Index

A

Absolute distance measurement, 163

Acceptance, 191, 200, 231, 261, 326, 359, 403-406, 410

Accuracy, 364, 378, 383, 403, 417

AGC, 202, 209

AHRS, 277

Air mass, 407, 409

Alignment, 11-16, 24-25

error, 233

Allan’s variance, 117

A-lNi-Co, 380

Amplitude fading, 201

Angle measurement, 16, 19

Apollo 11, 2

ASE, 386

Atmospheric transmission, 45, 81, 408, attenuation coefficient, 407, 414

visibility, 411

B

Babinet’s principle, 28

Background noise, 48-50

Backscattering, 285

Ballast resistance, 373

Barkhausen criteria, 137, 368

Beam waist, 12-14, 367

Beamsplitter prism 234

Bessel function expansion, 280

Birefringence readout, 331, 338

Bragg cell, 237

Brewster window, 372

C

Cascadeability of interferometers, 399

CCD, 29, 43, 81, 216

CD readout, 170-171

Cervit, 266-268

Chahine method, 34

Classes of laser safety, 395

Coherence 188-190, 371-72

factor, 188, 234, 371, 415

length, 366, 372, 388, 402

multiplexing, 357

spatial 366, 410

Cooperative gain, 46

Cooperative target, 44

Coriolis’ force, 301, 308

Corner cube, 2, 44, 78, 94-95, 106-112, 404-406

Current sensor, 330

D

Detectivity, 363

DFB, 170, 384

DIAL, 86

Diameter sensor, 27

Diffraction, 421

-based measurements, 27-30

Diffuser, 44, 101, 203

Dispersion, 119

Distributed Sensors, 357

Dither, 205, 221

Doppler effect, 89, 227, 239, 252

DOR, 393

Dove’s prism, 234

DRLG, 267

Dynamic range, 251, 363

E

EDFA source, 287, 297

EMI, 251, 312

ESPI, 214

Extinction coefficient, 412

F

Fabry-Perot, 345, 368, 387, 398, 402

Faraday rotation, 330

mirror, 334

FBG sensor, 354

FBG, external cavity laser, 389

Feedback regimes, 128, 136, 141

Fiber, hi-bi, 284, 263, 333

coupler, 288, 298, 300

Nd-doped, 325

polarizer, 285

sapphire, 326

Fiber sensors, 311

classification, 311

distributed, 354

types of, 314

intensity, 318

interferometric, 345

multiplexed, 352

polarimetric, 328

readout of, 318

responsivity, 347

SMR, 299

white-light, 349

Filter, spatial, 403

Finesse factor, 400

Fizeau effect, 255

FOG, 7, 248, 259, 263

open-loop, 277

closed loop, 291-294

resonant, 295

3x3, 297

Fourier

conjugation, 423

reverse transform illumin., 35

Fraunhofer approximation, 32

Fredholm’s integral, 33-37

Frequency pulling, 272, 370, 379

Fresnel approximation, 423

Fringe visibility, 234, 314

G

Gaussian

beam, 12, 226

envelope, 239

spot, 369, 426

Glan cube, 101, 125, 273, 317, 331, 332, 338, 378, 404

GRINSCH, 391

Gyroscope, 6, 248

basic configuration, 261

FOG development, 277

locking range, 262

MEMS, 301-306

piezoelectric, 307

recombiner prism, 273

RLG development, 265

RLG performance, 274

scale factor, 280

H

Hilbert transform, 211

Hydrophone, 348

I

IFOG, 291

Induced modulation, 126

Interferometers, 345, 397

comparison of, 400

Interferometry, 8, 89

absolute distance, 163

balanced vs unbalanced, 399

configurations of, 112

dual beam, 94

diffusing target, 101

external, 125

internal, 124

injection, 126

injection with He-Ne, 131

injection with laser diode, 141

three-mirror model, 137

Michelson, 94

multi-axis, 108

nm-extension, 105

readout of OFS, 345

speckle regime, 201, 203

white-light, 182

INU, 7, 248

IO tecnology, 290

IOG, 249, 290

Integrated optics, 290

Iodine cell, 383

J

Jones, 363

Johnson noise, 164, 397, 399

K

Kramer-Kronig relation, 211

L

LAELS, 29-38

Lamb’s equations, 128, 261

dip, 371, 376

Lang-Kobayashi equations, 140

Laser

cavity, 368-370

CO₂, 2, 73, 82, 157

diode-pumped, 390

Doppler velocimeter, 223-245

frequency stabilized, 376

gain, 370

He-Ne, 8, 11-15, 27, 30, 93, 125, 157, 165, 224, 265, 367

level, 24

longitudinal modes, 370, 378

Ne-isotopes, 265, 378

Q-switched, 3, 81

ruby, 2

safety, 15, 393

semiconductor, 75, 82, 141, 170, 251, 367, 383

wavelengths, 367

