Glossary

5G:
A new generation of wireless cellular networks is now under development; 5G networks will be five times as fast as the highest current speed of today's 4G networks (with download speeds as high as 5 Gbps—4G offering only up to a maximum of 1 Gbps).
Action Unit (AU):
An observable component of facial movement adopted in the FACS system.
Actuator:
A device providing the means of implementing actions in the physical world such as moving or controlling a mechanism or system.
Adaptable System:
A software-based system that analyzes the results of its decisions and actions, and then adapts the control algorithm accordingly. The adaptation (learning) method is defined, but the actual algorithm changes depending on the conditions and is unpredictable.
Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP):
A messaging protocol for message-oriented middleware.
Affective Object:
A physical object that can sense emotional data from a person.
Analytics:
The exploration, interpretation, and communication of important patterns in data.
Antifragile System:
A system that evolves and develops in the changing environment.
ARIMA:
Autoregressive integrated moving average is a statistical analysis model that uses differenced time series data to predict and monitor data trends.
ARM:
A CPU that is based on the RISC (reduced instruction set computer) architecture developed by Advanced RISC Machines.
Asset Administration Shell (AAS):
A term coined by the German initiative “Plattform Industrie 4.0” to denote a software component that forms, together with a physical asset, an Industry 4.0 component, that is, a cyber-physical system (CPS) within smart factory contexts.
Authorization:
Process for granting approval to a client entity to access a resource hosted and exported by a server entity.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD):
A neurodevelopment disorder characterized by atypical social-communicative skills, restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors.
Autonomous Driving System:
An automation system to control the driving and steering of agriculture vehicle to move along a predetermined path based on GPS navigation autonomously.
Biocatalytic Membranes:
Biohybrid artificial biochemical transformations catalyzed by enzymes or cells where a biochemical conversion is combined with a membrane separation through selective mass transport with chemical reactions.
Biometric Data:
Data related to physical or behavioral attributes of the human body.
Bitcoin:
The first cryptocurrency, which is a digital or virtual currency that uses cryptography for security.
Black Swan:
A rare event that should not happen (and therefore is forgotten) but sometimes happen anyway.
Blockchain:
A distributed database for storing a continuously growing list of linked records called blocks.
Blockchain 2.0:
Blockchain implementations that extend the functionality of the Bitcoin blockchain.
Breadboard:
A solderless board for building experimental models of electronic circuits.
Chip:
A chip is a tiny electronic circuit on a semiconductor material.
Cloud Computing:
A computing model consisting of a pool of computing resources, such as networks, servers, storage, applications, and services, instead of a local server or a personal computer. Commonly, these resources are accessed remotely and are available for free or at a fee by service providers.
Commercial Commodity Products or Commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) Products:
Products bought on an open market. Typical choice criterion is its price. The supplier is not well known and the continuity of long-term delivery is unsure.
Complex System:
A system containing many interacting elements. The interactions form a network with many connections and often are nonlinear. Complex systems may manifest self-organization, adaptation, and emerging properties.
Connected Buildings:
Buildings that make extensive use of building management systems to control the various energy-consuming entities in the building such as HVAC, lighting, and use of sensors, networks. IoT resources are intrinsic to the concept.
Connected Lighting:
Lighting systems where lights are interconnected over an IP (Internet Protocol) network; the connected lighting paradigm makes use of sensor(s); controllable and intelligent SSL sources; wired and/or wireless networks (both in-building and into the cloud); analytics as a service; and IoT principles on systems and data.
Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP):
A web-based transfer protocol for IoT-constrained networks and nodes.
COPD:
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a collective term of chronic inflammatory lung diseases that describe a range of progressive lung diseases that may result in severe impairment of lung function. These include bronchitis, emphysema, and certain types of refractory asthma and bronchiectasis.
Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI):
The characterization of crops' needs to water based on temperature measurements.
Crowdsensing:
An IoT environment that allows a large population of mobile devices to measure phenomena of common interest over an extended geographic area, enabling “Big Data” collection, analysis, and sharing.
Cryptocurrency:
A digital or virtual currency that uses cryptography for security.
Cyber-Physical System (CPS):
The combination of a physical asset with a software component that interacts with the physical system (sensing and actuation), may offer local functionalities (digital representation, business rules, etc.), and communicates with other systems via specified interfaces.
Cyber-Physical-Social System:
A system composed of tightly interacting computing elements, physical parts and natural environment, and humans.
Data Distribution Service (DDS):
A publish–subscribe middleware standard for communications for real-time and embedded systems.
