledge 343–344; methodology 338; place attachment 341–342; and knowledge 260
social change, links with sustainable adaptation 208, 238, 296, 301, 306, 364, 437
social disorder and urbanization 60–61, 61
social ecological systems and resilience 108, 109
social network theory: actors in networks 349–350; adaptive capacity 350; Bangladesh: attributes of effective brokers 355; changes in networks 355; floods as fact of life 351–352; future climate impacts 350–351; information and knowledge sharing 357; leaders 355–357; methodology 351; networks in 352, 353, 354, 355, 356; Tartapara 351; wet and dry seasons 356; framework 348–350; networks defined 349–350; new knowledge development 350; weak ties 348, 349
social products, disasters as 257–258
social science interventions 306, 308–310
social vulnerability 3, 7, 77, 121, 150, 204, 250, 258
socio-cultural systems 266–267
socioeconomic factors and health effects of hazards 70, 78
South Africa: adaptation at local level 128, 128–129; conflict between local/ national levels 131; National Climate Change Strategy (NCCS) 130; structural constraints from institutions 131
Sri Lanka, tsunami of 2004 160
states, role in development 196–197
stress bundles 173
sustainability: adaptation: development and social change links 363–365; different values and interests 368–369; Kenya, dryland areas in 369; local context and vulnerabilities 368; local/global feedback 369–370; local knowledge and participation 369; normative vision for change 367–370; transformative change process 365–367; cities: brown agenda 380; design perspectives on 381; developed/developing countries
386; emergent phenomena 384; fair-share perspectives on 381; free market perspectives 381; global level 385; green agenda 379–380; integrating perspectives 383–386; models of 380–382; perspectives on 379–382; reconciling perspectives on 382–383; resilience and vulnerability 386; scale, importance of 384–385; self-reliant perspectives on 381; socio-economic variables 385; systems approach 383, 384; urban environmental transition 382–383; urbanization science 384–387; hierarchical myth of nature 428; profound change needed for 191–192
sustainable adaptation: 127, 147, 150, 153, 344, 363–371
systems approach 265–267; fossil fuels 396, 397; sustainable cities 383
Tanzania: adaptation 127; adaptation at local level 128, 128–129; conflict between local/national levels 131; demographic systems 265; disaster risk reduction (DRR) 263–265; economic systems 266; food security 268; National Adaptation Programs of Action (NAPAs) 129; socio-cultural systems 266–267; structural constraints from institutions 131; technological systems 266
temperature in urban centers 75, 75–77
Thailand, tsunami of 2004 160
Toffler, Alvin 191
tourism sector at Alpine Shire, Australia 404–410, 406, 407, 409
traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) 437–438
transdisciplinary approach, need for 454
transformation: accelerating 27;action 455–457; adaptation as 240; breakthrough conditions, need for 9; challenges to the idea of 255;p defined 19–20; deliberate 366, 367, 370, 453; and institutionalisation of vulnerable conditions 255; internally displaced persons (IDPs) and disasters 163; knowledge 453–454; policy 454–455; resilience, capacity of for 114; social 208–209, 211, 280, 307, 452; socioeconomic 208; success of 2; sustainable adaptation as change process 365; toward sustainability 6; types of 257, 286; of worldviews 9
tsunami of 2004 83, 84, 109, 120, 157, 160–165, 257, 259
Uganda: adaptation 127; adaptation at local level 128, 128–129; fisheries management 131; National Adaptation Programs of Action (NAPAs) 129–130; structural constraints from institutions 131
UK Climate Impact Programme (UKCIP): adaptation, problematization of 236–241; discursive environment, importance of 235–236; implication for human security 241–244; importance of discourse analysis 235–236; ontology and epistemology 238–239; political rationale 240–241; problematization, concept of 236
UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement 158, 161, 162
uncertainty: characteristics of 84; conflict resolution mechanisms 87; consent to sacrifice 88; democracy 85, 87, 89; free press 85, 87, 89; Fukushima 88–89; and human security studies 84–86; importance of perspective 83; and knowledge 84; Minamata disease 86–88; processes, importance of 85–86, 89; of threats 83–84
ungoverned spaces 51
United Nations University Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS) 85
urban centers, see health risks in urban centers; urbanization
urban environmental transition 382–383
urban life, vulnerabilities of 30–31
urbanization: basic human needs 174–175; challenges for human security 375; climate change implications 175–176; development, link to 58; future research 176–177; global environmental change 172–176; Global Environmental Change and Human Security (GECHS) Science Plan 170–171, 176; growth in 56, 375; inequity and injustice, cities as centers of 380; knowledge to meet for challenges 375–376; and political violence 58–60; problems due to 56–57; research challenges 63–64; research into human security 171–172; and social disorder 60–61, 61; sustainable: brown agenda 380; design perspectives on 381; developed/developing countries 386; emergent phenomena 384; free market perspectives 381; global level 385; green agenda 379–380; integrating perspectives 383–386; models of 380–382; perspectives on 379–382; reconciling perspectives on 382–383; resilience and vulnerability 386; scale, importance of 384–385; self-reliant perspectives on 381; socio-economic variables 385; systems approach 383, 384; urban environmental transition 382–383; urbanization science 384–387; trends and projections 57–58, 376–377, 377, 378; Urbanization and Global Environmental Change (UGEC) project 171, 176; vulnerability, addressing 62; wildfires 182–183; see also health risks in urban centers
Urbanization and Global Environmental Change (UGEC) project 171, 176
values 2–7, 11, 14–15, 17, 18, 20, 35–37, 40, 88, 91, 119, 121, 149–153, 161, 173, 192, 212, 238–239, 245, 259–260, 281, 285, 289, 290, 295, 306, 316, 323–324, 330–331, 364–366, 368–371, 387, 398–400, 403–410, 413, 452, 454–455
variables, fast and slow controlling 113
Vietnam 419
violent conflict: Africa 49–50; and climate change 39; and urbanization 58–60
vision for the future 455
vulnerability: action theory 249; archetypical patterns of 92–93, 96–101; cause and effect analysis as ineffective 248; of cities, addressing 62; coastal zones 173–174; consequences of institutionalisation 250–251; disaster risk 257–259; due to global environmental change 99–100; expert-systems, loss of knowledge due to 251–253; framework for institutionalisation 253–255, 254; frameworks 118, 235; generalized vulnerability 258; as impact 70; inherent urban vulnerability 70; and local context 368; loss of knowledge due to institutionalisation 251; and population growth 100; process of institutionalisation 249; rules of institutionalisation, objectivity of 249; small-holder farmers in dryland areas 96–101, 97, 98; social vulnerability 258; surprise at 2002 floods 249–250; sustainable cities 386; systems thinking 265–267; of urban life 30–31; see also health risks in urban centers
water: empowerment, results of in the sector 295; empowerment of indigenous people in Bolivia 296–301, 298, 299, 300; Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) 294, 297; scarcity 100, 121, 175, 294, 296
wildfires: commercial interests 187; environmental impact of war on 186–187; media framing as threatening 185–186; militarization of language 185; origins of fire and emergency management 181–182; reasons for increase in 182–183; safety or security 187–188; securitizing 185–187, 187–188; and security 181–183; as security issue 183–185; urban settlements, growth of 182–183
worldviews 2, 4, 5, 9, 13, 18, 113, 211, 392, 397–400, 402, 410, 454
Young, Iris 331