- Cover
- Title Page
- Contents
- Forword
- Preface
- About the Authors
- 1. Water Technology
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Sources of Water
- 1.3 Types of Impurities Present in Water
- 1.4 Hard Water and Hardness
- 1.5 Determination of Hardness
- 1.6 Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
- 1.7 Determination of Chlorides in Water
- 1.8 Determination of Acidity in Water
- 1.9 Alkalinity of Water
- 1.10 Disadvantages of Hard Water
- 1.11 Quality of Water for Domestic Use
- 1.12 Treatment of Water for Domestic Use
- 1.13 Break-Point Chlorination
- 1.14 Boilers and Boiler Troubles
- 1.15 Softening of Water
- 1.16 Desalination
- 1.17 Review Questions
- Fill in the Blanks
- Multiple-choice Questions
- Short Answer Questions
- Descriptive Questions
- Problems for Practice
- 2. Polymers
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Degree of Polymerisation
- 2.3 Classification of Polymers
- 2.3.1 Classification Based on Source
- 2.3.2 Classification Based on Composition
- 2.3.3 Classification Based on Chemical Composition
- 2.3.4 Classification Based on Structure
- 2.3.5 Classification Based on Mode of Polymerisation
- 2.3.6 Classification Based on the Molecular Forces
- 2.3.7 Classification Based on Tacticity
- 2.4 Types of Polymerization
- 2.5 Molecular Mass of a Polymer
- 2.6 Plastics
- 2.7 Important Polymers—Composition, Preparation, Properties and Engineering Uses
- 2.8 Rubber (Elastomers)
- 2.9 Reinforced or Filled Plastics
- 2.10 Biopolymers
- 2.11 Conducting Polymers
- 2.12 Polyphosphazenes/Phosphonitrilic Polymers
- 2.13 Composites
- 2.14 Review Questions
- Fill in the Blanks
- Multiple-choice Questions
- Short Answer Questions
- Descriptive Questions
- 3. Fuels and Combustion
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Classification of Fuels
- 3.3 Units of Heat
- 3.4 Calorific Value
- 3.5 Determination of Calorific Value
- 3.6 Characteristics of Good Fuel
- 3.7 Solid Fuels
- 3.8 Liquid Fuels
- 3.9 Synthetic Petrol
- 3.10 Power Alcohol
- 3.11 Knocking
- 3.12 Diesel Engine, Cetane and Octane Number
- 3.13 Gaseous Fuels
- 3.14 Flue Gas Analysis by Orsats Apparatus
- 3.15 Review Questions
- Fill in the Blanks
- Multiple-choice Questions
- Short Answer Questions
- Descriptive Questions
- 4. Alternate Energy Resources
- 5. Electrochemistry and Batteries
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Electrolysis
- 5.3 Electrolytic Conduction
- 5.3.1 Factors Affecting Electrolytic Conduction
- 5.3.2 Electrical Resistance and Conductance
- 5.3.3 Specific, Equivalent and Molar Conductivities
- 5.3.4 Equivalent Conductivity
- 5.3.5 Molar Conductivity
- 5.3.6 Measurement of Electrolytic Conductance
- 5.3.7 Variation of Conductivity with Concentration
- 5.3.8 Conductance Behaviour of Strong Electrolyte
- 5.3.9 Conductance Behaviour of Weak Electrolyte
- 5.4 Kohlrausch’s Law of Independent Migration of Ions
- 5.5 Conductometric Titrations
- 5.6 Electrochemical Cells
- 5.7 Types of Electrodes
- 5.8 Reference Electrode
- 5.9 Ion Selective Electrodes (ISE)
- 5.10 Glass Electrode
- 5.11 Concentration Cell
- 5.12 Potentiometric Titrations
- 5.13 Electrochemical Sensors
- 5.14 Voltammetry
- 5.15 Batteries
- 5.16 Review Questions
- Fill in the Blanks
- Multiple-choice Questions
- Short Answer Questions
- Solved Numerical Problems
- Descriptive Questions
- Problems for Practice
- 6. Science of Corrosion
- 7. Chemistry of Engineering Materials
- 7.1 Semiconducting and Super Conducting Materials
- 7.2 Magnetic Materials
- 7.3 Cement
- 7.3.1 Classification of Cement
- 7.3.2 Raw Materials used in the Manufacture of Portland Cement