Decentralized App (DApp):
A smart contract in Ethereum.
Demand Response (DR):
Methods for reducing consumer electricity use at times of high demand.
Demand Response Management System (DRMS):
A system (or collection of systems) that enable utilities to manage their DR programs utilizing an integrated system.
Denial-of-Service (DoS) Attack:
Attempt to make a network node less available or completely unavailable to its intended users, typically by flooding superfluous processing requests.
Device:
A hardware component with communication capabilities linking it to other computerized systems.
Diffie–Hellman Key:
A shared secret encryption/decryption key created with a key agreement protocol called the Diffie–Hellman protocol.
Digital Elevation Model (DEM):
A digital map of the elevation of an area on the earth.
Digital Signature:
A cryptographic record of a document created with a private key.
Dispatchable (e.g., Dispatchable Generation):
A description for an energy source that can be adjusted to provide the desired energy flow.
Distributed Energy Resources (DER):
Small power generators typically located at users' sites where the energy they generate is principally used; examples include distributed elements such as solar/wind systems and MicroGrids.
Distributed Energy Resource Management System (DERMS):
An integrated system that provides utilities with capabilities to manage and optimize distributed energy resources, automate business processes, and engage with customers.
Distributed Renewables:
Renewable energy produced by local communities and private homeowners and circulated through the common grid.
Distribution Management System (DMS):
A decision support system to facilitate monitoring, controlling, and optimizing the performance of the electric distribution system.
DNS Service Discovery (DNS-SD):
A zero-configuration protocol that pairs services to hosts within a domain.
Edge Computing:
Concept with significant overlap to fog computing. The distinction between the two is so far not totally clear in the research community. However, some sources see edge computing more human activated in contrast to fog computing, which would act fully autonomously.
Electronic Product Code (EPC):
A tag standard that assigns a unique identity to every physical object at all times worldwide.
Embedded System:
An embedded system is a computer system consisting of both hardware and software components, and may also include mechanical parts, designed for a specific function.
Emerging Properties:
Properties that emerge in a complex system of interacting elements. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
Emotion Expressiveness:
The ability of making recognizable representation of typical facial emotional expressions.
Energy Internet of Things (EIoT):
An interconnected web of EIoT devices that can measure energy use and then regulate it.
Energy Internet of Things Device:
A device that controls energy consumption, production, or storage, while having all the characteristics of an IoT device, such as internet connectivity.
Energy IoT:
IoT principles, methods, and technologies focused on the electrical smart grid.
Ether:
The cryptocurrency in Ethereum.
Ethereum:
A Blockchain 2.0 platform.
eXtensible Markup Language (XML):
A markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is understandable by machines and humans.
Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP):
A technology for real-time communication between devices.
Facial Action Coding System (FACS):
An emotion recognition system based on the observable human facial movement.
Fertigation (Chemigation):
The technology that enables the application of water-soluble chemical matters to farmland through irrigation.
Flying Ad Hoc Network (FANET):
Mobile ad hoc networks designed for the needs of UAVs.
Fog Computing:
Describes an approach in which, compared with cloud computing, IT actions are performed at the edge of the network, thus creating user or application proximity. This leads to lower service latency and denser geographical distribution, as well as improved security.
Fragile System:
A system designed for a limited set of conditions, breaks under change.
Gateway:
A device that compiles, transmits, and provides protocol translation between different devices.
Genesis Block:
The first block in a blockchain.
Geo Mapping:
To identify the quantity of agriculture treatment required of each specific site in the farmland.
Global Positioning System (GPS):
A radionavigation system that provides time information and physical location to devices anywhere where there is a clear line of sight to at least three GPS satellites.
Hardware Crypto Engine or Encryption Chip:
A hardware component that performs cryptographic calculations and accelerates the execution of applications that require cryptographic functions.
Hash:
A cryptographic value of a fixed size calculated from some data of any size.
IEEE 802.15.4:
A networking protocol for low-rate wireless personal area networks (LR-WPANs).
Independent System Operator (ISO):
An electric power transmission system operator who makes decisions about the electric grid. An ISO usually is responsible for managing a grid within a specific state.
Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT):
The use of IoT technologies within industrial use cases, such as smart buildings, smart grids, or smart factories. A major challenge in this context is the convergence of Operational Technology (OT) with Information and Communication Technology (ICT).
