The JDBC APIs give a means to perform relational database operations to achieve persistency. Java developers are rigorously involved in writing SQL queries to perform such database operations. However, Java is an Object Oriented Programming (OOP) language , and the database uses Sequential Query Language (SQL). OOPs have an object at its center, while SQL has a database. OOPs don't have a Primary Key concept, as it has identity. OOPS use inheritance, but SQL does not have the concept of inheritance. These, and many more mismatches, make JDBC operations difficult to perform without a sound hands-on knowledge of the database and its structure. A good solution has been provided by the ORM tools. ORM deals with database operations by keeping an object in the center for developers, without asking them to deal with SQL. iBATIS, JPA, and Hibernate are some of the ORM frameworks on the market.