Fig 2.1. Temperature sources at the Earth’s surface 39

Fig 2.2. Temperature changes below the Earth’s crust 39

Fig 2.3. Temperature changes above the Earth’s surface 40

Fig 2.4. Diagrammatic representation of the various cold test procedures 54

Fig 2.5. Diagrammatic representation of the various dry heat test procedures 57

Fig 2.6. Ambient temperature – temperature shock testing 60

Fig 2.7. Test profile for non-heat dissipating specimens 62

Fig 2.8. Test profile for heat dissipating specimens 63

Fig 2.9. Diagrammatic sequence of the progress of the climatic sequence 65

Fig 3.1. Solar radiation – energy 68

Fig 3.2. Sun’s radiation – rays 69

Fig 3.3. Lowest values of atmospheric radiation during clear nights 70

Fig 3.4. Spectra of electromagnetic radiation from the sun and surface of the Earth 71

Fig 3.5. Mean relative global irradiation for the month of June (in percent) 73

Fig 3.6. Mean relative global irradiation for the month of December (in percent) 74

Fig 3.7. Mean relative global irradiation for the year (in percent) 75

Fig 3.8. Spectral energy distribution and permitted tolerances 84

Fig 3.9. Permitted tolerances for spectral energy distribution 85

Fig 4.1. Water content in air at different temperatures 89

Fig 4.2. Constitutional diagram for humid air 89

Fig 4.3. Constitutional diagram for humid air – Variant 1 107

Fig 4.4. Constitutional diagram for humid air – Variant 2 application 107

Fig 4.5. Exposure to humidity followed by exposure to cold 110

Fig 4.6. Exposure to humidity not followed by exposure to cold 111

Fig 4.7. Diagrammatic representation of the progress of the climatic sequence 113

Fig 5.1. Atmospheric structure 116

Fig 5.2. Test profile for non-heat dissipating specimen 129

Fig 5.3. Test profile for heat dissipating specimen 130

Fig 6.1. The hydrological cycle 134

Fig 6.2. Simplified water cycle 134

Fig 6.3. The effect of rain 135

Fig 6.4. Structuring of test methods 147

Fig 6.5. Test Ra, definitions of angles and axes 148

Fig 7.1. Process involved between the emission of air pollutants and being deposited on the ground 158

Fig 7.2. Schematic drawing of apparatus for the generation of a conditioning atmosphere 189

Fig 7.3. Structuring of test methods 192

Fig 8.1. Shock response spectrum 197

Fig 8.2. Half-sine pulse 198

Fig 8.3. Shock pulse configuration and its tolerance limits 201

Fig 8.4. Power spectral density graph for random vibration testing 206

Fig 8.5. Half-sine pulse 217

Fig 8.6. Final-peak saw-tooth pulse 217

Fig 8.7. Trapezoidal pulse 218

Fig 8.8. Drop and topple tests – dropping onto a face 223

Fig 8.9. Drop and topple tests – dropping onto a corner 223

Fig 8.10. Drop and topple tests – toppling (or pushover) 224

Fig 8.11. Typical time-history 234

Fig 8.12. Typical logarithmic plot of a required response spectrum 235

Fig 11.1. Model of the work system 285

Fig 11.2. The operator/technician’s environment 286

Fig 11.3. Examples of external noise sources 289

Fig 11.4. Examples of noise sources and disturbances in the railway environment 290

Fig 11.5. Harmful and non-harmful noise levels 293

Fig 11.6. Body vibration levels (comfort and discomfort) 294

Fig 11.7. White finger vibration 295

Fig 12.1. RAMS and dependability 309

Fig 12.2. Factors affecting ignition, growth and spread of fire in a building 317

Fig 12.3. Flow diagram of a smoke control design system in a building 320

Fig 12.4. Combination of basic property tests and mathematical models for assessing the contribution of a tested material or product to the overall fire safety 321