- 7.3.3 Manufacture of Portland Cement
- 7.3.4 Chemical Composition of Portland Cement and its Importance
- 7.3.5 Setting and Hardening of Cement
- 7.3.6 ISI Specifications of Cement
- 7.3.7 Analysis of Cement
- 7.3.8 Plaster of Paris/Gypsum Plaster
- 7.4 Refractories
- 7.5 Lubricants
- 7.5.1 Important Functions of Lubricants
- 7.5.2 Mechanism of Lubrication
- 7.5.3 Classification of Lubricants
- 7.5.4 Properties of Lubricants
- 7.5.5 Redwood Viscometer
- 7.5.6 Engler’s Viscometer
- 7.5.7 Saybolt Viscometer
- 7.5.8 U-Tube Viscometer
- 7.5.9 Conversion of Redwood, Engler and Saybolt Viscosities into Absolute Units
- 7.6 Explosives and Propellants
- 7.6.1 Some Important Terms about Explosives
- 7.6.2 Classification of Explosives
- 7.6.3 Precautions during Storage of Explosives
- 7.6.4 Blasting Fuses
- 7.6.5 Important Explosives and their Preparation
- 7.6.6 Rocket Propellants
- 7.6.7 Characteristics of a Good Propellant
- 7.6.8 Classifications of Propellants
- 7.7 Nanomaterials
- 7.8 Liquid Crystals
- 7.9 Abrasives
- 7.10 Review Questions
- Fill in the Blanks
- Multiple-choice questions
- Short Answer Questions
- Descriptive Questions
- 8. Phase Rule
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Explanation of the Terms Involved in Phase Equilibria
- 8.3 Phase Rule
- 8.4 Phase Diagrams
- 8.5 One Component System
- 8.6 Two Component System
- 8.7 Heat Treatment of Steel
- 8.8 Review Questions
- Fill in the Blanks
- Multiple-choice Questions
- Short Answer Questions
- Solved Numerical Problems
- Descriptive Questions
- 9. Photochemistry
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 Light Source in Photochemistry
- 9.3 Laws of Photochemistry
- 9.4 Photophysical and Chemical Processes
- 9.5 Quantum Yield and Quantum Efficiency
- 9.6 Photosensitisation
- 9.7 Photodynamic Therapy
- 9.8 Important Photochemical Reactions
- 9.9 Review Questions
- Fill in the Blanks
- Multiple-choice Questions
- Short Answer Questions
- Descriptive Questions
- 10. Surface Chemistry
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 Adsorption
- 10.2.1 Mechanism of Adsorption
- 10.2.2 Adsorption is Exothermic
- 10.2.3 Difference between Adsorption and Absorption
- 10.2.4 Examples of Adsorption, Absorption, and Sorption
- 10.2.5 Positive and Negative Adsorptions
- 10.2.6 Classification of Adsorption
- 10.2.7 Factors Affecting the Adsorption of Gases by Solids
- 10.2.8 Adsorption Isotherms
- 10.2.9 Applications of Adsorption
- 10.3 Colloidal State
- 10.4 Review Questions
- Fill in the Blanks
- Multiple-choice Questions
- Short Answer Questions
- Long Answer Questions
- 11. Thermodynamics
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2 Types of Thermodynamic Systems
- 11.3 Intensive and Extensive Properties
- 11.4 Reversible and Irreversible Process
- 11.4.1 Reversible Process
- 11.4.2 Irreversible Process
- 11.4.3 Thermodynamic Processes
- 11.4.4 Isothermal Process or Isothermal Change
- 11.4.5 Indicator Diagram
- 11.4.6 Work Done by a System in an Adiabatic Process
- 11.4.7 First Law of Thermodynamics and its Application
- 11.4.8 Second Law of Thermodynamics
- 11.4.9 Carnot’s Engine, Efficiency
- 11.4.10 Working of Carnot’s Engine
- 11.4.11 Absolute Zero
- 11.4.12 Numerical Problems Based on Carnot’s Cycle
- 11.4.13 Solved Numerical Problems Based on Isothermal and Adiabatic Process
- 11.5 Thermodynamic Potentials and Maxwell Equations
- 11.5.1 Thermodynamic Potential
- 11.5.2 Internal Energy (U)
- 11.5.3 Total Heat Function (H)
- 11.5.4 Helmholtz Function (F)
- 11.5.5 Gibb’s Free Energy or Gibb’s Function (G)
- 11.5.6 Maxwell’s Equations
- 11.5.7 Clausius–Clapeyron Equation