Industry 4.0:
A term describing the fourth industrial revolution that targets the combination of ICT with OT in the manufacturing context based on intelligent systems in order to enhance efficiency and beyond that envisions a digital networking of the whole industrial value chain across factory and domain boundaries. The term is also known as Industrie 4.0, which was first used at the Hannover Messe in 2011.
Integration Platform:
Software that connects together different application and services.
Intelligent Transport Systems:
The integration of ICT with vehicles and transport infrastructure.
Internet of Flying Things (IoFT):
Refers to a version of IoT that includes UAVs not only as “things,” but also as infrastructure providers for IoT environments.
Internet of Things (IoT)—Long Definition:
Refers to a network of physical (and virtual) objects (usually known as “things”) that are identified with unique IP addresses for Internet connectivity, and also the communication among these “things” and other Internet-enabled devices and systems.
Internet of Things (IoT)—Short Definition:
A global infrastructure enabling everyday objects to have network connectivity allowing them to exchange data.
Internet Protocol (IP):
A fundamental communications protocol used across the Internet, home networks, and business networks.
Internet Protocol (IP) Address:
An identifier assigned to every computer and other devices connected to a network.
Internet Protocol Security (IPsec):
A networking protocol that is employed with IPv6 for authentication and end-to-end encryption among devices.
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6):
Network layer protocol that may eventually replace IP (IPv4 in particular) that provides a much larger address space and mobility support.
Interoperability:
The term describes a system's ability to share information and services with another system ideally based on common standards. Much of the success of IoT relies on the ability of connected devices to operate seamlessly and effectively together.
Intrusion Detection System:
Entity responsible for monitoring a network or system and to detect anomalies, malevolent activities, violation of policies, and compromised nodes.
IoT Audit:
The assessment and interrogation of an organization's IoT framework, policies, and procedures. IoT audits ensure that the organizations espoused policies for operation are actually implemented and enforced.
IoT Hardware Development Platform:
A physical component of an IoT development kit used for implementing prototypes.
IPv6 Over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN):
A low-power wireless mesh network that connects every node directly to the Internet using open standards via its own IPv6 address.
Jamming Attack:
Type of denial-of-service attack that targets wireless communication technologies by physically interfering with the network's operational frequencies.
Key Management:
Process for generating, revoking, renewing, and distributing cryptographic key material used for secure communication or other administrative purposes.
Kinesiological Data:
Data related to the movement of the human body.
Landslides:
The rapid downward movement of a mass of rock, earth, or artificial fill on a slope under the influence of gravity.
Load Curve:
A graph that shows the amount of electricity at each point in time that is needed to provide service for all of the consumers in a particular area.
Localization:
A process of estimating the geographical location of an object.
Machine Ethics:
Study of the ethical principles implemented by the machines and their relation to human ethics.
Machine-to-Machine (M2M):
A broad term describing technology that allows for one connected device to communicate and exchange information with another connected device, without human assistance.
Message Digest:
A hash of message.
Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT):
A lightweight messaging protocol for small sensors and mobile devices optimized for unreliable networks. It is useful for connections with remote locations where a small code footprint is required.
Microelectromechanical System (MEMS):
A miniaturized mechanical and electromechanical system designed to carry out a specific function.
Microfluidics:
Techniques based on the precise control and manipulation on fluids in geometrically constrained spaces, usually at the submillimeter scale.
MicroGrid:
A localized power grid that can operate both independent from the utility electric grid but still connects to the power grid at a point of common coupling. MicroGrid owners can often sell excess power while grid is connected.
MicroGrid Control (MGC):
A management control system for real-time monitoring and control of a MicroGrid, also providing historical reports, analytics, and context-based automation.
Mining:
A distributed computational review process on a block before it can be linked to a blockchain.
MIPv6:
A mobility management capability (protocol) used in conjunction with IPv6.
Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET):
It is a continuously self-configuring, infrastructure-less network of mobile devices connected wirelessly.
Motes:
A digital sensor node with communications infrastructure, which serves as nodes in wireless sensor networks.
Multicast DNS (mDNS):
A zero configuration and infrastructure-independent protocol that provides host names to IP addresses inside local networks.
Named Data Networking (NDN):
Content-centric networking where communication is driven by receivers (who are the data consumers); the focus is on the data itself, not the location where the data is stored.
Nanny State:
A state where the government assumes it knows the best the needs of the citizens, cares for them, and controls their good behavior.
Near-Field Communication:
A set of RFID-based protocols that enable peer-to-peer communication between a pair of electronic devices within a range of about 4 cm of each other.
Neomania:
The drive to buy or implement everything new, just because it is possible.
