Index
Note: Page numbers followed by “f” and “t” refer to figures and tables, respectively.
0-9 and symbols
10% Energy Challenge, 249t
A
Absorption-based chiller systems, 474
Abstraction with EECT schemes, 581
Adam Joseph Lewis Center, in Oberlin, 261f
assessments of, 572–573
in EECT design, 582–583
Adjustable speed drives (ASDs), 392
analysis of, 393–395
applications, 395–397
benefits, 393–395
types, 393–395
Adsorption-based chiller systems, 474
Advanced Scenario, 116
Alcohol consumption, 42
American Institute of Architects (AIA), 263
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) economies, 227, 227–228, 229, 229, 230–231, 231, 233, 233
average economic growth rates, from 2001–2010, 228f
electricity consumption, drivers of, 229–238
electric productivity, 236–238
GDP and, 230–233
income elasticity of electricity consumption of, 247–249
projected electricity consumption and, 238–240
AT&T, 464–465
Austin Energy, 465–466
Australia’s Equipment Energy Efficiency (E3) program, 346
Australian buildings, energy usage in, 472f
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) electricity price index for Sydney, 338
applying energy efficiency to, 389–397
breakdown of, 390t
of circulating dry scrubber (CDS), 386t
of flue gas desulfurization (FDG), 386t
in India power plants, 389t
of lime spray dryer (LSD), 386t
B
BASIX residential building regulations, 348–350
Beddington Zero-Energy Development (BedZED), 305–306
energy feedback, 485–486
energy messaging, 487–490
and energy savings, 596–598
gamification, 489–490
challenges, 490–492
motivating, 595
understanding, 484–485
Behavioural/human dimension of building energy efficiency, 269
Bingaman, Jeff, 32
Biomass electricity production, 388
Bonneville Power Administration, 59–60
Boston, Terry, 441
BP, 27
Brazil, tons of oil equivalent consumed per GDP for, 100–102
British thermal unit (Btu), 447
Brochureware, 544
Broken business model, of utility businesses, 167–175
revenue decoupling debate, 170–175
wrong path, higher fixed charges, 168–170
Brunei, 233–235
income elasticity of electricity consumption, 248t
Building America Home Simulation Protocols, 504–505
Building demand response, 478–479
Building management system (BMS), 478
Building Retrofit Energy Efficiency Financing (BREEF) scheme, 249t
BuildingIQ, 483–484
Buyback programs, in Sydney, 335–336
C
and Warren–Alquist Act, 276–277
California Energy Efficiency Standards for Residential and Nonresidential Buildings, 283–284
principles of, 553–554
California’s Commercial End Use Survey (CEUS), 288–289
California’s Energy Future – the View to 2050, 67
in context, 282–283
energy efficiency standards, role of, 283–287
energy efficiency and renewables, 280–282
imagining ZNE, at scale, 295–300
business model issues, 299–300
current status and near term of ZNE, 295–299
investor-owned utilities, background on, 280–282
net energy metering (NEM), California rate mechanisms and, 290–293
pathways to 2020 and 2030 goals, 288–295
financial and economic barriers, 290–293
physical and technical barriers, 288–290
policy barriers, 293–295
rate policy mechanisms, 278t
rates and ratemaking, 277–280
inverted block rates, 280
revenue decoupling, 279
revenue requirement, 278–279
utility business model, 278–279
volumetric rates, 278–279
Warren–Alquist Act (WAA)
and California Energy Commission, 276–277
ZNE efforts from utilities, 287–288
Cambodia
electricity tariff in ASEAN economies, 234t
income elasticity of electricity consumption, 248t
reduction of electricity consumption by 2030, 240t
Cap-Gemini, 18
Cascadia Green Building Council, 263–264
Chilling system, 474
China
11th Five Year Plan (FYP) goal, 201–202
aggregate energy and emissions modelling results, 207–212
by fuel and sector, 209–212
ASEAN economies, 227–228
carbon intensity reductions, 211–212
commercial buildings sector findings, 214–215
in electricity consumption, 240–241
electricity sector findings, 220–223
income elasticity of electricity consumption, 248t
industrial sector findings, 216–218
map of, 202f
modeling methodology, 203–206
residential buildings sector findings, 212–214
sensitivity analyses, 223
tons of oil equivalent consumed per GDP for, 100–102
total primary energy, 209–210
transport sector findings, 218–220
Churchill, Winston, 18
Clean Air Acts in 1963 and 1970, 183–184
Clean Air Task Force, 29–30
Clean Energy Council, 340
Clean energy standard (CES), 32
Climate change concern, in Australia, 342–343
Climate Change Scoping Plan, 2008, 282–283
Clinton, Bill, 29
Coal power plants, electricity usage in, 383–384
Colorado, energy efficiency programs in, 62–63
Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) Public Use Database, 1999, 262
Commercial buildings sector findings, in China, 214–215
Committed greens, 486
Commodification, 583–584
Common information model (CIM), 432–433
and lighting phase-out, 343–346
Connexus case study, 608–611
cost effectiveness, 610
