CONTENTS
1.3 Types of Impurities Present in Water
1.7 Determination of Chlorides in Water
1.8 Determination of Acidity in Water
1.10 Disadvantages of Hard Water
1.11 Quality of Water for Domestic Use
1.12 Treatment of Water for Domestic Use
1.14 Boilers and Boiler Troubles
2.3 Classification of Polymers
2.3.1 Classification Based on Source
2.3.2 Classification Based on Composition
2.3.3 Classification Based on Chemical Composition
2.3.4 Classification Based on Structure
2.3.5 Classification Based on Mode of Polymerisation
2.3.6 Classification Based on the Molecular Forces
2.3.7 Classification Based on Tacticity
2.4.1 Condensation Polymerisation or Step Polymerisation
2.4.2 Addition/Vinyl/Chain Polymerisation
2.4.3 Coordination Polymerisation
2.5 Molecular Mass of a Polymer
2.7 Important Polymers—Composition, Preparation, Properties and Engineering Uses
2.8.1 Processing of Natural Rubber
2.8.5 Synthetic Rubbers or Artificial Rubber
2.8.6 Important Artificial Rubbers
2.9 Reinforced or Filled Plastics
2.9.3 Application of Filled Plastics (Reinforced Plastics)
2.10.1 Major Feed Stocks for Biopolymers
2.10.3 Important Biodegradable Polymers
2.10.4 Importance of Biopolymers in Sustainable Development
2.11.1 Intrinsically Conducting Polymer (ICP) or Conjugated π-Electrons Conducting Polymer
2.11.3 Extrinsically Conducting Polymers
2.12 Polyphosphazenes/Phosphonitrilic Polymers
2.13.1 Constituents of Composites
2.13.2 Classification of Composites
2.13.3 Advantages of Composites over Conventional Materials
2.13.4 Applications of Composites
3.5 Determination of Calorific Value
3.6 Characteristics of Good Fuel
3.7.4 Manufacture of Metallurgical Coke
3.8.2 Important Petroleum Products and their Uses
3.10.1 Manufacture of Power Alcohol
3.12 Diesel Engine, Cetane and Octane Number
3.13.2 Producer Gas (or) Suction Gas
3.13.3 Water Gas (or) Blue Gas
3.14 Flue Gas Analysis by Orsats Apparatus
4.1.1 Conventional or Traditional Energy Resources
4.1.2 Nonconventional Energy Resources or Renewable Energy Sources
4.2 Non-Conventional Energy Sources and Storage Devices
5. Electrochemistry and Batteries
5.3.1 Factors Affecting Electrolytic Conduction
5.3.2 Electrical Resistance and Conductance
5.3.3 Specific, Equivalent and Molar Conductivities
5.3.6 Measurement of Electrolytic Conductance
5.3.7 Variation of Conductivity with Concentration
5.3.8 Conductance Behaviour of Strong Electrolyte
5.3.9 Conductance Behaviour of Weak Electrolyte
5.4 Kohlrausch’s Law of Independent Migration of Ions
5.9 Ion Selective Electrodes (ISE)
5.9.1 Electrochemical Circuit and Working of ISE
5.9.2 Types of Ion – Selective Membranes
5.9.3 Applications of Ion Selective Electrodes
5.10.1 Construction of Glass Electrode
5.12 Potentiometric Titrations
5.13.2 Analysis of Glucose in Blood
5.14.1 Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV)
5.14.2 Ferric Fe3+/Fe2+ System
5.14.4 Applications of Voltammetry
5.15.1 Advantages of Batteries
5.15.2 Disadvantages of Batteries
6.2.1 Factors Affecting Corrosion
6.3 Protection from Corrosion (Preventive Measures for Corrosion Control)
7. Chemistry of Engineering Materials
7.1 Semiconducting and Super Conducting Materials
7.1.2 Applications of Semiconductors
7.2.1 General Properties of Magnetic Materials
7.2.2 Classification of Magnetic Materials
7.2.3 Applications of Magnetic Materials
7.3.1 Classification of Cement
7.3.2 Raw Materials used in the Manufacture of Portland Cement
7.3.3 Manufacture of Portland Cement
7.3.4 Chemical Composition of Portland Cement and its Importance
7.3.5 Setting and Hardening of Cement