YAG, 2, 4, 82, 390

Latex spheres, 238

LDA, 223

LDV, 223-245

direction discrimination, 237

particle seeding, 238

signal processing, 239

LED, 183, 299

LIDAR, 4, 5, 81, 358

LIGA, LIGO, 8, 9, 93, 372

LiNb0₃, 80, 289

Linear birefringence readout, 338

Lock-in, 262, 270

Locking range, 125, 262

LURE, 2, 4

M

Mach-Zehnder, 286-287, 345, 398, 402, 412

Magnesium fluoride, 29

Marx multiplier, 345-346

Marx pump rectifier, 374

MDS, 258, 274

Mechanical gyro, 247-251, 307

MEMS, 155, 249, 251

Michelson, 345, 348, 398

Micro-optics, 289

Mie scattering regime, 36, 235, 238, 411

MIL-STD, 393

MOEMS, 7, 304

Mode

Gaussian, 368

hopping, 384

MOLA, 4, 5, 68

MPE, 395

M²-factor, 369

N

NEI, 335

NED, 114, 121, 149, 158, 202, 257

NEΩ, 299, 305

Newton formula, 12

Noise in interferometers

quantum limit, 114

thermodynamic, 119

Brownian, 120

speckle-related, 120

O

ODIMAP, 189

OFS, 312-360

OOK, 256

OPO, 82, 86

Optical isolator, 158

Optrode, 315, 327

OTDR, 358

P

Particle seeding, 238

Particle sizing, 30

Pentaprism, 26, 110

Peltier, 388

PFV, 223

Phase noise, 115, 202, 255

Photodiode

quadrant, 12, 26

position-sensing, 19

Piezo, see PZT

PMD, 288

Polarimetric sensors, 313

Polarization-mantaining fiber, 285

Position sensing 16

reticles, 22

Profilometry, 175

Propagation

atmosphere, 407

and diffraction, 421

PZT, 30, 150, 169, 204, 266, 268, 280, 282, 293, 296, 307, 340, 348, 381

PSD, 19, 24

Q

Q-switching, 393

Quadrant photodiode, 16

Quantum noise, 113, 139

Quartz plate, 272

R

Rayleigh, 32, 36, 235, 285, 411-12

scattering regime, 235, 407

Readout, combined birefringence, 341

Receiver noise, 47, 49

Responsivity, 363

of interferometers, 399

Reticles, 22-23

Retroreflection in interferometer, 400

R-FOG, 295

RLG, 6, 248, 256, 265, 274

Ruby laser, 2

S

Sagnac effect, 6, 252, 278-280

phaseshift, 248, 255, 259, 278

and relativity, 253

interferometer, 345, 398

SAW, 148

Scattering regimes, 235, 407, 411

Rayleigh, 360, 411

Raman, 360

Brillouin, 360

SEAS, 37

Sensitivity, 364

Scattering function, 410

regimes, 411

Schmitt trigger, 74

Scintillations, 415

Scotchlite, 202

Scroll sensor, 12

SEC, 305, 306

Self-mixing, 126

SHG, 82

SLED, 182, 249, 286, 280

SMR fiber, 299

Solar irradiance, 409

Somb function, 31

SoS, 290

Spatial coherence, 118, 147

Spatial filter, 403

Speckle effects, 112, 120, 186, 197

Speckle pattern

properties, 182

joint statistics, 194

phase errors, 197

size, 184

statistics, 183, 186, 206

subjective, 195

target errors, 198

tracking, 204

Spot size, 12, 231, 368

T

TEC, 384

Technologies for OFS, 289

Telemetry, 2-4, 39-88

accuracy, 51, 59

ambiguity problem, 61

calibration, 63

chirp, 73

frequency sweep, 74

imaging, 80

power balance, 46

pulsed, 66, time-of-flight, 43, 64

vernier, 70

TEM₀₀, 12, 363, 366

Temperature sensor, 324-326, 359, 436

Temporal coherence effects, 46

Thermodynamic noise, 119, 288

Threshold level for timing, 52

Timing, 51-55

CFT, 58

optimum filter, 55, 419

start/stop, 57-59

TPN, 119, 288

Tracking of speckles, 206

Transmission

clear atmosphere, 413

fog, 413,

freshwarter, 414

haze, 413

seawater, 414

Three-D telemetry, 80

Three-mirror model, 137

Triangulation, 40

Turbidity, 407

Turbulence, 415

inner/outer scale of, 416

structure constant, 415

Twyman-Green interferometer, 94

V

VCO, 243, 295

Velocimetry

accuracy, 230

laser Doppler, 223

scale factor, 229

sensing region, 232

Verdet constant, 330

Virgo antenna, 257

Visibility, 413

W

Wandering, 415-417

Wegel, 119

White light interferometer, 172

White light OFS, 349

Wiener-Khintchine law, 243, 418

Windows, He-Ne, 372

X

XPM, 288-89

Y

YIG crystal, 287

Z

Zeeman splitting, 131, 267, 271-3 378

Zero bias of gyro, 266

ZRLG, 266, 270, 272-276