customer engagement, 610–611
reliable, persistent, and significant energy savings, 608–610
Conservation and load management (C&LM) programs, 186
Conservation voltage reduction (CVR), 404–405
Consumer becoming prosumer
behavioral aspects of, 368–371
end-users role, 365–371
end-use appliances, 366–367
smart meters and data communication, 367–368
turning end-user to prosumers, 365–366
global energy trends, 355–356
Netherland’s PowerMatching City project, 357–365
capacity management, 359–361
coordination and virtual power plant, 361–362
in-home optimization, 358–359
local energy market, introduction to, 362–365
overview of, 357–358
renewable energy resources integration, 359–361
Consumer data privacy and protection, 551–555
California Public Utilities Commission Regulations, 552–554
California’s Example, 554
consumer data privacy concerns, 555
Consumer Price Index (CPI), for Sydney, 338
and electricity price indices, 338f
and fuel price comparisons, 339f
Consumer response to energy information, 541
consumer data privacy and protection, 551–555
California Public Utilities Commission Regulations, 552–554
California’s Example, 554
consumer data privacy concerns, 555
customer pilots and programs, 555–560
feedback content, 558
feedback methods, 556–558
meta analysis, extrapolating results of, 559–560
research methodology, 556
results, 558–559
samples and data, 556
feedback physical infrastructure, 544–547
letting consumers download or share their data, 547
letting consumers see their cost and usage data, 544–547
real-time access to usage data, 547
standards, 547–551
context, 548–549
energy information for energy users, 549–551
for energy usage data, 548
Green Button initiative, 551
interoperability, 549
Consumers Energy’s 2010 Dynamic Pricing Pilot, 16
Continued Improvement Scenario (CIS), 204
key assumptions of, 204t
Continuous emission monitoring system (CEMS), 387
Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards, 149
Cost effectiveness, of energy conservation programs, 142–143
Cost management and productivity, 127–129
Cost-effective energy efficiency, 163
broken business model, 167–175
revenue decoupling debate, 170–175
wrong path, higher fixed charges, 168–170
new utility business model, 175–178
Cost-of-service basis, 278–279
Costs of energy efficiency, 72
Critical peak rebates (CPR), 14
Cross, Robert, 15
Current-source inverters (CSIs), 393
Customer baseline load (CBL), 435
Customer confusion, 593
Connexus case study, 608–611
cost effectiveness, 610
customer engagement, 610–611
reliable, persistent, and significant energy savings, 608–610
deficit, 592–593
importance of, 598–608
customer satisfaction, 607–608
energy efficiency, 602–603
peak reduction, 603–605
smart grid, 605–606
utilities, 599–601
solution, 594–598
behavioral change and energy savings, 596–598
Customer engagement, enabling technologies allowing, 39
Customer pilots and programs, 555–560
feedback content, 558
feedback methods, 556–558
meta analysis, extrapolating results of, 559–560
research methodology, 556
results, 558–559
samples and data, 556
Customer satisfaction, 607–608
Customer-side distributed generation (DG), 22–23
D
Data analysis and energy savings, 596
Decision-making
EECT scheme design and, 574–575
Decomposition analysis, 93–94
Decoupling
revenue, 279
in Unites States, 521f
Demand, role of
rising awareness of, 37–38
Demand, shifting, 443
energy efficiency and economic productivity, 447–453
energy efficiency resource, importance of, 453–454
new business model, 461–467
elements and examples of, 463–467
utility market, shifting, 455–461
new approaches, 458–460
new energy consumer, 460–461
understanding and closing the energy efficiency gap, 457–458
utility pressures, 455–457
Demand for energy-efficient good, 154f
price responsive demand (PRD) and, 434
as a supply-side resource, 437–438
Demand Response Research Center (DRRC), 432–433
Demand response strategies, 515f
Demand-side abatement, 577
DSM past and energy efficiency’s prologue, 196–198
five major waves of, 180f
history of, 179–180
intellectual dispute regarding the energy gap and its hidden assumptions, 193–196
origins and evolution of, 180–193
Desiccant-based HVAC system, 475–476
Design for Efficiency Scheme (DfE), 249t
energy intensity of, 92
electricity demand in, 230
Digitalization, 430
Disengaged consumer, engaging, 12b
District of Columbia Public Service Commission (DCPSC), 434
Dunster, Bill, 305–306
Durable goods, tradeoffs between, 143–144
and cost reflective tariffs, 40
Dynamic retail rates, 421
and wholesale market response, link between, 421–423
E
Eco Points program of Japan, 242
Economic energy efficiency potential, 25
Economic productivity, 447–453
Efficiency, 94
Efficiency optimists, 5
EISA (Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007), 441–442
Electric demand, seasonal variations in, 511–512
Electric Discount and Energy Competition Act (EDCA), 189–190
Electric power sector, 4