7.3.6 ISI Specifications of Cement
7.3.8 Plaster of Paris/Gypsum Plaster
7.4.1 Characteristics of Good Refractory Materials
7.4.2 Failures of Refractory Materials
7.4.3 Classification of Refractories
7.4.4 Properties of Refractories
7.4.5 Manufacture of High-Alumina Bricks, Magnesite Bricks and Zirconia Bricks
7.5.1 Important Functions of Lubricants
7.5.2 Mechanism of Lubrication
7.5.3 Classification of Lubricants
7.5.4 Properties of Lubricants
7.5.9 Conversion of Redwood, Engler and Saybolt Viscosities into Absolute Units
7.6 Explosives and Propellants
7.6.1 Some Important Terms about Explosives
7.6.2 Classification of Explosives
7.6.3 Precautions during Storage of Explosives
7.6.5 Important Explosives and their Preparation
7.6.7 Characteristics of a Good Propellant
7.6.8 Classifications of Propellants
7.7.1 Synthesis of Nanomaterials
7.7.4 Broad Classification of Nanomaterials
7.7.7 Properties of Nanomaterials
7.7.8 Applications of Nanomaterials
7.8.1 Characteristics of Liquid Crystal Phase
7.8.2 Classification of Liquid Crystals
7.8.3 Thermotropic Liquid Crystals
7.8.4 Lyotropic Liquid Crystals
7.8.5 Chemical Properties of Liquid Crystals
7.8.6 Applications of Liquid Crystals
8.2 Explanation of the Terms Involved in Phase Equilibria
8.2.4 True and Metastable Equilibrium
8.2.5 Eutectic Mixture and Eutectic Point
8.3.1 Assumptions for the Validation of Phase Rule
8.3.2 Thermodynamic Derivation of the Phase Rule
8.3.3 Utility of Phase Rule | Application of Phase Rule
8.3.4 Limitations of Phase Rule
8.6.2 Lead (Pb) – Silver (Ag) System
9.2 Light Source in Photochemistry
9.3.1 Grotthuss–Draper Law or The First Law of Photochemistry
9.3.2 Stark-Einstein Law or Photochemical Equivalence Law
9.4 Photophysical and Chemical Processes
9.5 Quantum Yield and Quantum Efficiency
9.8 Important Photochemical Reactions
10.2.1 Mechanism of Adsorption
10.2.2 Adsorption is Exothermic
10.2.3 Difference between Adsorption and Absorption
10.2.4 Examples of Adsorption, Absorption, and Sorption
10.2.5 Positive and Negative Adsorptions
10.2.6 Classification of Adsorption
10.2.7 Factors Affecting the Adsorption of Gases by Solids
10.2.9 Applications of Adsorption
10.3.2 Classification of Colloids
10.3.3 Properties of Colloidal Solutions
10.3.4 Applications of Colloids
11.1.1 Thermodynamic Terms and Basic Concepts
11.2 Types of Thermodynamic Systems
11.3 Intensive and Extensive Properties
11.4 Reversible and Irreversible Process
11.4.3 Thermodynamic Processes
11.4.4 Isothermal Process or Isothermal Change
11.4.6 Work Done by a System in an Adiabatic Process
11.4.7 First Law of Thermodynamics and its Application
11.4.8 Second Law of Thermodynamics
11.4.9 Carnot’s Engine, Efficiency
11.4.10 Working of Carnot’s Engine
11.4.12 Numerical Problems Based on Carnot’s Cycle
11.4.13 Solved Numerical Problems Based on Isothermal and Adiabatic Process
11.5 Thermodynamic Potentials and Maxwell Equations
11.5.1 Thermodynamic Potential
11.5.3 Total Heat Function (H)
11.5.5 Gibb’s Free Energy or Gibb’s Function (G)
11.5.7 Clausius–Clapeyron Equation
11.5.8 Derivation of the Stefan–Boltzmann Law using Maxwell’s Equations
11.5.9 Joule–Thomson Effect or Joule–Kelvin Effect
12. Metals in Biological System
12.2.3 Micro Elements (Trace Elements)
12.4 Important Metals in Biological Systems
12.5 Metals and their Toxicity
13.1.1 Organometallic Chemistry Timeline
13.2.1 Preparation of Organolithium Compounds
13.2.2 Properties of Organolithium Compounds
13.3 Organomagnesium Compounds
13.3.1 Preparation of Organomagnesium Compounds
13.3.2 Properties of Organomagnesium Compounds