Node:
A connection point, a redistribution point, or a communication endpoint. The definition depends on the network and the protocol layer referred to. A network node is an active electronic device that is attached to a network and is capable of creating, receiving, or transmitting information over a communications channel.
Nonce:
A randomly chosen value.
Nondispatchable (e.g., Dispatchable Generation):
A description for an energy source that cannot be adjusted to provide the desired energy flow.
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI):
A parameter calculated from vegetation light reflection that indicates the plant health.
Object:
Refers to a “thing” in IoT (in contrast to the digital and network connection shared between these systems).
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI):
A reference model for how applications are managed inside a network.
Operational Technology (OT):
The use of computers within industrial use cases, for example, in order to automate physical control loops by processing sensor signals and triggering actuation signals in real time.
Peak Reduction:
Advanced planning that reduces spikes, or peaks, in electricity consumption.
Peakers:
Small and highly dispatchable generators that are built to meet peak electricity demand on a few days each year. Peaker generators give off large amounts of greenhouse gases when used. They also add considerably to infrastructure costs, yet sit idle most of the time.
Physiological Data:
Data related to the functioning of the human body, including physical and chemical reactions in any of the organs and systems that make up the human body.
PKI:
Public key infrastructure, a set of roles, policies, and procedures needed to create, manage, distribute, use, store, and revoke digital certificates and manage key pairs in public key cryptography.
PKI Signature:
A signature created and verified with a certified key pair.
Point of Care:
Defined as when a clinician delivers health care support to a patient at the time of care. When outside the hospital, this can be either on-scene treatment or at the ambulance.
Pop-Up Satellite Archival Tags (PSATs):
A PSAT is a recording device attached to marine animals for data collection, which can automatically pop up to the surface and transmit data through the satellite link.
PoW:
Proof-of-Work, repeated hashing of a concatenation of a blockchain block and a new nonce until a hash with a defined difficulty is calculated.
Power-Line Communication (PLC):
A set of communication protocols that use power-line wiring to simultaneously transmit both data and alternating current.
Power over Ethernet (PoE):
IEEE standards (and supporting technology) to deliver low-voltage power to remote devices that utilize Ethernet wiring and protocols. The original IEEE 802.3af supported power delivery in the 15 W range (at 48 V DC); extensions have been underway to support power in the 50–70 W range (IEEE 802.3bt, Type 3) and, possibly,100 W (IEEE 802.3bt, Type 4).
Precision Agriculture (PA):
A new agriculture practice to treat crops on each minimum plot separately based on their real-time needs.
Precision Livestock Farming (PLF):
A modern livestock breeding system that can monitor animals and farm environment in real time, and provide quantized treatments to tend them accordingly.
(Private) Standards Consortium:
A privately funded and run SSO. Especially in the ICT sector such consortia are a major driving force.
Prototype:
An early model or sample of an electronic or software product built in order to test a design concept.
Public Key Cryptography:
Cryptographic algorithms using a key pair, that is, a private key and a related public key. Data encrypted with one key is decrypted with the other key
Publish/Subscribe:
A communication method in which, any number of computers (publishers) communicate with any number of computers (subscribers) based on an event.
Quality of Service (QoS):
The concept that transmission rates, error rates, and other characteristics can be measured, enhanced, and, guaranteed.
Quick Response Code:
A matrix barcode that is placed on an item to describe it and the code is readable by machines.
Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID):
The application of wireless radio frequency signal in object identification, data transfer, and tracking.
Real Time Kinematic (RTK):
A method to improve the GPS precision with the reference signal from a separate ground station.
Recovery Point Objective (RPO):
Considers the volume of data that could be at risk. It is based on the frequency of data protection endeavors. As such it reveals the amount of data that could be retrieved and that which might be potentially lost during disaster recovery.
Recovery Time Objective (RTO):
A metric that attempts to measure the time it takes to recover from any event comprising the loss of data. It also measures the time period it takes for an organization to be back to full functional capacity.
Regional Transmission Operator (RTO):
An electric power transmission system operator who makes decisions about the electric grid. An RTO usually is responsible for managing a grid that covers several states.
Representational State Transfer (RESTful):
A set of predefined and uniform set of stateless operations to allow requesters to access and manipulate textual representations of Web resources.
Request/Response:
A communication method in which, a computer requests a data, and the other computer replies with the requested data.
Resident:
A person who occupies or lives in a house.
Resistor:
An electrical component that limits the flow of electric current in a circuit.