Electric productivity, 236–238
characterizing distribution losses, 399–402
estimating substation electricity use, 409
estimating transmission electricity use, 405–408
historical transmission and distribution use, 399
improving transmission electricity energy efficiency, 409–411
EHV overlay/voltage upgrade, 410
substation/transformer efficiency, 410
system loss reduction, 411
transmission line efficiency, 411
increasing distribution electricity energy efficiency, 404–405
measuring and modeling distribution, 402–404
offices and control center energy efficiency, 411–412
Electric utilities, 111
Electric vehicles (EVs), 441
charging stations, 357
role of, 74
Electricity, total use of¸, 414t
Electricity consumption, 98–100
in ASEAN, 229–238
electricity tariff and, 233–236
electric productivity, 236–238
GDP and, 230–233
decisions made to market prices, 419–420
in Sydney, 325
Electricity demand growth rates, 115f
Electricity generation, 377
Electricity pricing, change in
breaking the addiction to electricity, 113–117
enterprise model, 127–130
cost management and productivity, 127–129
new revenues, 129–130
industry implications, 122–123
self-generation becoming the norm, 117–122
Raymond Gifford viewpoint, 121–122
in Sydney, 338–348
utility industry, regulation in, 124–127
cost recovery and performance incentives, 126–127
marginal cost rate design, 126
Electricity production and delivery, 376–378
electricity usage, 377t
in natural gas-fired power plants, 386–388
in nuclear power plants, 386
in power plants, 378–398
in renewable power production, 388
enhancing efficiency in, 375
Electricity sector findings, in China, 220–223
Electricity storage, 118
Electricity tariff and electricity consumption in ASEAN, 233–236
Electricity usage
in coal power plants, 383–384
emission controls options, 384–385
in natural gas-fired power plants, 386–388
nuclear power plants, 386
in power plants, electricity use in, 378–398
reducing, 77–80
in renewable power production, 388
Electricity utility business model, 455
Eliminating inefficiency, 7b
eLRS system, 437
eMarket system, 437
Emissions trading market, 255
Empire State Building, 23
Endesa, 465
End-users role, in PowerMatching City project, 365–371
end-use appliances, 366–367
smart meters and data communication, 367–368
turning to prosumers, 365–366
Energy and economic productivity, historical growth rates in, 451t
Energy and environment, consumer attitudes towards, 40–41
Energy bill, 311–312
Energy conservation, 559f
and feedback content, 558
Energy Conservation and Production Act of 1976, 184
Energy Conservation Bill, 243–244
Energy conservation cost curves, engineering estimates of, 139–140
Energy Conservation Law, 241
Energy conservation programs, cost effectiveness of, 142–143
Energy convergence, 495–499
high R walls, 504–507
multiple technology choices, 507–510
residential technology pathways, typical characteristics of, 499–504
zero net energy homes and communities, future opportunities and challenges for, 510–516
Energy costs, for durable goods, 136f
Energy demand and energy efficiency, 135–137
Energy diversion, 402
Energy efficiency (EE) programs, 601
design choices and challenges, 572–574
establishing targets and liable parties, 573
establishing trading, 573–574
measuring and certifying, 572–573
experience to date, 576–577
establishing targets and liable parties, 577
measuring and certifying energy efficiency, 576–577
trading, 577
abstraction and, 581
additionality, 582–583
commodification and financialization, 583–584
Energy efficiency entities (EEU), 192
Energy efficiency finance, See Finance, for energy efficiency
cost reflective pricing, 13–18
disengaged, 13
energy demand, background facts on, 135–139
and energy efficiency, 135–137
fuel gauge, tank and pump, 10–11
investment inefficiencies, causing, 145–148
imperfect information, 145–147
inattention, 147–148
investments, evidence on returns, 139–144
durable goods, tradeoffs between, 143–144
energy conservation cost curves, engineering estimates of, 139–140
energy conservation programs, cost effectiveness of, 142–143
returns on investment, empirical estimates of, 140–142
motivations, misaligned, 13
policy implications, 148–151
visible price signal, lack of, 11–12
volumetric metrics, 19
Energy Efficiency Improvement Assistance Scheme (EASe), 249t
Energy efficiency mortgages (EEMs), 529–531
Energy Efficiency National Partnership (EENP), 249t
Energy efficiency performance contracting (EEPC), 192
Energy efficiency portfolio standards (EEPS), 191–192
Energy Efficiency Programme Office (E2PO), 244
Energy efficiency programs, 515f
Energy efficiency resource, importance of, 453–454
Energy efficiency strategies, at West Village, 313–316
Energy efficiency utility (EEU), 192–193
Energy gap, 193
Energy industry, 133
Energy information feedback physical infrastructure, 544–547
letting consumers download or share their data, 547
letting consumers see their cost and usage data, 544–547