13.4.2 Effective Atomic Number
13.4.3 Preparation of Carbonyls
13.4.4 Properties of Carbonyls
14.2 Basic Requirements to Formation of Coordination Compound
14.3 Nomenclature of Metal Complexes
14.3.5 Complex with Metal-Metal Bond
14.4 Theories of Coordination Chemistry
14.4.2 Sidgwick’s Electronic Concept Theory
14.4.5 Common Single Atomic Ligands and their Field Strength
14.4.6 Molecular Orbital Theory of Coordination Complexes
14.5 Factors Affecting the Stability of Coordination Compounds
14.6 Determination of Complex Ion Formation
14.7 Stability of Coordination Compounds
14.8 Applications of Coordination Compounds
15. Structure and Reactivity of Organic and Inorganic Molecules
15.2.1 Salient Features of Hybridisation
15.2.2 Important Conditions for Hybridisation
15.3.1 Electron Displacement in Covalent Bonds
15.4.2 Carbocations or Carbonium Ions
15.5.1 Important Points on Molecular Orbital Diagrams
15.5.2 Fundamental Steps for Constructing Molecular Orbitals
15.5.3 Five Basic Rules of Molecular Orbital Theory
15.5.4 Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals and Type of Atomic Orbitals
15.5.5 Molecular Orbital Energy Level Diagrams of Homo Atomic Molecules
15.5.6 Molecular Energy Level Diagrams of Hetero Atomic Molecules
16.2.2 Space or Stereoisomerism
16.3 Classification of Structural Isomerism
16.3.1 Chain or Nuclear Isomerism
16.3.3 Ring or Chain Isomerism
16.3.4 Functional Group Isomerism
16.4 Classification of Stereoisomerism
16.4.4 R–S Nomenclature or CIP Nomenclature
16.5.1 Wedge and Dash Projections
16.5.3 Sawhorse Representation
17.2 Ultra Violet and Visible Spectroscopy
17.2.8 Factors Affecting the Position of the λ Maximum and Intensity of Radiation
17.2.9 Franck-Condon Principle
17.2.10 Solved Problems Based on UV-Vis Spectroscopy
17.2.11 Applications of UV-Visible Spectroscopy
17.3.4 Factors Affecting Vibrational Frequency
17.3.6 Solved Problems Based on IR Spectra
17.3.7 Applications of IR Spectroscopy
17.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
17.4.4 Spin-Spin Splitting, Spin-Spin Interaction, Spin–Spin Coupling or Fine Spectrum
17.4.5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
17.4.6 High Resolution Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
17.4.8 Solved Problems Based on Proton NMR
18.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis
18.3 Differential Thermal Analysis
19.1.1 Chromatography Timeline
19.2 Classification of Chromatography
19.2.1 Classification Based on Mobile Phase
19.2.2 Classification Based on Attractive Forces
19.2.4 Chromatographic Techniques on the Type of Support Material Used in the System
19.3.1 Gas-Liquid-Chromatography
19.4.1 Distribution Coefficient or Partition Coefficient (K)
19.5 High Performance Liquid Chromatography
19.5.2 Theory of High Performance Liquid Chromatography
20. Solid State and X-Ray Diffraction
20.2.1 Laws of Crystallography
20.3.2 Non-stoichiometric Defect
20.4.3 X-ray Diffraction of Crystals and Bragg’s Equation
20.4.4 Determination of Crystal Structure with Bragg’s Equation
20.4.5 X-ray Diffraction Methods
20.4.6 Instrumentation of X-ray
20.5 Application of X-ray Diffraction
21.2 Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry
21.3 Importance of Green Synthesis
21.3.1 Methods for Green Synthesis
21.3.2 Applications of Green Synthesis
21.5 Greenhouse Gases and Greenhouse Effect
21.5.1 Natural Greenhouse Effect
21.5.2 Enhanced Greenhouse Effect
21.5.4 Requirements for Greenhouse
21.6.1 Importance of Carbon Sequestration
21.7 Why Carbon Dioxide is a Major Problem
Index