RFID Reader:
A device that employs either radio waves or nonpropagating electromagnetic fields to transfer data between itself and an RFID tag.
RFID Tag:
A transponder that responds to interrogation signals from RFID readers.
Robust System:
A system that resists to change, in a certain limit.
Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL):
An IPv6 routing protocol for resource-limited devices.
Scalability:
The ability of a computing process to be used in a range of capabilities.
Secure Communication:
Exchange of messages among a set of network nodes that fulfills a number of security requirements, including message confidentiality, message integrity and authenticity, and replay prevention.
Self-Calibration:
The ability of a device or system to undergo self-diagnosis in order to revert its predetermined operational parameters back to factory-defined baselines.
Self-Driving Automation.
A technical solution where the operator no longer has any responsibility for safe operation of a vehicle, and is not expected to monitor road conditions or take control at any point during the trip.
Semantics:
A concept to encode meanings separately from application code and data and content files.
Sensor:
A device that detects events or changes in its environment and sends information to other electronic components.
Service:
A software component enabling interaction with computing resources through a well-defined interface, often via the Internet.
Smart Buildings:
Commercial buildings where building management systems (BMSs), and more specifically IoT-based BMSs, are used to manage in real time, often remotely, and often using cloud-based capabilities, a number of building-related functions, principally power consumption, and HVAC, but more recently also lighting control, access control, and surveillance.
Smart Cities:
A concept that tries to create a more intelligent city infrastructure by using modern information and communication technologies. Smart cities propose a more flexible adaptation to certain circumstances, more efficient utilization of resources, higher quality of life, more fluid transportation, and so on. This may be achieved through networking and integrated information exchange between humans and things.
Smart City:
A city that make broad use of information and communications technologies in general and IoT technologies in particular to improve the delivery of services to the residents, such as improved traffic management, improved access to real-time conditions, infrastructure monitoring (power, water, sewer), and surveillance.
Smart Connected Home:
A residence equipped with sensors, systems, and devices that can be controlled and monitored, typically via the Internet. It may exhibit some form of “intelligent” logic for activity recognition and allowing it to perform some automated actions on behalf of the residents.
Smart Contract:
A computer program that encompasses contractual terms and conditions that enable the verification, negotiation, or enforcement of a contract.
Smart Controls:
Devices connected to the Internet and the electric grid that use machine learning to make intelligent decisions on energy use for the owners of energy consuming devices.
Smart Cow/Chicken/…Farm (IoT Cow/Chicken/…):
The application of the IoT technologies in the precisely farming practice of various livestock, which can significantly improve the productivity and welfare of animals.
Smart Device:
A device featuring sensors and “intelligent” logic allowing it to operate and communicate with other connected devices and users possibly in an autonomous way.
Smart Factories:
A term used to describe manufacturing facilities in which machines, products, processes, and factories themselves are networked with each other. Based on self-organizing cyber-physical systems (CPS) and the digital representation of all aspects of the production process (the so-called digital twins), the facility allows for dynamic reconfigurations and can efficiently build products of lot size one. The factory is fully digitalized using IoT technologies to converge the exiting Operational Technology (OT) with modern Information and Communication Technology (ICT).
Smart Grid:
An advanced digital infrastructure with bidirectional communications capabilities for transmitting information, controlling equipment, and distributing electrical energy. It is an electrical grid that incorporates Information and Communication Technology-enhanced energy resources, including smart meters, smart appliances, and renewable energy resources.
Smart Health Care Ecosystem:
The interrelated components that are connected via the IoT to support patient-centered healthcare systems, including human participants (patients, healthcare providers, and other stakeholders); autonomous and subordinate devices (computers, smartphones, sensors); and the related applications, interfaces, and data.
Smart Home:
A home equipped with several intelligent systems, like access control, monitoring cameras, heating and lighting optimization, and so on. In this way, processes within a home can be monitored and controlled automatically to optimize quality of life, cost, security, and environmental impact.
Smart Manufacturing:
The integration of ICT into manufacturing processes to enable proactive and intelligent manufacturing decisions in dynamic environments.
Smart Meter:
A device that not only measures the total consumption of electricity in the home or office but can also communicate with in-home displays to inform the consumer how much energy they are using as a function of time (over the day, week, or month).
Social Engineering:
A means of infiltration/exfiltration of any valuable resource by taking advantage of the human factor in a chain of security. The tendency here is to trick somebody into breaking or bypassing standard security operations.