website creation, 544
real-time access to usage data, 547
Energy intensity, 91
convergence in, 92–93
and income levels, 102–103
Energy messaging, 487–490
Energy Policy Act of 2005, 265
Energy Policy and Conservation Action of 1975, 184
The Energy SAVE Program, 249t
Energy savings performance contract (ESPC) model, 527
Energy Services Provider Interface (ESPI) standard, 550
Green Button initiative, 551
Energy Star HVAC rebates, 602
EnerNOC company, 33
Engineering cost estimate, 139–140
Enterprise model, 127–130
cost management and productivity, 127–129
revenue sources, 129–130
Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), 609–610
Environmental Protection and Management Act (EPMA), 243
Enviro-sceptics, 486
Equipment Energy Efficiency (E3) program, 346
ERCOT market, 188–189
ESCO (Energy Services Company) Accreditation Scheme, 249t
Euro WhiteCert Project, 577–578
Evolution of energy efficiency, 4b
Evonik Energy Services Study, 389
Expanded Business-as-Usual scenario, 441–442
Expert opinion, survey of, 32b
demand response, 34–37
regional variation, 34
sectorial variation, 34
ExxonMobil, 27
F
Feedback content, 558
and energy conservation, 559f
Feed-in-Tariff (FIT), 349
Finance, for energy efficiency
Financialization, 583–584
First-generation energy efficiency technologies, 471
Fixing higher charges, a broken model, 168–170
Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) processes, auxiliary power for, 385t
Fossil fuel conversion, 375–376
Fuel economy, 144
Fuel Economy Labeling Scheme (FELS), for passenger cars and light goods vehicles, 243
Full Participation scenario, 441–442
Future energy savings, 71–72
Future of energy efficiency, 41–49
G
Gamification, 489–490
challenges, 490–492
Gas and electronic decoupling, in united states, 169f
GDP and electricity consumption, in ASEAN, 230–233
Generalized methods of moments (GMM) estimation, 103
Germany
sustainable renewable energy sector, 456–457
tons of oil equivalent consumed per GDP for, 100–102
Global energy trends, 355–356
Go Solar California (GSC), 281–282
Grant for Energy Efficient Technologies (GREET), 249t
Green building, 529
Green Button, for managing consumption, 432
Green Circuits collaborative project, 403
Green Mark Incentive Schemes, 249t
Green mortgage backed security (GMBS), 530
“Green Refinance Plus,”, 530–531
Greenhouse gas emissions, reducing, 309
Greenhouse Gas Reduction Scheme (GGAS), 575
Greenhouse gases, 148
GreenNet, 38
Greenspan, Alan, 29
Gridpoint, 464–465
H
Hammarby Sjostad, 306
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC), 472–484
intelligent HVAC control, 478–484
building demand response, 478–479
building management systems, 478
human comfort, 479
solar cooling, 473–477
absorption/adsorption approaches, 474
desiccant approaches, 475–476
market challenges, 476–477
Henderson, Rebecca, 459
High performance buildings, 471
High R walls, 504–507
Home energy, 141
costs, 498
use, 496–497
Home insulation program (HIP), 347
Hot water changes, impact of, 346–347
House Simulation Protocols, 497–498
Household electricity prices in Sydney, 338
Hydro One TOU pilot, 17
I
IBM, 457–458
Illinois, energy efficiency programs in, 62
Income elasticity, 233
of electricity consumption, of ASEAN economies, 247–249
India
power plants, auxiliary power consumption in, 389t
tons of oil equivalent consumed per GDP for, 100–102
Indiana, energy efficiency programs in, 62
Indonesia
ASEAN economies, 231f
energy efficiency measures and policies, 244–246
income elasticity of electricity consumption, 248t
reduction of electricity consumption by 2030, 240t
Induction motors, 391
Industrial electricity consumption, 240–241
Industrial sector findings, in China, 216–218
Industrialization
in ASEAN economies, 227
Industry users of electricity, 377t
Inefficiency, eliminating, 7b
Informative billing, 557
In-home displays (IHDs), 542
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, 111
Insulation, 505–506
impact of, 347–348
“Insulation only” strategy, 509
Insulation technologies, 471
Intelligent efficiency, 76–77
Intelligent energy efficiency, 541
Intelligent HVAC control, 478–484
building demand response, 478–479
building management systems, 478
comfort-based control, 480
like-day comparisons, 480–482
long-term performance, 482–483
market opportunities, 483–484
human comfort, 479
Internal cost recovery, 516–517
International Living Building Institute, 263–264
Internet, focus of, 458–459
Inverted block rates, 280
Investment model, in energy efficiency, 152–157
Investments, evidence on returns to, 139–144
durable goods, tradeoffs between, 143–144
energy conservation cost curves, engineering estimates of, 139–140
energy conservation programs, cost effectiveness of, 142–143
returns on investment, empirical estimates of, 140–142
Iowa, energy efficiency programs in, 62
Iranian Revolution of 1979, 3
J
Japan
ASEAN economies, 227–228
income elasticity of electricity consumption, 248t