- 11.5.8 Derivation of the Stefan–Boltzmann Law using Maxwell’s Equations
- 11.5.9 Joule–Thomson Effect or Joule–Kelvin Effect
- 11.6 Review Questions
- Fill in the Blanks
- Multiple-choice Questions
- Short Answer Questions
- Descriptive Questions
- 12. Metals in Biological System
- 13. Organometallic Compounds
- 14. Coordination Chemistry
- 14.1 Introduction
- 14.2 Basic Requirements to Formation of Coordination Compound
- 14.3 Nomenclature of Metal Complexes
- 14.4 Theories of Coordination Chemistry
- 14.5 Factors Affecting the Stability of Coordination Compounds
- 14.6 Determination of Complex Ion Formation
- 14.7 Stability of Coordination Compounds
- 14.8 Applications of Coordination Compounds
- 14.9 Review Questions
- Fill in the Blanks
- Multiple-choice Questions
- Short Answer Questions
- Descriptive Questions
- 15. Structure and Reactivity of Organic and Inorganic Molecules
- 15.1 Introduction
- 15.2 Hybridisation
- 15.3 Bond Polarisation
- 15.4 Reaction Intermediates
- 15.5 Molecular Orbital Theory
- 15.5.1 Important Points on Molecular Orbital Diagrams
- 15.5.2 Fundamental Steps for Constructing Molecular Orbitals
- 15.5.3 Five Basic Rules of Molecular Orbital Theory
- 15.5.4 Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals and Type of Atomic Orbitals
- 15.5.5 Molecular Orbital Energy Level Diagrams of Homo Atomic Molecules
- 15.5.6 Molecular Energy Level Diagrams of Hetero Atomic Molecules
- 15.6 Review Questions
- Fill in the Blanks
- Multiple-choice Questions
- Short Answer Questions
- Descriptive Questions
- 16. Stereochemistry
- 17. Spectroscopy
- 17.1 Introduction
- 17.2 Ultra Violet and Visible Spectroscopy
- 17.2.1 Principle
- 17.2.2 Instrumentation
- 17.2.3 Instrumental Design
- 17.2.4 Electronic Transitions
- 17.2.5 Chromophores
- 17.2.6 Auxochrome
- 17.2.7 Woodward–Fieser Rules
- 17.2.8 Factors Affecting the Position of the λ Maximum and Intensity of Radiation
- 17.2.9 Franck-Condon Principle
- 17.2.10 Solved Problems Based on UV-Vis Spectroscopy
- 17.2.11 Applications of UV-Visible Spectroscopy
- 17.3 IR-Spectroscopy
- 17.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
- 17.4.1 Principle
- 17.4.2 Instrumentation
- 17.4.3 Chemical Shift
- 17.4.4 Spin-Spin Splitting, Spin-Spin Interaction, Spin–Spin Coupling or Fine Spectrum
- 17.4.5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- 17.4.6 High Resolution Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
- 17.4.7 NMR Applications
- 17.4.8 Solved Problems Based on Proton NMR
- 17.5 Review Questions
- Fill in the Blanks
- Multiple-choice Questions
- Short Answer Questions
- Descriptive Questions
- 18. Thermal Analysis
- 19. Chromatography
- 20. Solid State and X-Ray Diffraction
- 21. Green Chemistry
- 21.1 Introduction
- 21.2 Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry
- 21.3 Importance of Green Synthesis
- 21.4 Greenhouse Concepts
- 21.5 Greenhouse Gases and Greenhouse Effect
- 21.6 Carbon Sequestration
- 21.7 Why Carbon Dioxide is a Major Problem
- 21.8 Review Questions
- Fill in the Blanks
- Multiple-choice Questions
- Short answer Questions
- Descriptive Questions
- Lab Manual
Dedication
To my in-laws late Smt and Sri Chavva Narayanamma and Eswara Reddy;
my paternal grandparents late Smt and Sri Kalluru Akkayya and Pedda Obula Reddy;
my maternal grandparents late Smt and Sri Rami Reddy Rosamma and Chinna Obula Reddy;
my aunt late Smt Kalluru Nameless
and
my uncle late Sri Kalluru Naga Bhusana Reddy
—K. Sesha Maheswaramma
To my husband Gaurav Chugh for his inspiration.
—Mridula Chugh
-
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