Contents

1 Introduction

2 Electromagnetic Scattering

2.1 Maxwell's Equations

2.2 Interface Conditions

2.3 Constitutive Equations

2.4 Wave Equations and Their Solutions

2.5 Volume Scattering by Dielectric Targets

2.6 Volume Equivalence Principle

2.7 Integral Equations

2.8 Surface Scattering by Perfectly Electric Conducting Targets

References

3 The Electromagnetic Inverse Scattering Problem

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Three-Dimensional Inverse Scattering

3.3 Two-Dimensional Inverse Scattering

3.4 Discretization of the Continuous Model

3.5 Scattering by Canonical Objects: The Case of Multilayer Elliptic Cylinders

References

4 Imaging Configurations and Model Approximations

4.1 Objectives of the Reconstruction

4.2 Multiillumination Approaches

4.3 Tomographic Configurations

4.4 Scanning Configurations

4.5 Configurations for Buried-Object Detection

4.6 Born-Type Approximations

4.7 Extended Born Approximation

4.8 Rytov Approximation

4.9 Kirchhoff Approximation

4.10 Green's Function for Inhomogeneous Structures

References

5 Qualitative Reconstruction Methods

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Generalized Solution of Linear Ill-Posed Problems

5.3 Regularization Methods

5.4 Singular Value Decomposition

5.5 Singular Value Decomposition for Solving Linear Problems

5.6 Regularized Solution of a Linear System Using Singular Value Decomposition

5.7 Qualitative Methods for Object Localization and Shaping

5.8 The Linear Sampling Method

5.9 Synthetic Focusing Techniques

5.10 Qualitative Methods for Imaging Based on Approximations

5.11 Diffraction Tomography

5.12 Inversion Approaches Based on Born-Like Approximations

5.13 The Born Iterative Method

5.14 Reconstruction of Equivalent Current Density

References

6 Quantitative Deterministic Reconstruction Methods

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Inexact Newton Methods

6.3 The Truncated Landweber Method

6.4 Inexact Newton Method for Electric Field Integral Equation Formulation

6.5 Inexact Newton Method for Contrast Source Formulation

6.6 The Distorted Born Iterative Method

6.7 Inverse Scattering as an Optimization Problem

6.8 Gradient-Based Methods

References

7 Quantitative Stochastic Reconstruction Methods

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Simulated Annealing

7.3 The Genetic Algorithm

7.4 The Differential Evolution Algorithm

7.5 Particle Swarm Optimization

7.6 Ant Colony Optimization

7.7 Code Parallelization

References

8 Hybrid Approaches

8.1 Introduction

8.2 The Memetic Algorithm

8.3 Linear Sampling Method and Ant Colony Optimization

References

9 Microwave Imaging Apparatuses and Systems

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Scanning Systems for Microwave Tomography

9.3 Antennas for Microwave Imaging

9.4 The Modulated Scattering Technique and Microwave Cameras

References

10 Applications of Microwave Imaging

10.1 Civil and Industrial Applications

10.2 Medical Applications of Microwave Imaging

10.3 Shallow Subsurface Imaging

References

11 Microwave Imaging Strategies, Emerging Techniques, and Future Trends

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Potentialities and Limitations of Three-Dimensional Microwave Imaging

11.3 Amplitude-Only Methods

11.4 Support Vector Machines

11.5 Metamaterials for Imaging Applications

11.6 Through-Wall Imaging

References

INDEX