nuclear-free energy portfolio in, 456–457
JD Power, 606
Johnson, Doug, 49
Joint implementation (JI) mechanism, 255
K
Kinetic energy power production, 388
Korea
income elasticity of electricity consumption, 248t
L
Laos
ASEAN economies, 232f
income elasticity of electricity consumption, 248t
reduction of electricity consumption by 2030, 240t
Laspeyres indexes, 109
Leadership Challenge program, 76
Leafully, 552f
Liander, 126
Light-emitting diode (LED) lamps, 6
Locational marginal price (LMP), 421
Long-term efficiency opportunities, 66–69
Long-term impact of increased energy efficiency, global perspective on, 87
data and methodology, 94–96
empirical results, 96–106
country-specific results, 100–102
energy intensity and income levels, relationship between, 102–103
overall results, 96–100
projecting energy demand to 2035, 103–106
literature review, 90–94
convergence or divergence in energy intensity, 92–93
decomposition analysis, 93–94
Loss-framed messages, 487
Lowfoot, 490
M
Macroeconomic level, improvements in energy efficiency at, 88–89
Malaysia
ASEAN economies, 232f
reduction of electricity consumption by 2030, 240t
Mandatory Energy Labeling Scheme (MELS), 243
Market failure model, 566
“Market for Lemons” problem, 574
Market positive externalities, 564
Market transformation approach to program design, 54
Market-based policies
to address market failures, 580–581
options for energy efficiency, 569–570
Masdar City, 306
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 76
Material greens, 486
Maximum emergency service level (MESL), 428
Maximum energy savings, 502–503
Michigan, energy efficiency programs in, 62
Michigan Public Service Commission (MichPSC), 434
Micro-cogeneration units, 356
Microeconomic level, improvements in energy efficiency at, 87–88
Midwest, energy efficiency programs in, 62
Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS)
for household appliances, 243
and labeling, 346
Minnesota, energy efficiency programs in, 62
Mobile field workforce management, 128
Monopoly networks, in energy industry, 564
Morgan, Rick, 18
Mtce, 208
Multiple technology choices, 507–510
Muscle work, 448
Myanmar
ASEAN economies, 231f
income elasticity of electricity consumption, 248t
N
National Association of Regulatory Commissioners, 18
National Electricity Market (NEM), 326
National Energy Conservation Policy Act (NECPA) of 1978, 184
National Energy Management Blueprint, 246
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 431
National Residential Measures Database, 497–498
Natural gas
fired power plants, electricity usage in, 386–388
Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), 166
Need for energy efficiency policy, 564–566
Net energy metering (NEM) and California rate mechanisms, 290–293
Netherland’s PowerMatching City project, 357–365
capacity management, 359–361
distribution system operators (DSOs), 361
in-home optimization, 358–359
load duration, 360f
local energy market, 362–365
bid-price curve for, 363
energy-consuming device, 363
energy-producing device, 363
optimization, on different levels, 358f
overview of, 357–358
renewable energy resources integration, 359–361
virtual power plant and coordination, 361–362
Nevada, energy efficiency programs in, 62–63
New England, energy efficiency programs in, 60–61
New financing mechanisms, 526–538
efficiency services agreements (ESA), 537–538
energy efficiency mortgages, 529–531
property assessed clean energy (PACE), 535–536
sustainable energy utilities (SEU), 536–537
utility on-bill finance, 531–535
UK’s “Green Deal” on-bill structure, 533–535
New Jersey, 189–190
New utility business model, 175–178
in Minnesota, 175–176
New York State Electric and Gas (NYSEG), 53
New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA), 75
Non-OECD countries, list of, 95t
Non-virtuous cycle, 124f
North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC), 72–73
North American Energy Standards Board (NASEB), 433
Northeast Energy Efficiency Alliance, 76
Northwest Power and Conservation Council (NWPCC), 59–60
NRG Energy, 465
NStar Electric, 76
Nuclear power plants, electricity usage in, 386
O
OECD countries, list of, 95t
Ohio, energy efficiency programs in, 62
Ohio Public Utilities Commission (OPUC), 434
consumption, 185
-importing countries, 3
prices over time, 184f
On-bill financing (OBF), 192
On-site energy generation, 22–23
at West Village, 316–319
Open Automated Data Exchange (OpenADE), 550
Open Home Area Network (OpenHAN), 549
Open Solar Project, 281
OpenADR standard, 432–433
Home Energy Reports program, 605
P
Paasche indexes, 109
Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E), 21
and Chevron Energy Solutions, 311
Zero Net Energy Pilot Program, 287b
Parker, Kevin, 30
Peak reduction, 603–605
Peak shaving programs, 515f
Pecan Street Project, 465–466
Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission (PaPUC), 434
Personal finance tools, 595