Software-Defined Network (SDN):
A computer networking approach that allows administrators to programmatically control network behavior dynamically via open interfaces.
Soil Moisture:
The water contained within the soil pores.
Solid-State Lighting (SSL):
Lighting that uses semiconductor light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) as sources of illumination in place of the traditional electrical filaments.
Stakeholder:
An individual or group of users with an interest or that may be affected by an organization, strategy, or project.
Standard:
A document that provides requirements, specifications, guidelines, or characteristics that can be used consistently to ensure that materials, products, processes, and services are fit for purpose.
Standardization:
The process of negotiating and, eventually, agreeing upon a specification as “standard.”
Standards Developing Organization (SDO):
An SSO that is in some way “officially” recognized. Examples include ITU (a UN organization) and the European Standards Organizations (through EU Regulation).
Standards Setting Organization (SSO):
An organization that provides a platform for standardization.
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA):
An industrial automation control system in wide use.
Supply Curve:
A graph that shows the amount of electricity at each point in time that is provided by the available power sources in a particular area.
Swarm Intelligence:
Collective behavior of decentralized, self-organized systems, natural or artificial, like a flock of birds or a set of interacting software-based artificial agents.
Syndromic Surveillance:
Advance detection of certain health indicators that are used in the public health system for disease outbreak forecast.
System on a Chip (SoC):
An integrated circuit (i.e., “chip” or “IC”) that contains all parts of a computer or other electronic system.
Tag:
A label or other physical object used to identify the physical entity to which it is attached.
TCB Measurement:
Hashes of all TCB components.
TCP/IP:
The IP suite is the networking conceptual model that describes a set of communications protocols used on the Internet and similar computer networks.
Technical Revolution:
A disruptive change in the technology that has a profound impact on human life, from harnessing fire and introducing agriculture to smartphones and the Internet of Things. Every step marks a point of no return. The frequency of steps is getting higher and the duration of change is getting shorter.
Terminal:
An interface in which a user can type and execute commands.
Thing:
In the term “IoT,” the word “thing” denotes a physical entity (in contrast to the digital and network connection shared between these systems).
Threshold:
The magnitude or intensity of a parameter that must be exceeded for a certain phenomenon or condition to occur.
Time Stamp:
The current time of an event that is recorded by a computer.
TM-Coin:
TCB Measurement-Coin, a protocol for the trustworthy management of TCB measurements in IoT devices.
TOR:
The onion router, an anonymizing network.
Transport Layer Security (TLS):
A protocol that provides data integrity and privacy to communicating applications.
Trusted Computing Base (TCB):
The set of hardware, firmware, and/or software components that ensure the security of a computer system.
Ubiquitous Code (uCode):
A numeric identification system that uniquely identifies physical objects and places in the real world.
Ubiquitous Computing:
A connected world in which computers are seamlessly integrated into their surroundings and easily and constantly accessible, without traditional interfaces, such as screens and keyboards.
Ultra-Wide Bandwidth (UWB):
A wireless technology that uses low-energy transmissions to provide high-bandwidth communications over a wide radio spectrum.
Uniform Resource Identifier (URI):
A unique sequence of characters in the form of a web link that refer to an abstract or physical resource.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV):
Also known as a drone, a UAV is an aircraft without a human pilot aboard.
Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS):
The set of elements that support a UAV flight, for example, ground control station, propellers, and rescue system.
Value-Added Service (VAS):
In the telecommunication industry, a service beyond basic services, for example, voice calls; also used to describe services in IoT systems offered on top of the basic services, such as computing resources and storage, which are commonly offered by today's cloud providers.
Variable Energy Source:
A description for an energy source that fluctuates minute by minute in terms of the amount of energy it provides.
Variable Rate Technology (VRT):
The technology that enables devices to precisely control the rate of materials applied to the farmland in real time.
Wearables:
Smart electronic devices that can be worn on the body as accessories or implants. Often, wearable technology is utilized to quantify a physical process (e.g., heartbeat monitoring) or to augment human capabilities.
Web of Things (WoT):
A term describing software architectural models that allow physical objects to be part of the World Wide Web.
Wide Flying Ad Hoc Network (Wide-FANET or WFANET):
Refers to a FANET composed by remote sub-FANETs connected via a cloud-based secure tunnel.
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN):
A wireless network comprising of spatially distributed autonomous sensors (motes), employed to monitor physical or environmental conditions.
Zigbee:
An IEEE 802.15.4-based specification for wirelessly connected devices. Its key features include low-power short-range duplex communication and interoperability.
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