Philippines
ASEAN economies, 232f
electricity tariff in, 234t
income elasticity of electricity consumption, 248t
reduction of electricity consumption by 2030, 240t
Photovoltaic panels, 23
Photovoltaic solar and wind power, 356
Photovoltaic system, impact of, 349–350
Physical-technical-economic model (PTEM), 268–269
Piro, Jim, 120
PLN, 246
Policies and policy stability, supporting, 73–74
Policies to improve energy efficiency, 227
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) economies, 227–229
average economic growth rates of economies from 2001–2010, 228f
income elasticity of electricity consumption of, 247–249
projected electricity consumption and, 238–240
electricity consumption in ASEAN, drivers of, 229–238
electricity tariff and, 233–236
electric productivity, 236–238
GDP and, 230–233
measures and policies, towards conservation, 240–242
Indonesia, 244–246
Singapore, 243–244
Singapore government incentive schemes and programs for, 249
Policy measures, categories of, 566–567
Policymakers, possible lessons for, 580–588
governance challenge for, 585–586
market-based policies, 580–581
moving beyond market failure model, 586–588
policy frameworks designing, challenges in, 584–585
potential market failures associated with schemes, 581–584
Power consumption, auxiliary, See Auxiliary power consumption
Power plants, electricity usage in, 378–398
analysis of, 382–384
analysis results, 383
coal power plants, 383–384
data sources and quality and statistical approach, 383
auxiliary power consumption, applying energy efficiency to, 389–397
electric motors, 391–393
emission controls, on electricity usage, 384–385
plant auxiliaries affect heat rate, 380–381
previous studies of, 388–389
Power System Engineering (PSE), 608–609
Predicted mean vote (PMV), 480
Predicted percentage dissatisfied (PPD), calculating, 480
Price response programs, 515f
Price responsive demand (PRD), 420
costs and controversy of measuring baseline consumption, avoiding, 437–438
vs. current DR Paradigm, 440
defining, 421
“demand-side” of market, demand on, 424–425
DR as supply-side resource, 438–442
linking wholesale prices to retail prices, 421–423
on market demand for capacity, 429–430
operating visibility and reliability with, 425–427
promise of, 441–442
technology and regulatory developments for, 430–433
Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI), 430–432
evolution of information and automation, 432–433
translating into reduced capacity obligations, 423–424
Price volatility, 583–584
“Prices to devices” revolution, 39–40
Priority Action Plan (PAP), 432–433
Programmable thermostats, 603–604
Projected electricity consumption and ASEAN economies conservation, 238–240
Prosumer, consumer becoming, See Consumer becoming prosumer
Public Sector Taking the Lead in Environmental Sustainability (PSTLES), 249t
Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) of 1978, 184
R
Rates and ratemaking, in California, 277–280
inverted block rates, 280
revenue decoupling, 279
revenue requirement, volumetric rates, and utility business model, 278–279
Raymond Gifford, 121–122
Real-time pricing (RTP), 14
“Rebound effect,”, 141
Reduction in energy use, 587
linking wholesale prices to retail prices, 421–423
markets, smarter demand response in, 419
price responsive demand (PRD), 421
demand on “demand-side” of market, 424–425
on market demand for capacity, 429–430
operating visibility and reliability with, 425–427
in reliability pricing model capacity market, 427–429
simplicity of, 435–438
technology and regulatory developments as necessary conditions for, 430–433
translating PRD into reduced capacity obligations, 423–424
regulatory push for value from AMI through dynamic retail rates, 434
Regional Transmission/Independent System Operator (RTO/ISO) markets, 188–189
Regulation response, 515f
Regulation, in utility industry, 149–150
Renewable energy supply options, 257t
target, 281
Renewable power production, electricity usage in, 388
Research Support Facility (RSF), 258f
Residential buildings sector findings, in China, 212–214
Residential electricity consumption, 241
Residential end-users, engaging, 439–440
Residential technology pathways, typical characteristics of, 499–504
Resource adequacy reliability, maintaining
market demand for, 429–430
Retail prices, 421–423
Retail regulatory paradigm, 439
Returns on investment, empirical estimates of, 140–142
Revenue requirement, 278–279
Revenue sources, 129–130
Rhode Island, energy efficiency programs in, 61
Rifkin, Jeremy, 446
Robin Hood phenomenon, 23
Rosling, Hans, 113–114
S
Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD), 126
Sales growth vs. load growth, 72–73
San Diego Gas and Electric Company (SDG&E), 299
“Save Watt” program, 467
evaluation, measurement, and verification of, 72
actionable solution, 597
affordable solution, 597
and behavioral change, 596–598
Connexus case study, 608–610
future energy savings, 71–72
maximum energy savings, 502–503
reliable solution, 597
Schemes, potential market failures associated with, 581–584
Schipper, Lee, 42
Schneider Electric, 6
Schwartzenegger, Arnold, 309
Scope for energy efficiency, 24–41
consumer attitudes towards energy and environment, 40–41
customer engagement, enabling technologies allowing, 39
demand role, rising awareness of, 37–38
dynamic pricing and cost reflective tariffs, 40
“prices to devices” revolution, 39–40
supply-side options, rising cost of, 39
Second generation energy efficiency technologies, 471
Security Constrained Economic Dispatch (SCED) software, 425
Self-others-referencing, 487–489
Self-referencing, 487–489
Sensitivity analyses, for electricity sector, 223
“Set-and-forget” customers, 39–40
Shale gas, 198
Shelter, 42
“Shift effect,”, 240–241
Simple time-of-use (TOU) pricing, 14
Singapore Certified Energy Manager (SCEM) Training Grant, 249t
Singapore
electric productivity, 237
energy efficiency measures and policies, 243–244
incentive schemes/programs, 249t
income elasticity of electricity consumption, 248t
reduction of electricity consumption by 2030, 240t
Small-scale combined heat and power (μCHP) units, 356
Smart appliances, 366–367
Smart grid ecosystem, 549
Smart Grid technologies, 433
Smart hybrid heat pumps (SHHPs), 366–367
and data communication
in PowerMatching City project, 367–368
trial in Ireland, 542f
in Unites States, 543
SmartGrid project, 432–433
SmartGridCity, 607
Social competition, 458
Society for Building Science Educators (SBSE), 266–267
Solar cooling, 473–477
absorption/adsorption approaches, 474
desiccant approaches, 475–476
market challenges, 476–477
Solar Decathlon, in 2002, 266
Solar panels, 316
Solar photovoltaic energy systems, 477
Solar photovoltaic power production, 388
Solar rooftop photovoltaic (PV) panels, 23
Solar-thermal power generation, 388
Sorption-based chilling systems, 474
Southwest, energy efficiency programs in, 62–63
Space-heating, 305–306
Standard Watt-Hour Meter, 431
Standards, 547–551
of building, 542
and appliance, 542
context, 548–549
energy information for energy users, 549–551
Green Button initiative, 551
interoperability, 549
role of, for energy usage data, 548
Statewide Energy Efficiency and Renewable Administration (SEERA), 190–191
Steady-state economy, 254–260
Steam-driven electric power plant, 379f
Stiglitz, Joseph, 29
Straight-fixed variable (SFV) design, 171–172
Super Efficient Refrigerator Program, 187
Supply-side options, rising cost of, 39
Survey of expert opinion, 32b
demand response, 34–37
regional variation, 34
sectorial variation, 34
Sustainability elements, at West Village, 319–322
Sustainable development, 255
Sustainable energy utilities (SEU), 536–537
Sydney, driving electricity consumption in
BASIX residential building regulations, 348–350
electricity supply to regions of national electricity market, 327t
photovoltaics (PV), impact of, 349–350
prices and their accomplices, 338–348
CFLs and lighting phase-out, 343–346
climate change concern, impact of, 342–343
hot water changes, impact of, 346–347
insulation, impact of, 347–348
macrofactors, demographics, and economics, 341–342
MEPS and labeling, 346
usual suspects, 333–337
weather effects in crouching demand and hiding peaks, 332–333
T
Technical concept of energy efficiency, 563–564
Technical energy efficiency potential, 25
Thailand
ASEAN economies, 232f
electricity tariff in, 234t
income elasticity of electricity consumption, 248t
reduction of electricity consumption by 2030, 240t
Third Industrial Revolution, 446
Time dependent valuation (TDV), 294
Tradeoffs between durable goods, 143–144
Trading in energy efficiency, 563
conceptual framework for
broader context for scheme design, 574–575
design and assessment of policy, criteria for, 571
EECT design choices and challenges, 572–574
EECT framework, 570
market-based policy options, 569–570
EECT experience to date, 576–577
energy efficiency policy, 566–568
need for policy, 564–566
role for energy efficiency, 563–564
implementation, 575–576
policymakers, possible lessons for, 580–588
designing, challenges in, 584–585
governance challenge for, 585–586
market-based policies, 580–581
moving beyond market failure model, 586–588
potential market failures associated with schemes, 581–584
scheme performance, 577–579
Transmission energy use, 406t
Transport sector findings, in China, 218–220
Transportation, 42
U
UC Davis West Village, 305
“UK’s Green Deal” on-Bill Structure, 533–535
schematics of, 534f
United Nations energy policy, 255
United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), 246
United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), 95–96
United States, 34
demand-side management in, 179
electricity consumption and population, 167f
electric program budgets, for energy efficiency and load management by, 526f
electric utility efficiency policy in, 525f
energy consumption, 1949–2003, 183f
energy efficiency and economic productivity, 447–453
energy efficiency expenditure in, 520f
energy efficiency policy in, 137–139
energy intensity vs. California, 46f
energy use, 136t
gas and electronic decoupling in, 169f
historical electricity consumption, 114f
on-bill finance programs in, 533f
productivity trends, 137f
renewable portfolio standard policies, 191f
residential energy efficiency savings, 35f
residential high-efficiency electric equipment purchases, 35f
tons of oil equivalent consumed per GDP for, 100–102
utility energy efficiency programs in, 51
zero net energy buildings in, 251
U.S. Academy of Sciences, 27
U.S. Atomic Energy Act of 1954, 182
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Building Technologies Multi-Year Program Plan, 257
U.S. National Academy of Sciences, 29–30
U.S. Academy of Sciences, 27
U.S. Atomic Energy Act of 1954, 182
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Building Technologies Multi-Year Program Plan, 257
U.S. National Academy of Sciences, 29–30
Utility business model, 278–279
cost-effective energy efficiency, 163
broken business model, 167–175
new utility business model, 175–178
revenue decoupling debate, 170–175
wrong path, higher fixed charges, 168–170
of twentieth century, 461–467
elements and examples of, 463–467
Utility customer relationships, 601
Utility energy efficiency programs in United States, 51
annual energy savings from, 52f
annual spending on, 52f
electricity savings from (2008 and 2009), 58f
electricity use, reducing, 77–80
future, program strategies for, 74–77
history of, 53–54
issues to address, 70–74
administration, 73
costs of energy efficiency, 72
electric vehicles, role of, 74
evaluation, measurement, and verification, 72
future energy savings, 71–72
policies and policy stability, supporting, 73–74
sales growth vs. load growth, 72–73
savings from utility programs vs. from codes and standards, 70–71
lessons learned, 63–65
long-term efficiency opportunities, 66–69
Midwest, recent efforts in, 62
New England, recent efforts in, 60–61
Southwest, recent efforts in, 62–63
states with significant commitment to, 55f
utility investment in energy efficiency, 55–58
Utility industry, regulation in, 124–127
cost recovery and performance incentives, 126–127
marginal cost rate design, 126
Utility market, shifting, 455–461
energy efficiency gap, understanding and closing, 457–458
new approaches, 458–460
new energy consumer, 460–461
utility pressures, 455–457
UK’s “Green Deal” on-bill structure, 533–535
V
Variable peak pricing (VPP), 14
Variable-speed drives (VSD), 392
applications of, 396t
energy savings potential of, 392f
Vauban, 306
Vietnam, 233
income elasticity of electricity consumption, 248t
reduction of electricity consumption by 2030, 240t
Virtual power plant (VPP), in PowerMatching City project, 361–362
Visibility and reliability, operating
with price responsive demand, 425–427
“Vision 25/25,”, 245
Voltage-source inverters (VSIs), 393
Volumetric metrics, 19
Volumetric rates, 278–279
Voluntary Agreement to Promote Energy Efficient Appliances, 249t
W
The Wall Street Journal, 29
Warren–Alquist Act (WAA) and California Energy Commission (CEC), 276–277
Wastefulness, reducing, 593
Wave energy power production, 388
Weather effects, in crouching demand and hiding peaks, 332–333
Weatherization, 139
Website creation, for energy information feedback, 544
West Village Community Partners (WVCP), 311–312
Wholesale market prices and dynamic retail rates, link between, 421–423
Wind power, 356
production, 388
Wisconsin, 190–191
energy efficiency programs in, 62
Wisconsin Public Service, 186–187
World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), 255
World Energy Outlook, 27
Z
Zero net energy (ZNE)
See also California’s zero net energy (ZNE) goals
See also California’s zero net energy (ZNE) goals
2030 Challenge, 263
buildings, 75
business model issues, 299–300
at community scale, UC Davis West Village, 305
background and context, 307–313
energy efficiency strategies, 313–316
modeled energy savings with West Village efficiency package, 311f
on-site energy generation, 316–319
other sustainability elements, 319–322
costs, 256
current status and near term of, in California, 295–299
importance of, 260
efforts from utilities, 287–288
emissions, 256
financial and economic barriers to, 290–293
imagining, at scale, 295–300
initiatives, in United States, 261–267
wider reaching ZNE educational activities, 266–267
ZNE programmatic efforts, 262–266
physical and technical barriers to, 288–290
planning for, 268–270
policy barriers, 293–295
renewable energy supply options, 257t
requirement, 32
from steady state economy to, 254–260
“ZNE-ready” building approach, 258
Zero net energy homes (ZNEH), 495
future opportunities and challenges for, 510–516
Zero net site energy, 256
Zero net source energy, 256
Zhang, Ruihong, 316–318
ZipCar, 320–321
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